Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey

soyumert, anıl; Ertürk, Alper; AMBARLI, HÜSEYİN

Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey

Hüseyin AMBARLI, (Department of Zoology Conservation Science Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK)

Alper ERTÜRK, (Düzce Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Düzce, Türkiye)

ANIL SOYUMERT ERTÜRK (Düzce Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Düzce, Türkiye)

Turkish Journal of Zoology

24 0

Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 6 Sayfa Aralığı: 944 - 956 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey

Öz:

Turkey has viable populations of many carnivore species of the Western Palearctic. Among those, ursids and canids are represented by brown bear (Ursus arctos) and 3 canid species, gray wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), respectively. Those species occur in major ecosystems of Turkey and experience a wide range of threats, and they are at the center of human wildlife conflicts. However, due to a limited number of studies about their ecology and taxonomy, their current distributions, population sizes, and statuses are vague. In this study, we document the 4 speciesknown data in terms of distribution range, population biology, phylogeography, threats and conflicts with people, and National Red List status in Turkey by reviewing the recent literature and national news about carnivores, data collection in field surveys, and interviews with local people, personnel of the Ministry of Forestry, and hunters in more than 50 provinces. Additionally, we also provide information about rabies cases in consideration with carnivore conservation. We finally recommend further studies to fill information gaps for wildlife conservation and management based on scientific evidence.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Biyoloji

