Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 172 - 180 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.35208/ert.1084052 İndeks Tarihi: 09-08-2022

Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey

Öz:
Houses are the places where people spend most of their time. That is why indoor air quality at home is essential for public health. Sufficient ventilation is the factor to avoid accumulation of pollutants in indoor air, which include microorganisms, such as SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, adequate ventilation is needed to provide good indoor air quality for human health and reduce infection risk at home. There are no reports of residential ventilation rates in Turkey. In this study, CO2 concentrations were measured in two residences in Izmir, Turkey. Three experiments were conducted to determine background concentrations and the rate of natural ventilation with infiltration and opening windows. Results show that air exchange provided by infiltration is low for both case rooms, while adequate ventilation could be achieved with natural ventilation under the studied conditions. Infiltration provided air exchange and ventilation rates of 0.18 h-1 and 5.9 m3/h for Case 1 and 0.29 h-1 and 8.23 m3/h for Case 2, respectively. Air exchange and ventilation rates were increased to 2.36 h-1 and 76.9 m3/h for Case 1 and 1.2 h-1 and 34 m3/h for Case 2, respectively, by opening the windows. Although ventilation can be provided by opening the windows, the other factors that determine its rate, e.g., meteorological variables, cannot be controlled by the occupants. Consequently, people cannot ensure the good indoor air quality in bedrooms and sufficient reduction in transmission of pathogenic microorganisms; therefore, risk of spreading diseases such as COVID-19 at home.
Anahtar Kelime: ventilation rate infiltration rate building monitoring Air Exchange Rate CO2 concentration

