Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status

BABA, GÜROL; ONSOY, MURAT

Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status

Gürol BABA, (Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)

Murat ÖNSOY (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)

Uluslararası İlişkiler

7 0

Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 51 Sayfa Aralığı: 3 - 20 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status

Öz:

Uluslararası İlişkiler literatürü ülkelerin uluslararası sistemdeki konumlarını saptamak için, çok da başarılı olmayan, somut ve soyut ölçütler sunmaktadır. Literatürdeki bu sınırlı başarı, büyük ölçüde kriterlerin öznel, muğlak ve ölçülemez nitelikte olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu durum özellikle küçük ve orta ölçekte devletlerin farklılaştırılmasında muğlaklıkları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, küçük ve orta ölçekteki güçleri nitelendirmek ve ayrıştırmak maksadıyla, onların kabiliyetlerinin dış politika davranışları ile birleştirildiği (harmanlandığı) bir metot sunulmaktadır. Ülkelerin kabiliyetleri sadece uluslararası sistemdeki konumlarını değil aynı zamanda dış politika davranışlarını da belirlemektedir. Bu da bir ülkenin milli kabiliyetleri ve dış politika amaçları arasında bir tamamlayıcılığın/bütünleyiciliğin olduğunun altını çizmektedir. Bu durumda, düşük kabiliyetler ılımlı dış politika hedefleri demekken yüksek kabiliyetler daha iddialı dış politika anlamına mı gelmektedir? Bir ülke artan kabiliyetleri neticesinde konumunu küçükten orta ölçeğe yükseltirken, bu durum onun kısıtlamalarını tamamen ortadan kaldırmamaktadır. Bu makale, söz konusu bütünleyiciliğinin başarı/etki derecesini göstermek amacıyla, Türkiye'nin 1930'lardan bu yana deneyimlerini ampirik bir anlatım yoluyla incelemektedir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Siyasi Bilimler Uluslararası İlişkiler

Kabiliyetler ve Dış Politika: Türkiye'nin Küçük ve Orta Düzeyde Güç Statüsünün Karşılaştırılması

Öz:

IR literature has proposed tangible and intangible criteria for defining and differentiating rankings of countries, albeit without much success. The literature's limited success is primarily due to the subjective, unclear and immeasurable qualities of these criteria. The differentiation between small powers and middle powers is particularly ambiguous. This article proposes an amalgamated method, which combines foreign policy behavior capabilities to characterize and separate small powers and middle powers. There is a relationship between capabilities and a country's global status ranking that also determines foreign policy behavior. This also underlines a complementarity between national capabilities and foreign policy objectives. Lower capabilities means a low-key/restrained foreign policy but do higher capabilities mean a more proactive/highly strung foreign policy? Increased capabilities boost the position of a country from a small power to a middle power but do not completely eliminate constraints imposed by great powers. This article examines Turkey's experiences since the 1930s as an empirical narrative of the complementarity between power and level of influence.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Siyasi Bilimler Uluslararası İlişkiler