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

Akbaba B (2010). Çamlıdere-Çamkoru bölgesindeki (Ankara) kızıl tilkilerin (Vulpes vulpes L. 1758) habitat kullanım ve beslenme davranışlarının incelenmesi. MSc, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Albayrak T (2011). Anthropogenic barriers to the distribution of the grey wolf (Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Beydağları Mountains Area, Turkey. Zool Middle East 52: 11-16.
Ambarlı H (2006). Analysis of human-brown bear conflict in Yusufeli, Artvin, Turkey. MSc, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Ambarlı H (2010). Marking behavior of brown bear (Ursus arctos) at power poles and trees in the Kaçkar Mountains range, Artvin, Turkey. International Bear News 19: 14-15.
Ambarlı H (2012). Spatio-temporal ecology, habitat use and population size of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Yusufeli, Turkey. PhD, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Tu r k e y.
Ambarlı H (2013). Analysis of wolf-human conflicts in Turkey: encounters, depredation and preventive measures. In: International Wolf Symposium, 10-13 October 2013, Duluth, MN, USA.
Ambarlı H (2014). Daily activity and resting patterns of brown bears in Turkey by using camera traps and GPS-GSM collars. In: 23rd International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 5-11 October 2014, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Ambarlı H (2015). Litter size and basic diet of brown bears (Ursus acrtos, Carnivora) in northeastern Turkey. Mammalia (in press).
Ambarlı H, Bilgin CC (2008). Human-brown bear conflicts in Artvin, northeastern Turkey: encounters, damage, and attitudes. Ursus 19: 146-153.
Ambarlı H, Bilgin CC (2012). Spatio-temporal ecology of brown bears in northeastern Turkey: evaluation of HR sizes and movement rate by sex. In: 21st International Conference on Bear Research and Management, New Delhi, India.
Ambarlı H, Bilgin CC (2013). First record of a melanistic golden jackal (Canis aureus, Canidae) from Turkey. Mammalia 77: 219-222.
Ambarlı D, Bilgin CC (2014). Effects of landscape, land use and vegetation on bird community composition and diversity in Inner Anatolian steppes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 182: 37-46.
Ambarlı H, Kuşdili Y (2013). Density estimation of a brown bear population by three noninvasive methods in Artvin, Turkey: implications for high density. In: 22nd International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 15-20 September 2013, Provo, UT, USA.
Arnold J, Humer A, Heltai M, Murariu D, Spassov N, Hacklander K (2012). Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canis aureus in Europe. Mamm Rev 42: 1-11.
Atatunç KY (2007). Antalya/Belekte Deniz Kaplumbağası Caretta Caretta (L., 1758) yaşam alanları. MSc, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey (in Turkish).
Aulagnier S, Haffner P, Mitchell-Jones AJ, Moutou F, Zima J (2008). Mammals of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Paris, France: Delachaux and Niestle.
Aylan O (2008). Control of rabies in Turkey; the feasibility of oral vaccination of dogs. In: EU TAIEX Workshop on Rabies: Regional Cooperation Towards Eradicating the Oldest Known Zoonotic Disease in Europe, 4-5 December 2008, Antalya, Turkey.
Barnosky AD (2008). Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of Quaternary and future extinctions. P Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 11543-11548.
Bekoff M, Gese EM (2003). Coyote (Canis latrans). In: Feldhamer GA, Thompson BC, Chapman JA, editors. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 467-481.
Bilgin R (2011). Back to the Suture: the distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity in and around Anatolia. Int J Mol Sci 12: 4080-4103.
Birand AC (1999). Studies on carnivores of Düzlerçamı Game Reserve, Antalya. MSc, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Brown L, Macdonald DW (1995). Predation on green turtle Chelonia mydas nests by wild canids at Akyatan Beach, Turkey. Biol Conserv 71: 55-60.
Buzbaş EÖ (2002). Activity, abundance and diet of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) in eastern Thrace, Turkey. MSc, Boğaziçi University, İstanbul, Turkey.
Can ÖE (2001). The status of Gray Wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758), Brown Bear (Ursus arctos L. 1758) and Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx L. 1758) in Turkey and recommendation for effective conservation programs. MSc, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Tu r k e y.
Can OE (2004). Status, Conservation and Management of Large Carnivores in Turkey. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
Can ÖE (2008). Camera trapping large mammals in Yenice forest habitats: a feasibility study for camera trapping large mammals in Yenice Forests, Turkey. PhD, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Capitani C, Chynoweth M, Kusak J, Çoban E, Şekercioğlu ÇH (2015). Wolf diet in an agricultural landscape of north-eastern Turkey. Mammalia (in press).
Chapron G, Kaczensky P, Linnell JD, Von Arx M, Huber D, Andrén H, López-Bao JV, Adamec M, Álvares F, Anders O et al. (2014). Recovery of large carnivores in Europes modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346: 1517-1519.
Çilingir FG, Akın Pekşen Ç, Ambarlı H, Beerli P, Bilgin CC (2015). Exceptional maternal lineage diversity in brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Turkey. Zool J Linn Soc (in press).
Ciucci P, Boitani L, Pelliccioni ER, Roco M, Guy I (1996). A comparison of scat-analysis methods to assess the diet of the wolf Canis lupus. Wildlife Biol 2: 37-48.
Erginsoy SD, Sozmen M, Ozcan K, Tuzcu M (2004). Occurrence of Helicobacter infection in the gastric mucosa of free-living red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). J Wildl Dis 40: 548-554.
Ertürk A (2010). Bartın ili ve çevresinde Canis lupus L. 1758in (Carnivora: Canidae) (Kurt) CBS tabanlı habitat uygunluğu analizleri ve tür yayılış modellemesi. MSc, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Gıcık Y, Kara M, Sarı B, Kılıç K, Arslan MO (2009). Intestinal parasites of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and their zoonotic importance for humans in Kars province. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 15: 135-140.
Güven N (1999). Doğu Akdenizde su samuru (Lutra lutra)nun dağılımı. MSc, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Henry C, Poulle ML, Roeder JJ (2005). Effect of sex and female reproductive status on seasonal home range size and stability in rural red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Ecoscience 12: 202-209.
Hepcan ÇC (2012). Identifying and assessing of the red fox (Vu lp es vulpes) habitats in Çeşme-Urla Peninsula. J Food Agric Environ 10: 726-731.
İbiş O (2009). Türkiye kızıl tilkilerinin (Vu lp es Vu lp es (L., 1758)) (Mammalia: Carnivora) mitokondrial sitokrom -b sekansı yardımıyla genetik analizi. MSc, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (in Turkish).
İbiş O (2013). Türkiyede yayılış gösteren Mustelidae (Mammalia:Carnivora) türlerinin nüklear ve mitokondriyal DNA dizi analizi ile moleküler filogenisi. PhD, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (in Turkish).
İbiş O, Tez C, Özcan S (2014). Phylogenetic status of the Turkish Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Vertebr Zool 64: 273-284.
