The Ottoman Empire has dominated different continents for many years. However, due to the inability to keep up with the changing world order in time and the prolonged wars, her power began to be shaken This painful process ended with the completion of the life of the state in the 20th century. Following the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the stage of history it has made improvements in many areas, together with the proclamation of the republic in Turkey. In addition to these innovations, a number of changes have been made in cultural terms. Language, history, literature, People's Houses and so on. Western civilization was also benefited to a certain extent in the innovation movements in the fields. Turkish Nationalism was brought to the fore in the cultural policies carried out during the period of 1923-1938 when Atatürk was the President. This period is the period when nationalism has risen considerably in the world and even reached the dimension of Fascism, especially in Italy and Germany. Therefore, the establishment of the new Nation-state, which is still very young, and the development of its nationalism were very important, and studies in fields such as history, language, and literature were tried to be shaped accordingly. In the İnönü period (1938-1950), a policy based on development and change in the world was followed. II. World War and its consequences also affected cultural politics. In this period, the collapse of Fascism, the rise of the West and its system, the change in human rights, freedoms, etc. In the cultural policies of the İnönü period, the emphasis on Nationalism as well as the Western and Humanism emphasis was made, and the effort to integrate the Turkish identity with the West was effective. There are significant differences in the cultural policies applied in the periods of Atatürk and İnönü in terms of methodology. The reason for this situation can be explained by both the changing conditions and the different perspectives of the leaders of the period.