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik

Amersfoort, Herman and Wim Klinkert. "Introduction: Small States in a Big World", Herman Amersfoort and Wim Klinkert (eds.), Small Powers in the Age of Total War, 1900-1940, Leiden, Brill, 2011, p.1-26.
Amstrup, Niels. "The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts", Cooperation and Conflict, Vol.11, No.2, 1976, p.163-182.
Archer, Clive, and Neill Nugent. "Small States and the European Union", Current Politics and Economics of Europe, Vol.11, No.1, 2005, p.1-10.
Armstrong, Harvey W. and Robert Read. "The Determinants of Economic Growth in Small States", The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, No.368, 2003, p.99-124.
Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri I-III (1906-1938), Ankara, Türk Inkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü, Vol.I
Baba, Gürol and Soner Karagül. "Türk Dış Politikasında Çok Taraflılığa Geçiş Çabaları: 1965 Çok Uluslu Güç Projesi ve 1 Mart 2003 Tezkeresi", LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.3, No.1, p.18-42.
Baba, Gürol and Taylan Özgür Kaya. "Testing the Creativity of Kevin Rudd's Middle Power Diplomacy: EU- Australia Partnership Framework Versus the Asia-Pacific Community", International Relations of the Asia- Pacific, Vol.14, No.2, 2014, p.239-269.
Baldacchino, Godfrey. "Thucydides or Kissinger? A Critical Review of Smaller State Diplomacy", Andrew F. Cooper and Timothy M. Shaw (eds.), The Diplomacies of Small States Between Vulnerability and Resilience, Houndmills, Palgrave, 2009.
Barlas, Dilek. Etatism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929- 1939, Leiden and New York, E.J. Brill, 1998.
Barlas, Dilek. "Friends or Foes? Diplomatic Relations Between Italy and Turkey, 1923-36", International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.36, No.2, 2004, p.231-252.
Belanger, Louis and Gordon Mace. "Middle Powers and Regionalism: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico", Andrew F. Cooper (eds), Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War. New York, Macmillan, 1997, p.164-183.
Braun, Hans-Joachim. The German Economy in the Twentieth Century, New York, Routledge, 1990.
Braveboy-Wagner, Jaqueline. "The English-Speaking Caribbean States: a Triad of Foreign Policy", Jeanne A.K. Hey (ed.) Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior, Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner, 2003, p.31-51.
Briguglio, Lino. "Small Island States and their Economic Vulnerabilities", World Development, Vol.23, No.9, 1995, p.1615-1632.
Chapnick, Adam. "The Middle Power", Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Vol.7, No.2, 1999, p.73-82.
Cooper, Andrew F. "Niche Diplomacy: A Conceptual Overview" Andrew F. Cooper (ed.), Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers after the Cold War, London, Macmillan, 1997, p.1-24.
Cooper, Andrew F. and Timothy M. Shaw. "The Diplomacies of Small States at the Start of the Twenty- first Century: How Vulnerable? How Resilient?", Andrew F. Cooper and Timothy M. Shaw (eds.), The Diplomacies of Small States Between Vulnerability and Resilience, Houndmills, Palgrave, 2009.
Cooper, David A. "Challenging Contemporary Notions of Middle Power Influence: Implications of the Proliferation Security Initiative for Middle Power Theory", Foreign Policy Analysis Vol.7, No.3, 2011, p.317-336.
Cornell, Svante E. "Turkey and the Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh: A Delicate Balance", Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.34, No.1, 1998, p.51-72
Cox, Robert W. "Middlepowermanship, Japan and the Future World Order", International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis, December 1989, Vol.44, p.823-862.
Crawshaw, Nancy. The Cyprus Revolt: An Account of the Struggle for Union with Greece, Boston, G. Allen & Unwin, 1978.
Crowards, Tom. "Defining the Category of "Small" States", Journal of International Development, Vol.14, 2002, p.143-179.
Çetinsaya, Gökhan. "A Tale of Two Centuries: Continuities in Turkish Foreign and Security Policy", Nursin Atesoğlu Güney (ed.), Contentious Issues of Security and the future of Turkey, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007, p.5-18.
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. "Turkey's Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007", Insight Turkey, Vol.10, No.1, 2008, p.77-96.
East, Maurice. "Size and Foreign Policy Behaviour: A Test of Two Models", World Politics, Vol.25, No.4, 1973, p.556-576.
Engin, Belma and Gürol Baba. "MIKTA: A Functioning Product of New Middle Powerism?", Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, Vol.11, No.42, 2015, p.1-40.
Frei, Daniel. "Kleinstaatliche Außenpolitik als Umgang mit Abhängigkeit", Karl Zemanek, et.al. (eds.), Die Schweiz in Einer Sich Wandelnden Welt, Zürich, Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag, 1977, p.201-225.
Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1961-63, Vol.16; FRUS, 1964-68, Vol. 16.
Friedensburg, Ferdinand. Die Rohstoffe und Energiequellen im Neuen Europa, Berlin, Gerhard Stalling Verlagsbuchhandlung Oldenburg, 1943.
Fox, Annette Baker. The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War II, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1959.
Glaser, Charles L. "Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-help", Benjamin Frankel (ed.), Realism: Restatements and Renewal, London, Frank Cass, 1996.
Glazerbrook, George D. "The Middle Powers in the United Nations System", International Organization, Vol.1, No.2, 1947, p.307-318.
Gitelson, Susan Aurelia. "Why do Small States Break Diplomatic Relations with Outside Powers?: Lessons from the African Experience", International Studies Quarterly, Vol.18, No.4, 1974, p.451-484.
Gökay, Bülent. Soviet Eastern Policy and Turkey, 1920-1991: Soviet Foreign Policy, Turkey and Communism, New York, Routledge, 2006.
Gruen, George E. "Turkey's Role in Peacekeeping Missions", American Foreign Policy Interests: The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy, Vol.28, No.6, 2006, p.435-449.
Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000, London and Portland, OR, Frank Cass, 2000.
Harici Ticaret Aylık, Statistique Mensuelle du Commerce Exterieur, Ankara, T.C. Başvekalet, January 1940.
Hawes, Michael K. Principal Power, Middle Power, or Satellite? Competing Perspectives in the Study of Canadian Foreign Policy, Toronto, York Research Programme in Strategic Studies, York University, 1984.
Henderson, John. "New Zealand and the Foreign Policy of Small States", Richard Kennaway and John Henderson (eds.), Beyond New Zealand II: Foreign Policy into the 1990s, Auckland, Longman Paul, 1991.
Holbraad, Carsten. Middle Powers in International Politics, London, MacMillan Press, 1984.
"Inloit to Ministry of Economic Warfare on 15th October 1939", FO/8371003, Great Britain, National Archives, London Kew Gardens.
Jones, Elwyn. Hitler's Drive to the East, New York, E.P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1937.
Jordaan, Eduard. "The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers", Politikon, Vol.30, No.1, 2003, p.165-181.
Katzenstein, Peter J. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1985.
Keohane, Robert O. "Lilliputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics", International Organization, Vol.23, No.2, 1969, p.291-310.