İlemin Y (2010). Datça-Bozburun Yarımadası orta ve büyük memeli türlerinin vejetasyon tiplerine bağlı dağılımının belirlenmesi. MSc, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Ilgaz Ç, Baran İ (2001). Reproduction biology of the marine turtle populations in Northern Karpaz (Cyprus) and Dalyan (Turkey). Zool Middle East 24: 35-44.
IUCN (2001). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. 2nd ed. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Jhala YV, Moehlman PD (2004). Golden jackal (Canis aureus). In: Sillero-Zubiri C, Hoffmann M, Macdonald DW, editors. Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.
Johnson N, Black C, Smith J, Un H, McElhinney LM, Aylan O, Fooks AR (2003). Rabies emergence among foxes in Turkey. J Wildl Dis 39: 262-270.
Johnson N, Un H, Fooks AR, Freuling C, Müller T, Aylan O, Vos A (2010). Rabies epidemiology and control in Turkey: past and present. Epidemiol Infect 138: 305-312.
Johnson N, Un H, Vos A, Aylan O, Fooks AR (2006). Wildlife rabies in Western Turkey: the spread of rabies through the western provinces of Turkey. Epidemiol Infect 134: 369-375.
King AA, Fooks AR, Aubert M, Wandeler AI (2004). Historical Perspective of Rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Paris, France: OIE.
Kumerloeve H (1975). Die Säugetiere (Mammalia) der Türkei: die Säugetiere Mammalia) Syriens und des Libanon. Munich, Germany: Der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München (in German).
Kurt B, Balkız Ö (2011). Management Plan of Kaçkar Mountains Sustainable Forest Use and Conservation Project. Ankara, Turkey: TEMA (in Turkish).
Kütahya H (2004). Bolkar Dağları İvriz Çayı Havzasının dağ coğrafyası. PhD, Niğde University, Niğde, Turkey (in Turkish).
Lord K, Feinstein M, Smith B, Coppinger R (2013). Variation in reproductive traits of members of the genus Canis with special attention to the domestic dog (Canis familiaris). Behav Processes 92: 131-142.
Lortkipanidze B (2010). Brown bear distribution and status in the South Caucasus. Ursus 21: 97-103.
MAK (2015). 2015-2016 Av Dönemi Merkez Av Komisyonu Kararı. TC Resmi Gazete, 26.05.2015, Karar No: 14. Ankara, Turkey: MAK (in Turkish).
Mech LD (1981). The Wolf: The Ecology and Behavior of an Endangered Species. Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Press.
Mech LD (1991). The Way of the Wolf. Stillwater, MN, USA: Voyageur Press Inc.
Mech LD, Boitani L (2007). Wolves: Behavior, Ecology and Conservation. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago.
Meia JS, Weber JM (1995). Home ranges and movements of red foxes in central Europe: stability despite environmental changes. Can J Zool 73: 1960-1966.
Mengüllüoğlu D (2010). An inventory of medium and large mammal fauna in pine forests of Beypazarı through camera trapping. MSc, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
Muluk Ç, Turak A, Yılmaz D, Zeydanlı U, Bilgin C (2009). Hidroelektrik Santral Etkileri Uzman Raporu: Barhal Vadisi. Kaçkar Dağları Sürdürelebilir Orman Kullanımı ve Koruma Projesi (in Turkish).
Nadeem MS, Ruqqya NAZ, Shah SI, Beg MA, Kayani AR, Mushtaq M, Mahmood T (2012). Season-and locality-related changes in the diet of Asiatic jackal (Canis aureus) in Potohar, Pakistan. Turk J Zool 36: 798-805.
Nowak RM (1999). Walkers Mammals of the World (Vol. 1). Baltimore, MD, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Pence DB, Ueckermann E (2002). Sarcoptic mange in wildlife. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 21: 385-398.
Resmi Gazete (2003). Kara Avcılığı Kanunu. Kanun No: 4915, Sayı: 25165. Ankara, Turkey: Başbakanlık (in Turkish).
Ripple WJ, Estes JA, Beschta RL, Wilmers CC, Ritchie EG, Hebblewhite M, Berger J, Elmhagen B, Letnic M, Nelson MP et al. (2014). Status and ecological effects of the worlds largest carnivores. Science 343: 1241484.
Salvatori V, Linnell J (2005). Report on the Conservation Status and Threats for Wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe. Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
Schmidt PA, Mech LD (1997). Wolf pack size and food acquisition. Am Nat 150: 513-517.
Şekercioğlu ÇH, Anderson S, Akçay E, Bilgin E, Can ÖE, Semiz G, Tavşanoğlu Ç, Yokeş B, Soyumert A, İpekdal K et al. (2011). Turkeys globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biol Conserv 144: 2752-2769.
Servheen C, Herrero S, Peyton B (1999). Status Survey of the Bears of the World and Global Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Sillero-Zubiri C, Hoffmann M, Macdonald DW (2004). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland:IUCN-SSC Canid Specialist Group.
Soyumert A (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu ormanlarında fotokapan yöntemiyle büyük memeli türlerinin tespiti ve ekolojik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. PhD, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish).
Soyumert A, Gürkan B (2013). Relative habitat use by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Köprülü Canyon National Park, Southern Anatolia. Hystrix 24: 166-168.
Stiner MC (1999). Cave bear ecology and interactions with Pleistocene humans. Ursus 11: 41-58.
Tez C, Gürkan ÖF (2014). Türkiyede yayılış gösteren kızıl tilki (Vulpes vulpes) ve iki Kanid türünün (Canis lupus ve C. aureus) (Carnivora: Mammalia) Y kromozomal DNA Zfy gen bölgesi dizilerinin genetik analizi. In: 22. Biyoloji Kongresi, 23-27 June 2014, Eskişehir, Turkey (in Turkish).
Toyran K, Aşan N, Pamukoğlu N (2009). A brief study on diet components of red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus, 1758) from central Anatolia (Mammalia: Carnivora), Kafkas Üniv Fen Bil Enst Derg 2: 37-40.
Treves A, Karanth KU (2003). Human-carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conserv Biol 17:1491-1499.
Tuğ S (2005). Conflicts between humans and wolf: a study in Bozdağ, Konya province, Turkey. MSc, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
TÜİK (2013). 2012 yılı adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi bülteni. Bulletin of TÜİK: 13425. Ankara, Turkey: Turkish Statistical Institute (in Turkish).
Turan N (1984). Türkiyenin Av ve Yaban Hayvanları: Memeliler. 1. Kitap. Ankara, Turkey: Özel Yayın (in Turkish).
Ünal Y (2011). Isparta - Yazilikayada av - yaban hayatı envanteri. PhD, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey (in Turkish).
Vila C, Amorim IR, Leonard JA, Posada D, Castroviejo J, Petrucci-Fonseca F, Crandall KA, Ellegren H, Wayne RK (1999). Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of grey wolf Canis lupus. Mol Ecol 8: 2089-2103.
Vos A, Freuling C, Eskiizmirliler S, Ün H, Aylan O, Johnson N, Askaroglu H (2009). Rabies in foxes, Aegean Region, Turkey. Emerging Infect Dis 15: 1620.
Weiss S, Ferrand N (2007). Phylogeography of European Refugia. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Springer.
WWF-Türkiye (2015). Yeşil Yol Karadenizi yoldan çıkaracak. İstanbul, Turkey: WWF (in Turkish).
Zachos FE, Cirovic D, Kirschning J, Otto M, Hartl GB, Petersen B, Honnen A (2009). Genetic variability, differentiation, and founder effect in golden jackals (Canis aureus) from Serbia as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite loci. Biochem Genet 47: 241-250.
Zedrosser A, Steyaert SMJG, Gossow H, Swenson JE (2011). Brown bear conservation and the ghost of persecution past. Biol Conserv 144: 2163-2170.

