Breast cancer is a major global health problem that imposes a significant social and economic burden on individuals and societies. Chemotherapy, a common treatment approach, often leads to resistance and unwanted side effects, especially in the advanced stages of the disease. This has led to a search for more effective and less toxic anticancer agents. Lichens, which are associations of fungi and algae, are gaining attention for their potential in cancer therapy. Lichens are rich sources of secondary metabolites with diverse biological effects, including anti-tumor properties. In this study, we summarise the combined effects of vulpinic acid (VA), a lichen acid, with doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug, on breast cancer MCF-7 cells. The results of the XTT assay and subsequent Compsyn analysis showed that VA and doxorubicin (Dox), a chemotherapeutic drug, alone exhibited potent anti-proliferative effects in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and interestingly, when used in combination, they produced an antagonistic effect in the same cancer line. These results provide the first example of a study to show what effect the combination of VA and Dox will have on other breast cancer cell lines.

The AT-hook motif nuclear localized family (AHL) is defined as a small DNA-binding protein motif, functioning as a transcription factor. This transcription factor family plays a significant role in influencing plant growth, development processes, and the response mechanism to environmental stresses. In Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) genome, 41 AHL genes have been identified. Using in silico bioinformatics tools, the characteristic features of AHL genes, their exon-intron structures, chromosomal locations of AHL genes, conserved motifs, promoter regions, duplication relationships, protein features of AHL proteins, protein-protein interactions, and the expression levels of AHL genes against drought and salinity stresses have been studied. Additionally, a phylogenetic comparison of P. vulgaris with Arabidopsis thaliana and Glycine max has been conducted. The amino acid lengths of these proteins vary between 167 and 422, with the molecular weights of the gene family ranging from 18.19 kDa to 45.13 kDa. The isoelectric points (pI) of the AHL proteins vary between 4.5 and 10.3. AHL genes are dispersed across all chromosomes of the bean, with the highest number of genes found on chromosomes 6 and 8. In P. vulgaris, 14 duplicated genes have been identified, and subsequent Ka/Ks analysis has revealed that all are subject to purifying selection. The findings from this research will aid future functional studies in better understanding the functions of AHL genes in beans.

Aim: This article aims to investigate tongue dimensions in patients using lateral cephalometric radiography, examining the potential impact of differences in tongue size on Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Methods: This study included 80 patients, with 34 females and 46 males. Among these patients, 48 were in the patient group with OSA, and 32 were in the control group Apne-Hypopnea Index (AHI)<5. Tongue dimensions were measured in lateral cephalometric radiographs of the patients, and these measurements were compared between the groups. Results: In our study, a statistically significant increase was observed in tongue length and tongue area in OSA patients (p < 0.05). However, the increase in tongue thickness was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our study shows that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients tend to have larger tongues. A larger tongue may contribute to airway obstruction during sleep, leading to increased OSA severity. This information could aid clinicians in tailoring treatment strategies for OSA patients, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare vital signs, especially mean blood pressure and heart rate, in patients treated with two techniques of arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint. Methods: Thirty patients received TMJ arthrocentesis with either two needle arthrocentesis (TNA) or single needle arthrocentesis (SNA). Heart rate and arterial pressure measurements were recorded at six different stages of the procedure and these values were compared between the two techniques. Results: Heart rate and mean blood pressure recorded their peak values during needle insertion for both local anesthesia and arthrocentesis administration (P<0.05). Heart rate and mean blood pressure scores were significantly higher in the SNA group. Conclusion: It is necessary to be more cautious in patients receiving SNA as blood pressure and heart rate may increase.

In this study, it was aimed to develop a Turkish software with pharmacokinetic (PK) data for therapeutic drug monitoring and IV dose adjustment of narrow therapeutic index theophylline. The study involved three groups, each comprising two rabbits The dose required for the target concentration (15µg/mL) was calculated with the developed program according to the weight of the rabbits in the first group. Blood samples taken at certain times were analyzed by validated HPLC method to calculate the elimination rate constant (ke) after IV bolus administration. The r2 values for ke were found to be 0.86 and 0.95. The second dose calculated according to revised PK findings was administered and blood samples were taken. When the analyzed results and theoretical results were compared, the deviation was found to be 5.53% and 8.795%. The findings were taken as the population PK for other applications. IV multiple dose bolus and IV fast-slow combined infusion were administered to the second group and the third group, respectively. The results obtained from the analysis of blood samples taken at the times determined according to the application were compared with the theoretical results. As a result, although there is a high difference between theory and practice at low concentrations, there is very little variation at high concentrations. By using this program, it has been achieved to keep theophylline at the desired level without reaching the minimum toxic concentration and without falling below the minimum effective concentration. It is thought that deviations will be reduced with larger samples.