Kinross, Lord. Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation, London, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1993.
Klinkert, Wim. "Fall K. German Offensive Plans Against the Netherlands: 1916-1918", Herman Amersfoort and Wim Klinkert (eds.), Small Powers in the Age of Total War, 1900-1940, Leiden, Brill, 2011, p.85-117.
Koçak, Cemil. Türk-Alman İlişkileri (1923-1939) İki Dünya Savaşı Arasındaki Dönemde Siyasal, Kültürel Askeri ve Ekonomik İlişkiler, Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991.
Kuznets, Simon. "Economic Growth of Small Nations", E. A. G. Robinson (ed.), The Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations, London, Macmillan, 1960, p.14-32.
Lamoreaux, Jeremy W. "Acting Small in a Large State's World: Russia and the Baltic States, European Security, Vol.23, No.4, 2014, p.565-582.
Lee, Donna and Smith J. Nicola. "Small States in the International Political Economy", The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, No.97, 2008, p.201-203
Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Europe and Nazi Germany in World War II, New York, New York University Press, 2001.
Mayall, Simon V. Turkey: Thwarted Ambition, Washington, DC, Mc Nair Papers 56, January 1997.
McHenry, James A. The Uneasy Partnership on Cyprus 1919-1939: The Political and Diplomatic Interaction between Great Britain, Turkey, and the Turkish Cypriot Community, University of Kansas, PhD, 1981.
Mclean, Wayne and James Dwyer. "Nuclear Deterrence, Missile Systems and the Security of Turkey in the New Middle East", Insight Turkey, Vol.17 No.3, 2015, p.141-162.
Mikuz, Ivan C. Influence Small State Force Design. Carlisle, PA, United States Army War College, 2012.
Millman, Brock. The Ill Made Alliance: Anglo-Turkish Relations, 1934-1940, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1998.
Millman, Brock. "Turkish Foreign and Strategic Policy 1934-42", Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.31, No.3, 1995, p.483-508.
Mitrany, David. The Progress of International Government, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1933.
Neack, Laura. "Empirical Observations on Middle State Behavior at the Start of a New International System", Pacific Focus, Vol.7, No.1, 1992, p.5-21.
Neumann, Iver B. and Sieglinde Gstoehl. "Introduction: Lilliputians in Gulliver's World?" Christine Ingebritsen, Iver B Neumann, Sieglinde Gstoehl and Jessica Beyer (eds.), Small States in International Relations, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2004, p.3-36.
Öniş, Ziya. "Turkey in the Post-Cold War Era: In Search of Identity", Middle East Journal, Vol.49, No.1, p.48-68.
Özer, Ercan. "The Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Regional Security", Vedat Yücel and Salomon Ruysdael (eds.), New Trends in Turkish Foreign Affairs: Bridges and Boundaries, New York, Writers Club Press, 2002, p.149-171,
Özüye, Oktay. "Black Sea Economic Cooperation", Mediterranean Quarterly, No.3, 1992, p.48-54.
Payne, Anthony. "Small States in the Global Politics of Development", The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, Vol.376, 2004, p.623-635.
Park, Bill. Modern Turkey: People, State, and Foreign Policy in a Globalised World, Routledge, Oxon, 2012.
Pomfret, Richard. "The Economic Cooperation Organization: Current Status and Future Prospects", Europe- Asia Studies, Vol.49, No.4, 1997, p.657-667.
Press Release Regarding the MIKTA Initiative, No.254, 26 September 2013, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-254_- 26-september-2013_-press-release-regarding-the-mikta-initiative.en.mfa, (Accessed on 09 May 2016).
Radu, Michael. Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations, New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A, Transaction Publishers, 2003.
Ravenhill, John. "Cycles of Middle Power Activism: Constraint and Choice in Australian and Canadian Foreign Policies", Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.52, No. 3, 1998, p.309-327.
Rickli, Jean-Marc. "European Small States' Military Policies after the Cold War: From Territorial to Niche Strategies", Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol.21, 2008, p.307-325.
Rogers, John. "The Foreign Policy of Small States: Sweden and Mosul Crisis, 1924-1925", Contemporary European History, Vol.16, No.3, 2007, p.349-369.
Rothstein, Robert L. Alliances and Small Powers, New York and London, Columbia University Press, 1968.
"Russell to Moore 30th April 1940", FO/837/1009, Great Britain: National Archives, London Kew Gardens.
Schweller, Randall. L. "Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In", International Security, Vol.19, No.1, 1994, p.88-98.
Soysal, İsmail. Türkiye'nin Siyasal Antlaşmaları (Cilt I,II), Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1983.
Spero, Joshua B. "Great Power Security Dilemmas for Pivotal Middle Power Bridging", Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.30, No.1, 2009, p.147-171.
Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus, New York, Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
Steinberg, Richard H. "In the Shadow of Law or Power? Consensus-Based Bargaining and Outcomes in the GATT/WTO", International Organization, Vol.56, 2002, p.339-374.
Sutton, Paul, "The Concept of Small States in the International Political Economy", The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, Vol.100, No.413, 2011, p.141-153.
Thorhallsson, Baldur and Anders Wivel. "Small States in the European Union: What Do We Know and What Would We Like to Know?", Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol.19, No.4, 2006, p.651-668.
Thorhallsson, Baldur. "The Role of Small States in the European Union", Christine Ingebritsen, Iver B. Neumann, Sieglinde Gstoehl and Jessica Beyer (eds.) Small States in International Relations, Seattle, University of Washington Press, 2006, p.218-227.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, available at http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1047 (Accessed on 20 July 2016).
Ungerer, Carl. "The Middle Power Concept in Australian Foreign Policy", Australian Journal of Politics and History, Vol.53, No.4, 2007, p.538-551.
US Department of State, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939-1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office, Washington, 1948, p.217-259.
Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy 1918-1948, Geneva, Thèse, Université de Genève, 1950.
Vital, David. The Inequality of States: A Study of Small Powers in International Relations, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1967.
Weinstein, Franklin B. "The Concept of a Commitment in International Relations", The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.13, No.1, 1969, p.39-56.
Wood, Bernard. "Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions", Cranford Pratt (ed.), Middle Power Internationalism: The North South Dimension, Kingston & Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990, p.69-107.
Yalçın, Hasan Basri. "The Concept of Middle Power and the Recent Turkish Foreign Policy Activism", Afro Eurasian Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 2012, p.195-213.
Yeşilbursa, Behçet Kemal. The Baghdad Pact: Anglo-American Defence Policies in the Middle East, 1950-59, London, Frank Cass, 2005.