APA	AMBARLI H, Ertürk A, soyumert a (2016). Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. , 944 - 956.
Chicago	AMBARLI HÜSEYİN,Ertürk Alper,soyumert anıl Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. (2016): 944 - 956.
MLA	AMBARLI HÜSEYİN,Ertürk Alper,soyumert anıl Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. , 2016, ss.944 - 956.
AMA	AMBARLI H,Ertürk A,soyumert a Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. . 2016; 944 - 956.
Vancouver	AMBARLI H,Ertürk A,soyumert a Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. . 2016; 944 - 956.
IEEE	AMBARLI H,Ertürk A,soyumert a "Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey." , ss.944 - 956, 2016.
ISNAD	AMBARLI, HÜSEYİN vd. "Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey". (2016), 944-956.

APA	AMBARLI H, Ertürk A, soyumert a (2016). Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40(6), 944 - 956.
Chicago	AMBARLI HÜSEYİN,Ertürk Alper,soyumert anıl Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 40, no.6 (2016): 944 - 956.
MLA	AMBARLI HÜSEYİN,Ertürk Alper,soyumert anıl Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, vol.40, no.6, 2016, ss.944 - 956.
AMA	AMBARLI H,Ertürk A,soyumert a Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 2016; 40(6): 944 - 956.
Vancouver	AMBARLI H,Ertürk A,soyumert a Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology. 2016; 40(6): 944 - 956.
IEEE	AMBARLI H,Ertürk A,soyumert a "Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey." Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40, ss.944 - 956, 2016.
ISNAD	AMBARLI, HÜSEYİN vd. "Current status, distribution, and conservation of brown bear (Ursidae) andwild canids (gray wolf, golden jackal, and red fox; Canidae) in Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 40/6 (2016), 944-956.