Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 389 - 408 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496 İndeks Tarihi: 31-08-2022

Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları

Öz:
Öncelikli olarak çocuk oyun alanları ve doğal alanlar gibi açık alanlarda görülen riskli oyun, çocuğun gelişiminde ve hayatı boyunca karşılaşabileceği ve başa çıkması gereken zorluklara hazırlanmada katkısı bulunan oyun biçimidir. Riskli oyuna güvenli bir ortamda daha fazla olanak sunan oyun alanı türü macera oyun alanlarıdır. Macera oyun alanları genel olarak sınırlandırılmış bir alan içinde çeşitli yapı malzemeleri, hurda malzemeler, testere, çekiç gibi birtakım aletler ve bu aletlerin depolandığı bir tesis, hayvanları beslemek ve yemek pişirmek için gerekli malzemeler ve gerektiğinde yardım alabilecekleri oyun liderlerinin bulunduğu oldukça gayriresmi oyun alanı türüdür. Diğer taraftan günümüzde kent mekânının, ebeveynler tarafından çocuklarının zarar göreceği mekânlar olarak kabul edilmesi ve ebeveyn çocuklarının güvenliğine yönelik endişeleri doğrultusunda beliren ebeveyn tutumları, çocukların kent mekânında açık havada fiziksel oyun fırsatlarını kısıtladığı gibi çocukların riskli oyuna katılmalarını dolayısıyla çocuğun oyun mekânının seçimini de etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışma ile ebeveynlerin riskli oyun ve buna en fazla olanak sunan macera oyun alanlarına ilişkin tutum ve görüşlerinin belirlenmesi için yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yöntemi ile bu çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla 3-11 yaş arasında çocuğu olan 12 ebeveynle görüşülmüştür. Ebeveynler ile gerçekleştirilen görüşmelerin sonuçlarına göre ebeveynlerin riskli oyun kavramı, macera oyun alanları konusunda fikir sahibi olmadıkları belirlenmiştir. Ancak görüşülen ebeveynlerin tümü macera oyun alanlarının eksikliği konusunda hemfikir olmuş, macera oyun alanlarını desteklediklerini ifade etmişlerdir. Ebeveynler riskli oyuna izin vermese dahi çocuklarının macera oyun alanında oyun oynamasını güvenli buldukları için severek izin vereceklerini belirtmişlerdir. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre ebeveynler macera oyun alanlarını desteklemektedir. Özellikle büyük kentlerde sokağa erişimin kısıtlandığı, açık alanların giderek azaldığı günümüz dünyasında, çocuğun sosyalleşmesi, toprakla, doğa ile tekrar bağ kurması açısından da macera oyun alanlarının bir çözüm olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Risky play and adventure playground

Öz:
Risk play, which is a form of children’s play, is generally defined as “a high level of physical activity” as well as “exciting forms of physical play that involve a risk of physical injury.” Risky play, which is primarily seen in outdoor environments such as playgrounds and natural areas, is a form of play that contributes to the overall development of children and helps them deal with challenges that can be encountered throughout their lives. Previous studies have highlighted that restricting children’s access to risky outdoor play opportunities for safety concerns can negatively affect children’s development. The type of playground that offers more risky play opportunities in a safe environment is adventure playground. Adventure playgrounds are commonly called “informal playgrounds” where children can play in a designated place under the supervision of playleaders, with an abundance of building and scrap materials, a set of tools and facilities, and materials necessary for feeding animals and outdoor cooking. The term “adventure” is used to describe a child’s play experiences in the sense that “adventure” is in the child's mind while playing. Playgrounds are generally classified into three types: traditional, contemporary, and adventure playgrounds. When all these playground types are compared, it becomes apparent that adventure playgrounds are more effective in enhancing children’s social, emotional, physical development, and creativity. The number of existing adventure playgrounds is lower than the number of other playgrounds. Adventure playgrounds do not yet exist in Turkey. The design of areas that support child development and respond to a child’s developmental needs is one of the important issues of planning, architecture and landscape architecture. However, there are no studies available on the risky game and adventure playgrounds in the existing literature. The fact that parents perceive urban settings as potentially dangerous places where children can be harmed and that the increasing parental concerns about child safety restrict children’s outdoor play in urban spaces, as well as influence children's participation in risky play and children’s choices of play spaces. A semi-structured interview was employed to determine the parents’ attitudes and opinions towards the risky