APA	BABA G, ONSOY M (2016). Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. , 3 - 20.
Chicago	BABA GÜROL,ONSOY MURAT Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. (2016): 3 - 20.
MLA	BABA GÜROL,ONSOY MURAT Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. , 2016, ss.3 - 20.
AMA	BABA G,ONSOY M Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. . 2016; 3 - 20.
Vancouver	BABA G,ONSOY M Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. . 2016; 3 - 20.
IEEE	BABA G,ONSOY M "Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status." , ss.3 - 20, 2016.
ISNAD	BABA, GÜROL - ONSOY, MURAT. "Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status". (2016), 3-20.

APA	BABA G, ONSOY M (2016). Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(51), 3 - 20.
Chicago	BABA GÜROL,ONSOY MURAT Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. Uluslararası İlişkiler 13, no.51 (2016): 3 - 20.
MLA	BABA GÜROL,ONSOY MURAT Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol.13, no.51, 2016, ss.3 - 20.
AMA	BABA G,ONSOY M Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2016; 13(51): 3 - 20.
Vancouver	BABA G,ONSOY M Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2016; 13(51): 3 - 20.
IEEE	BABA G,ONSOY M "Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status." Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13, ss.3 - 20, 2016.
ISNAD	BABA, GÜROL - ONSOY, MURAT. "Between Capability and Foreign Policy: Comparing Turkey's Small Power and Middle Power Status". Uluslararası İlişkiler 13/51 (2016), 3-20.