This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between the number of clusters and of primary buds size in dormant grapevine winter buds. In addition, it has been tried to determine how the size of the primary bud and the cluster primordials in it change according to the position on one-year-old shoots. In this study, Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Karaerik’ and Vitis labrusca L. cv. 'Ülkemiz' varieties was used. Primary buds are separated from other shoot beds (secondary and tertiary buds) with the a scalpel, and fixation, vacuuming, paraffin impregnation, paraffin embedding, freezing, sectioning and tissue staining were performed, respectively. The stained samples were examined microscopically, images were taken and these images were transferred to the computer and histological analyzes was made. In the study, it was determined that bud sizes including three clusters were statistically different (p < 0.05) from other bud sizes (without clusters, one cluster and two clusters of buds). It was determined that there were statistical differences between cultivars in terms of both bud size and the number of cluster. In addition, it was determined that the middle (0.77) buds of the ‘Karaerik’ variety contained more clusters than the basal (0.66) and apical (0.59) buds, whereas the apical (1.19) buds of ‘Ülkemiz’ variety contained more clusters than the basal (0.88) and middle (0.98) buds. It is very important to know the structural features of the buds in order to make the right pruning application suitable for the variety.

Abstract The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has emerged as a critical global public health issue, necessitating the exploration of alternative measures to combat infectious diseases. Traditional medicinal plants have been long recognized for their potential in providing natural compounds with antimicrobial properties for various therapeutic purposes. The diverse plant biodiversity in Turkey offers a promising potential for the discovery of novel antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts from several endemic and non-endemic plant species against various microorganisms. The endemic species included Verbascum lydium Boiss. var. lydium (stem), Euphorbia anacampseros var. tmolea Boiss. (root), Stachys tmolea subsp. tmolea Boiss. (leaves and stem), Rosa pisiformis subsp. pisiformis (fruit, petiole, root, leaves), while non-endemic species were represented by cultivated Aronia melanocarpa (fruit). In this research, the effectiveness of V. lydium, E. anacampseras, R. pisiformis (all tested parts) and A. melanocarpa (fruits) were demonstrated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methanolic extracts of the roots and leaves of R. pisiformis showed the most promising bioactivity with a MIC value of 62.5 µg mL-1 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa among all tested extracts. In addition, the results showed that antimicrobial bioactivities were observed for Candida parapsilosis, C. glabrata and Klebsiella pneumoniae for V. lydium; S. tmolea and R. pisiformis with MIC values of 31.5 µg mL-1 per each. The findings of this study could provide valuable information for future research into the use of Turkish plants for pharmacological purposes, public health and traditional medicine applications.

In the current study, the characterization of 44 lentil genotypes was performed using SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) technique. The protein bands were scored according to a binary system as the present (1) or absent (0) that ranged 12-20 bands in lentil genotypes. The Jaccard’s coefficient of genetic dissimilarity (GD) was measured, and the mean GD was 0.216. Maximum genetic distance was found as 0.526 between Syria2 with Iraq3 and these genotypes might be recommended for future lentil breeding. AMOVA explored the presence of higher genetic variety within genotypes (83%) than among genotypes (17% variations). STRUCTURE algorithm separated lentil genotypes into two groups mainly on the basis of their geographic. The UPGMA clustering separated lentil genotypes into two main clusters A and B. The PCoA was also conducted to confirm the results of structure and UPGMA analyses. Findings from the PCoA and structure analyses were in full agreement with those obtained by UPGMA. The results might be useful for researchers worldwide who are interested in lentil breeding.