play and adventure playground that provides a broad range of play opportunities. To this end, 12 parents who have children between the ages of 3 and 11 were interviewed. The results of the interviews conducted with the parents indicated that the parents did not have any idea about the concept of risky play and adventure playgrounds. However, all parents agreed on the lack of adventure playgrounds in Turkey and expressed their support for the adventure playground. Even if the parents do not let their children participate in risky play, they reported that they would gladly allow their children to play in the adventure playground since they found it safe. The most important reason for this is the presence of a play leader (s) on the playing field. In addition, during the interviews, some parents mentioned the similarities between adventure playgrounds and the play areas where they played as kids. For this reason, they stated that adventure playgrounds can replace play areas such as streets or empty lands where their children are currently deprived of. Further, during the interviews, parents reported their concerns about their children who used traditional play equipment in different and sometimes potentially dangerous ways. Thus, it can be implied that when the playgrounds are not exciting and interesting enough for children, they engage in risk-taking behaviours to challenge themselves. In view of the findings of the study, it is clear that parents support the concept of adventure playgrounds. Adventure playgrounds can be effective in boosting children’s socialisation, reconnecting with nature, especially in today's world in which access to the streets is restricted and open spaces are gradually decreasing, particularly in megacities. This study has limitations in that a certain generalisation cannot be made considering the number of interviewers. Yet, the results may provide insights into the parents' perspective on children's risky play and adventure playgrounds. It is hoped that the study presented here will attract the attention of non-governmental organisations and local governments to encourage studies on adventure playgrounds and remove the obstacles to the implementation of adventure playgrounds.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Arnold, C. (2003). Observing harry: Child development and learning 0-5, Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Ayan, S., & Ulaş, M. (2015). Türkiye’de kullanılan oyun alanı donatılarının gelişmiş ülkelerdeki modellere göre incelenmesi. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 2(3), 130-145.
  • Aydemir, S., Aydemir, S. E., Beyazlı, D. S., Ökten, N., Öksüz, A. M., Sancar, C., Özyaba, M., & Türk, Y. A. (2004). Kentsel alanların planlanması ve tasarımı, Trabzon: Akademi Kitabevi.
  • Ball, D. J. (2002). Playgrounds-risks, benefits and choices. London: Health & Safety Executive (HSE).
  • Ball, D., Gill, T., & Spiegal, B. (2008) Managing risk in play provision: Implementation guide. Nottingham: DCSF Publications.
  • Baluja, T., & McGinn, D. (2012). Parental fear contributing to sedentary lifestyle of Canadian children. Erişim adresi https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ parental-fear-contributing-to-sedentary-lifestyle- of-canadian-children-report/article4217180/
  • Barbour, A. C. (1999). The impact of playground design on the play behaviors of children with differing levels of physical competence. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 14(1), 75-98.
  • Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: thematic analysis and code development. London: Sage Publications.
  • Briggs, C. L. (1986). Learning how to ask: a socio-linguistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social science research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139165990
  • Brunelle, S., Herrington, S., Coghlan, R., & Brussoni, M. (2016). Play worth remembering: are playgrounds too safe? Children, Youth and Environments, 26(1), 17-36.
  • Brussoni, M., Olsen, L. L., Pike, I., & Sleet, D. A. (2012). Risky play an dchildren’s safety: Balancing priorities for optimal child development, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9, 3134-3148.
  • Brussoni, M., Gibbons, R., Gray, C., Ishikawa, T., Sandseter, E. B. H., Bienenstock, A., Chabot, G., Fuselli, P., Herrington, S., Janssen, I., Pickett, W., Power, M., Stanger, N., Sampson, M., & Tremblay, M. S. (2015).
  • What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 12(6), 6423-6454.
  • Campbell, S. D., & Frost, J. L. (1985). The effects of playground type on the cognitive and social play behaviors of grade two children. J. L. Frost, & S. Sunderlin (Eds.), In When children play. Wheaton, MD: ACEI.
  • Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children’s physical activity-A review. Health Place, 14, 217-227.