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • [1] L. Morawska, G.A. Ayoko, G.N. Bae, G. Buonanno, C.H.Y. Chao, S. Clifford, S.C. Fu, O. Hännineng, C. He, C. Isaxonh, M. Mazaheri, T. Salthammer, M. S. Waring, and A. Wierzbickah “Airborne particles in indoor environment of homes, schools, offices and aged care facilities: the main routes of exposure,” En- vironment International, Vol. 108, pp. 75–83, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • [2] L. Morawska and J. Cao, “Airborne transmission of Sars-Cov-2: the World should face the reality,” En- vironment International, Vol. 139, Article 105730, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • [3] L. Morawska, J.W. Tang, W. Bahnfleth, P.M. Bluys- sen, A. Boerstra, G. Buonanno, J. Cao, S. Dancer, A. Floto, F. Franchimon, C. Haworth, J. Hogeling, C. Isaxon, J. L. Jimenez, J. Kurnitski, Y. Li, M. Loomans, G. Marks, L. C. Marr, L. Mazzarella, A. Krikor Me- likov, S. Miller, D. K. Milton, W. Nazaroff, P. V. Niel- sen, C. Noakes, J. Peccia, X. Querol, C. Sekhar, O. Seppänen, S. Tanabe, R. Tellier, K. Wai Tham, P. Wargocki, A. Wierzbicka, and M. Yaoai, “How can airborne transmission of Covid-19 indoors be min- imised?” Environment International, Vol. 142, Arti- cle 105832, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • [4] V.T. Chu, A.R. Yousaf, K. Chang, N.G. Schwartz, C.J. McDaniel, S.H.Lee, C.M. Szablewski, M. Brown, C. L. Drenzek, E. Dirlikov, D. A. Rose, J. Villanueva, A. M. Fry, A. J. Hall, and H. L. Kirking, “Household transmission of Sars-Cov-2 from children and ad- olescents,” Journal of Medicine, Vol. 385, pp. 954- 956, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • [5] Y. Li, G.M. Leung, J.W. Tang, X. Yang, C.Y.H. Chao, J.Z. Lin, J.W. Lu, P.V. Nielsen, J. Niu, H. Qian, A.C. Sleigh, H.J.J. Su, J. Sundell, T.W. Wong, and P.L. Yuen, “Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment - a mul- tidisciplinary systematic review,” Indoor Air, Vol. 17, pp. 2–18, 2007. [CrossRef]
  • [6] S.C. Sofuoglu and M. Toksoy, “COVID-19 ve okul- larda mekanik havalandırmanın aciliyeti,” TTMD Dergisi, Vol. 129, pp. 40–42, 2021.
  • [7] A. Frattolillo, L. Stabile, and M. Dell’Isola, “Natural ventilation measurements in a multi-room dwelling: critical aspects and comparability of pressurization and tracer gas decay tests,” Journal of Building Engi- neering, Vol. 42, Article 102478, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • [8] L. Zhao, J. Liu, and J. Ren, “Impact of various ven- tilation modes on IAQ and energy consumption in Chinese dwellings: “First long-term monitoring study in Tianjin, China,” Building and Environment, Vol. 143, pp. 99–106, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • [9] C. Dimitroulopoulou, “Ventilation in European dwellings: A review ,” Building and Environment, Vol. 37, pp. 109–125, 2012. [CrossRef]
  • [10] EN 15251, “Indoor Environmental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Ther- mal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics,” 2007.
  • [11] ASHRAE, “ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2017, ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality,” Amer- ican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Con- ditioning Engineers, Inc.: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2017.
  • [12] K. Insung, A. McCreery, P. Azimi, A. Gramigna, G. Baca, K. Abromitis, M. Wang, Y. Zeng, R. Scheu, T. Crowder, A. Evens, and B. Stephens, “Indoor air quality impacts of residential mechanical ventilation system retrofits in existing homes in Chicago, IL,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 804, Article 150129, 2022.
  • [13] I. Kang, A. McCreery, P. Azimi, A. Gramigna, G. Baca, K. Abromitis, M. Wang, Y. Zeng, R. Scheu, T. Crowder, A. Evens, and B. Stephens. “Indoor air quality impacts of residential mechanical ventilation system retrofits in existing homes in Chicago, IL,” Science of The Total Environment, Article 150129, 2022. [CrossRef]
  • [14] N. Canha, A. C. Alves, C. S. Marta, J. Belo, J. Lage, T. Faria, S. Cabo Verde, C. Viegas, C. Alves, and S. M. Almeida, “Compliance of indoor air quality during sleep with legislation and guidelines – A case study of Lisbon dwellings,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 264, Article 114619, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • [15] EN 16798-1 “Energy Performance of Buildings – Ventilation for Buildings Part 1: Indoor Environ- mental Input Parameters for Design and Assessment of Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing In- door Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Lighting and Acoustics”, European Committee for Standard- ization (CEN), 2019.
  • [16] S.B. Molloy, M. Cheng, I. E. Galbally, M. D. Key- wood, S. J. Lawson, J. C. Powell, R. Gillett, E. Dunne, and P. W. Selleck, “Indoor air quality in typical tem- perate zone Australian dwellings,” Atmospheric En- vironment Vol. 54, pp. 400–417, 2012. [CrossRef]
  • [17] S. Batterman, “Review and extension of CO2-based methods to determine ventilation rates with applica- tion to school classrooms,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 14, pp. 145, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • [18] V.R. Phillips, D.S. Lee, R. Scholtens, J.A. Garland, and R.W. Sneath, “A review of methods for measur- ing emission rates of ammonia from livestock build- ings and slurry on manure stores, part 2: monitoring flux rates, concentrations and airflow rates,” Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 78, pp. 1–14, 2001.
  • [19] A. Persily, “Evaluating building IAQ and ventilation with indoor carbon dioxide,” American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engi- neers, Vol. 103, pp. 193–204, 1997.
  • [20] E. Schramek, “Recknagel-Sprenger Schramek Isıtma ve Klima Tekniği El Kitabı,” 11 Nolu Teknik Yayın, TTMD, Ankara, 2003. [Turkish]
  • [21] H. Bulut, “Havalandırma ve iç hava kalitesi açısın- dan CO2 miktarının analizi,” Plumbing Engineer- ing, pp. 61–70, 2012. [Turkish]
APA Taşer A, yerlikaya s, Coğul I, Sofuoglu S (2022). Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. , 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
Chicago Taşer Aybüke,yerlikaya sedef,Coğul Ilgın,Sofuoglu Sait C. Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. (2022): 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
MLA Taşer Aybüke,yerlikaya sedef,Coğul Ilgın,Sofuoglu Sait C. Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. , 2022, ss.172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
AMA Taşer A,yerlikaya s,Coğul I,Sofuoglu S Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. . 2022; 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
Vancouver Taşer A,yerlikaya s,Coğul I,Sofuoglu S Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. . 2022; 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
IEEE Taşer A,yerlikaya s,Coğul I,Sofuoglu S "Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey." , ss.172 - 180, 2022. 10.35208/ert.1084052
ISNAD Taşer, Aybüke vd. "Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey". (2022), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1084052
APA Taşer A, yerlikaya s, Coğul I, Sofuoglu S (2022). Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. Environmental Research & Technology, 5(2), 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
Chicago Taşer Aybüke,yerlikaya sedef,Coğul Ilgın,Sofuoglu Sait C. Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. Environmental Research & Technology 5, no.2 (2022): 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
MLA Taşer Aybüke,yerlikaya sedef,Coğul Ilgın,Sofuoglu Sait C. Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. Environmental Research & Technology, vol.5, no.2, 2022, ss.172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
AMA Taşer A,yerlikaya s,Coğul I,Sofuoglu S Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. Environmental Research & Technology. 2022; 5(2): 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
Vancouver Taşer A,yerlikaya s,Coğul I,Sofuoglu S Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey. Environmental Research & Technology. 2022; 5(2): 172 - 180. 10.35208/ert.1084052
IEEE Taşer A,yerlikaya s,Coğul I,Sofuoglu S "Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey." Environmental Research & Technology, 5, ss.172 - 180, 2022. 10.35208/ert.1084052
ISNAD Taşer, Aybüke vd. "Indoor air CO2 concentrations and ventilation rates in two residences in İzmir, Turkey". Environmental Research & Technology 5/2 (2022), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1084052