In this study, different composites were prepared from oxidized polyolefin (OxPO) and synthetic waste (recycled polyolefin) to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled polyolefin, and the results of experimental studies on the mechanical (elongation, elasticity, tensile strength, etc.) and thermal properties of these composites were discussed. The composites were prepared in a laboratory-scale twin-screw extruder by grafting an oxidized polyolefin/styrene (St) blend onto recycled polypropylene (rPP) using the melt-free radical polymerization method. The prepared composites' mechanical properties (elongation and tensile strength) were determined according to the ISO 527-2 standard method. It was observed that the modulus of elasticity of (OxPO/St/rPP) composites increased by 24% compared to the modulus of elasticity of rPP and the tensile strength increased by 45% compared to the tensile strength of rPP. The composites were characterized by Thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that the thermal stability of the composites 36 °C increased compared to the thermal stability of rPP. Melt Flow Index (MFI) tests showed a 15% decrease in the Melt Flow Index value of the composites.

In this study, we prepared a series of ZnS/graphitic-C3N4 nanocomposites in various mass percentages and morphological properties of all the nanocomposites were examined by utilizing SEM/EDX technique. The photocatalytic performances of ZnS/graphitic-C3N4 nanocomposites were evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B molecules under visible light. The photocatalytic performances of all nanocomposites under various photocatalyst dosages and initial Rhodamine B concentrations were further investigated for determination of optimal conditions.the obtained results indicated that ZnS/graphitic-C3N4 nanocomposites show almost 2 times higher photocatalaytic performances than pure graphitic-C3N4 and ZnS nanoparticles. The scavenger studies showed that the superoxide radicals had a major role in the photodegradation and the photodegradation of Rhodamine B follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic.

Rangelands and plateaus typically have naturally occurring plant groups. The estimates reveal that rangeland ecosystems cover approximately 50% of the planet's land and provide most of the forage requirements of the world's animal population. In this study, we aim to investigate the impact of Law No. 7143, also known as the Zoning Peace among the People, which entered into force in 2018, on potential illegal buildings in rangeland and plateau areas. As the study area, we chose the plateau and rangeland areas of the Akçaabat district of Trabzon province. We identified illegal buildings in the study areas using Google Earth Pro software satellite images and Triplesat satellite images. We examined 16 plateaus, and as a result of our determinations, we observed that a total of 83 new buildings were constructed during this time, with 33 in the first study area and 50 in the second. The results showed that illegal construction continues in some places, the inspection process is inefficient, and the Zoning Peace Law encourages this.

An R-module M is said to be (quasi) 𝜏-discrete if M is 𝜏-lifting and has the property (𝐷!) (respectively, has the property (𝐷")), where 𝜏 is a preradical in 𝑅 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑. It is shown that: (1) direct summands of a (quasi) 𝜏-discrete module are (quasi) 𝜏-discrete; (2) a projective module M is 𝜏-discrete if and only if # $(#) is semisimple and 𝜏(𝑀) is 𝑄𝑆𝐿; (3) if a projective module M is Soc-lifting, then # '()(#) is Soc-discrete and 𝑅𝑎𝑑( # '()(#)) is semisimple.

Businesses must constantly change and develop to keep up with customer needs and changes in the market. Being unable to adapt to change or being unprepared can bring risks. These changes and risks can affect both the process and the outputs of the process. It is essential to be prepared for the possible risks experienced in the operations, especially in project-based, production-to-order enterprises, to meet the customer's demands and to comply with the delivery date. Businesses must implement an effective risk assessment process to achieve this. This study implemented a risk prioritization for a new business project that produces energy storage systems by having to order. Changes must be made in the production process for an additional feature to be added to the product per the customer's request. The risks posed by the change and the short deadline were analyzed and prioritized. A new model was developed by developing the classical Decision Matrix Risk Assessment (DMRA) method, one of the risk assessment methods to evaluate the ten identified risks. The "severity" component of the classical DMRA method is divided into three sub-components (the severity of delivery time, the severity of cost, and the severity of quality) to be evaluated more specifically. Moreover, since the weights of these sub- components on the risks are different, the components are weighted with the Fuzzy SWARA method. The weights obtained from the Fuzzy SWARA method are used in the Fuzzy MOORA method, and the risks are prioritized. Thus, the effectiveness of the classical risk assessment approach has increased by detailing the "severity" component of the risk assessment components and weighting and prioritizing the components using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. With the fuzzy SWARA method, the weights of the risk components (severity of delivery time (C1), severity of cost (C2), severity of quality (C3) and likelihood (C4)) to be used in risk assessment were determined. BNP (best non-fuzzy performance) values for risks were calculated according to C1, C2, C3 and C4 values with the fuzzy MOORA method. As a result of the study, the most priority risk was determined as the risk of going to the customer with the QR code written in incorrect or non-desired quality of the product (Risk 8).

The use of rail systems in urban public transportation has become a necessity for reasons such as time saving, travel comfort and operating costs, especially in cities with high population and road traffic. Communication based train operating systems (CBTC) are used for the safe use of urban rail systems and the maximum capacity of the railway line. In this study, in line with the data collected from the trains on a railway line operated with CBTC, the status of the radio signals that enable the wireless communication of the trains with the trackside signaling equipment was evaluated by machine learning methods, and the situations that may have negative effects on the train operations of the problems at the signal level were evaluate. The problems on the antennas which receives signals from trackside above trains, the poor connection related with fiber optical and LAN cables, the trackside transmitter antenna orientation problems causes decrease on signal levels. It is aimed that to take actions about the problematic signal levels without any negative impact on the passenger comfort and the operation yet. The radio signal losses cause unexpected trains stops and delays. A decision support model has been developed that will offer early solution suggestions to system maintainers in order to intervene first. In conclusion, since it is the first study related with failure prediction by using radio signal levels data on railway signaling system, this study presents an important innovation in terms of literature.

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has a significant impact on the global business environment. Mobile banking has emerged as a vital distribution channel and there is extensive research into its adoption. Mobile banking has rightly gained popularity in recent years. This is because with the increasing use of smartphones and other mobile devices, mobile banking offers people a practical way to deal with their money. Mobile banking users can access their accounts anytime and anywhere. In this study, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) are integrated with Trust Propensity to identify the factors affecting bank customers' intention to use mobile banking applications. The study was conducted with 393 participants through simple random sampling using an online survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to determine the effect of the research variables on mobile banking adoption intention. In order to motivate customers to use mobile banking services, banks need to know the drivers of customers' intentions to use mobile banking. The results of this study also revealed the changes in consumer behaviour towards mobile banking applications caused by changing consumption habits during the pandemic period. The study provides practitioners with information on the drivers of banking customers' intention to use mobile banking applications. The research results provide important insights into the key characteristics of m-banking that can help banks and application providers to improve their mobile banking products. The primary significance of this research for the banking sector is that banks ought to prioritise M-banking practices and highlight their benefits in their marketing campaigns. To summarise based on the research results, as m-banking becomes more widespread, banks should ensure that their applications are accessible, user-friendly and secure for all customers. They can create short training videos to show their customers how to get started with online banking and how to perform basic functions. Banks can promote m-banking application by creating informative posts and advertisements that showcase its capabilities and benefits.

The current research aims to evaluate the positive and negative effects of electronic word of mouth communication on the digital image of travel agencies. In this context, research data were obtained from the five most-commented travel agencies in Nevşehir registered in the TripAdvisor system. In this study, which adopted the qualitative method, the research design was a case study and phenomenology. This research employing the document review technique and criterion sampling method, identified 7.259 online comments. This study subjected 1.724 online comments from 2022 to content analysis and descriptive analysis and obtained five main themes, twenty one positive sub-themes, eight negative sub-themes, and 4.534 codes. The main themes are tour, tourist guide, transport, eating and drinking, and accommodation. The tour main theme contains the sub-themes of types of tours, places included in the tour, all-inclusive package tours, price alternatives, organization and timing, transfer services, shopping opportunities, re-preference and recommendations. The tourist guide main theme covers the sub-themes of accumulation of knowledge and detailed expression, language skill, personality traits, interest and relevance to tourists. The transport main theme includes the sub-themes of vehicle comfort and cleanliness, captain and safe driving, and in-vehicle catering. The eating and drinking main theme covers the sub-themes of restaurant location, food variety, and food taste. The accommodation main theme contains the sub-themes of referral to a travel agency, accommodation services, and food and beverage services. In the main themes, the most frequently mentioned topics were the tour and tourist guide who represent the travel agency. On the other hand, the most focused themes by the tourists were the tourist guide’s knowledge and detailed explanation and the re-preference and recommendations. Overall, it has been concluded that travel agencies have a positive image, and the determined themes affect digital image formations.

Okuma, insanların bilgi edinme, düşünme yeteneklerini geliştirme ve kültürel açıdan zenginleşme sürecinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Kitaplar, bu anlamda, yıllardır insanlığın bilgi birikimini, deneyimlerini ve sanatını aktarma aracı olmuştur. Son yıllarda dijitalleşmenin ve kısa metinlerin yaygınlaşmasının düzenli kitap okuma alışkanlıklarını olumsuz etkilediği görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte makale okuma, günümüzde hızla değişen bilgi çağında kritik bir beceri haline gelmiştir. Makaleler, okuyuculara spesifik konular hakkında derinlemesine bilgi edinimi sağlar ve güncel araştırmaları takip etme olanağı sunar. Bireyler, genellikle metinleri daha hızlı okur ve daha kapsamlı bilgiye erişebilirler. Bu beceriler, kitap okuma sürecini de olumlu yönde etkiler. Makaleler, karmaşık konuları özetleyerek anlamayı kolaylaştırır ve okuma hızını artırır. Bu eksende, makale okuma alışkanlığı olan bireyler, derinlemesine kitap okuma pratiği yapma eğilimindedirler. Düzenli makale okuma, zihinsel gelişimi destekler ve bilişsel esnekliği artırır. Makaleler genellikle tartışmalı konuları ele alır ve okuyucuları farklı perspektiflerle tanıştırır. Bu bağlamda, makaleler eleştirel düşünme yetisini güçlendirir ve okuyucuların kendi fikirlerini oluşturma kapasitelerini artırır. Bu çerçevede düzenli makale okuyan bireyler, kitap okuma sürecinde daha analitik ve derinlemesine düşünen bir yaklaşım benimserler. Bu çalışmada, düzenli makale okumanın kitap okumaya etkisi incelenmiş ve teorik açıdan yeni bir model geliştirilmiştir. Makale Esaslı Kitap Okuma Tekniği (MEKOT), baskı kitap okuma alışkanlığı olanlara, akademik okuma ve çalışmalar yapanlara ve kitap okuma alışkanlığı kazanmak isteyenlere yönelik geliştirilen, birden fazla kitabı ya da kaynağı aynı anda okuma, anlama ve kavrama konusunda kullanıcılara destek vermek amacıyla tasarlanmış bir konsepttir. MEKOT, her biri kullanıcıların kitap okumasını teşvik edecek, okuma alışkanlıklarını takip edecek ve ilgi alanına uygun kitap tavsiye edecek farklı modüllerden oluşmaktadır.

Mekân, fiziksel tanımlamaların ötesinde gündelik hayat pratikleriyle sürekli şekillenen ve kendini tekrar inşa eden bir yapıdır. Bu çalışmada, mekânın önceden tanımlanmış ve ortaya konmuş fiziksel sınırlarının yanında; bireyin gündelik hayat pratiklerinin devingen, dinamik, esnek bir mekân oluşturma potansiyeli çay bahçeleri üzerinden ölçülecektir. Türk toplumu içerisinde geçmişten bugüne sahip olduğu kültürel ve sembolik değeriyle birlikte; çay bahçelerinin insanların günlük yaşam akışı içindeki çeşitli etkinliklerini gerçekleştirdiği, bütünleştirici ve eşitlikçi bir sosyal ortam sunmasıyla kültürümüze özgü benzersiz bir mekân yarattığı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, toplumun her katmanından insanın bir araya gelebildiği toplumsal alan haline gelen çay bahçelerinin mekânsal anlamda incelenmesi ve gündelik hayat içindeki yerinin yeniden değerlendirilmesi önemli bir konu haline gelmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışma İstanbul’un en eski ve en bilinen çay bahçelerinden biri olan İstanbul Moda Aile Çay Bahçesi’ni ele alacaktır. Çalışmanın kapsamında gündelik hayat içerisindeki mekânsal pratiklerin çözümlenmesinde Lefebvre’den çıkarım yapılan “eşitleyici, gündelik hayat, mekân üretimi, toplumsal ilişkiler ve bir arada olma” kriterleri üzerinden bir analiz hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma ağırlıklı olarak kuramsal bir tartışma çerçevesinde mekâna bakmakta ve bu doğrultuda elde edilen mekânsal veriler Moda Aile Çay Bahçesi özelinde değerlendirilerek bir sonuca ulaşılmaktadır. Gözlem tekniği kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen saha çalışmasından elde edilen ampirik bulgular aracılığıyla, gündelik hayatın oluşumunu destekleyen kentsel mekânın deneyimlenmesine ve mekânsal pratiklerin belirlenmesi üzerine odaklanılmaktadır.

21. yüzyılın devamlı değişen ve gelişen dünyasına uyum sağlayabilmek, birtakım farklı becerilerin edinilmesini gerektirmektedir. Bu becerilerden biri olan sosyal duygusal öğrenme becerilerinin kazanımı ve geliştirilmesi ise önemli ölçüde okullarda verilen eğitim ile mümkündür. Bu eğitimlerden biri olan genel müzik eğitimi, öğrencileri hem akademik, hem de sosyal duygusal yönden geliştiren bir role sahiptir. Müzik eğitiminin gerçekleştirilmesinde bir rehber niteliğinde olan müzik dersi öğretim programının incelenmesi ise bu açıdan önem kazanmaktadır. Buradan hareketle, çalışmanın amacı ilkokul-ortaokul müzik dersi öğretim programında bulunan alana özgü beceriler, özel amaçlar ve öğrenme alanlarındaki kazanımların, sosyal duygusal öğrenme becerileri kapsamında incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Son yıllarda sosyal duygusal öğrenme becerileri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmaların çoğaldığı bilinmektedir. Ancak yapılan incelemede, müzik alanı kapsamında bu konuyla ilgili herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanılmamıştır. Bu sebeple, sosyal duygusal öğrenme becerileri ile müzik dersi öğretim programı arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koyan bu çalışma, özgün olması, müzik eğitimine katkı sağlaması ve araştırmacılar için yeni perspektifler sunması bakımından önemlidir. Araştırmanın deseni değerlendirmeye dayalı durum çalışması şeklinde tasarlanmıştır. Doküman incelemesi yöntemi ile elde edilen veriler, betimsel analiz uygulanarak çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları neticesinde müzik dersi alanına özgü temel becerilerin, özel amaçların ve kazanımların en fazla sosyal farkındalık olmak üzere sırasıyla ilişki becerileri, öz farkındalık, öz yönetim ve sorumlu karar verme becerileriyle ilişkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Yapılan incelemede öğretim programının fazlasıyla sosyal farkındalık becerisini içerdiği; fakat diğer becerileri çok az sayıda içerdiği görülmüştür. Bu doğrultuda, müzik dersi öğretim programının genel olarak sosyal duygusal öğrenme becerilerini içermesi bakımından zayıf kaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlar literatür eşliğinde tartışılmış ve araştırmacılar için birtakım önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Dil, kendisiyle ilgili bütün kuralların ötesinde derin bir anlam dünyasına sahiptir. Bütün dil bilgisi kuralları da anlamın açıkça iletilmesine yardım etmektedir. Bu sistem içindeki en önemli ögelerden biri sözcüklerdir. Sözcükler, göstergelerden oluşan sistemleri inceleyen gösterge biliminin de temel kavramlarındandır. Öncelikli amacı anlaşılmak olan iletişim şekillerinde yalın, kısa ifadelerin seçildiği ve beden dilinin de sıklıkla iletişime eşlik ettiği görülmektedir. Ağızlar da insanların kısa, sade anlatımlarla ve bazen de beden dili aracılığı ile kendilerini ifade ettikleri dillerdir. Bu nedenle ağızlarda tercih edilen göstergeler büyük bir çağrışım gücüne sahiptir. Bu çalışmada Erzincan ağzındaki göstergeler, nitelikleri bağlamında Kloepfer’in tasnifi esas alınarak incelenmiştir. Buna göre göstergeler, öncelikle “ikona tipi göstergeler”, “belirleyici, dizin tipi göstergeler” ve “simge tipi göstergeler” olmak üzere üç bölüme ayrılmıştır. Ardından ikona tipi göstergeler, “yansımalı (onomatopeic) ikona tipi göstergeler” ve “fonemlerin ikoniklik anlamı kazandırdığı ikona tipi göstergeler” şeklinde iki başlık altında incelenmiştir. Simge tipi göstergeler ise “eşya-alet, yapı-yer adı niteliğindeki simge tipi göstergeler”, “beslenmeyle ilgili simge tipi göstergeler”, “fiziksel özellikleri betimleyen simge tipi göstergeler”, “yer-yön, tarz-durum bildiren simge tipi göstergeler” ile “hareket bildiren simge tipi göstergeler” olmak üzere beş alt başlığa ayrılarak ele alınmıştır.