  • Cevher-Kalburan, N., & İvrendi, A. (2016). Risky play and parenting styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 355-366.
  • Chilton, T. (2018). Adventure playgrounds: A brief history. Fraser Brown & Bob Hughes (Eds.), In Aspects of Playwork: Play and Culture Studies, Lanham: Hamilton Books.
  • Christensen, P., & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2008). Jumping off and being careful: children’s strategies of risk management in everyday life. Sociology of Health & Illness, 30(1), 112-130.
  • Conway, M. (2009). Developing an adventure playground: the essential elements. Erişim adresi https:// eastsidecommunitytrust.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2020/10/Adventure-playground-briefing.pdf
  • Cranwell, K. (2003). Towards a history of adventureplayground 1931-2000. N. Norman (Ed.) In An Architecture of Play: A Survey of London’s Adventure Playgrounds. London: Four Corners Books.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2016). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri, Beş yaklaşıma göre nitel araştırma ve araştırma deseni. M. Bütün, S. B. Demir (Çev. Ed.), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Czalczynska-Podolska, M. (2014). The impact of playground spatial features on children’s play and activity forms: An evaluation of contemporary playgrounds’ play and social value. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 132-142.
  • Eager, D., & Little, H. (2011). Risk deficit disorder. In Proceeding of IPWEA International Public Works Conference, Canberra, Australia, 21-24 August 2011.
  • Eriksen, A. (1985). Playground design: Outdoor environments for learning and development. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
  • Frost, J. L. (1978). The American playground movement. Childhood Education, 54(4), 176-182.
  • Frost, J. L. (1988). Child development and playgrounds. L. D. Bruya (Ed.), In Play spaces for children: A new beginning (pp. 3-28). Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
  • Frost, J. L. (1992). Play and play scapes. New York: Delmar Publishers Inc.
  • Frost, J. L. (2006). The dissolution of children’s outdoor play: Causes and consequences. Erişim adresi http:// www.balticstreetadventureplay.co.uk/sites/default/ files/content-files/joefrostthedissolutionofchildrensoutdoorplaycausesconseques. pdf
  • Gill, T. (2007). No fear: Growing up in a risk averse society. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
  • Glaser B. G., & Strauss A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Grant, H. (2017). Junk play: urban adventureplaygrounds hit by austerity. The Guardian, Erişim adresi https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jul/19/ junk-play-urban-adventure-playgrounds-austerity- london
  • Greenfield, C. (2004). Can run, play on bikes, jump the zoom slide, and play on the swings: Exploring the value of outdoorplay. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 29(2), 1-5.
  • Güler, İ. B., & Demir, E. (2016). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin riskli oyunlara yönelik görüş ve algıları. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 17(2), 97-116.
  • Gür, Ş. Ö., & Zorlu, T. (2001). Çocuk mekanları. İstanbul: Yem Yayınları.
  • Hamilton, C. (2019). 11 of the best adventure playgrounds in the UK: from Harewood House in Leeds to Beecraigs Country Park, Erişim adresi https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/travel/adventure- playgrounds-uk-family-activities-harewood- house-leeds-scotland-331051
  • Hammond, D. (2012). Dangerous playgrounds are good for your kids. Huffpost. Erişim adresi https://www.huffpost. com/entry/playgrounds_b_1452620
  • Hart, R. (2002). Containing children: Some lessons on planning for play from New York City. Environment and Urbanization, 14(2), 135-148.
  • Hayward, D., Rothenberg, M., & Beasley, R. (1974). Children's play and urban playground environments: A comparison of traditional, contemporary, andadventure playground types. Environment and Behavior, 6(2), 131-168.
  • Herdecke, (2019). Abenteuerspielplatz in herdecke gestartet: 345 Anmeldungen am erstentag, Erişim adresi https://www.herdecke.de/familie-soziales/kinder- jugendliche/nachrichten/detailansicht/news/ abenteuerspielplatz-in-herdecke-gestartet-345-anmeldungen- am-ersten tag.html?tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller% 5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction% 5D=detail&cHash=aeab400695cf3c3f7b4d- 265e246d8b1f
  • Hurtwood, L. A. (2019). Macera Oyun Alanları. P. Derviş ve S. Gürdoğan (Eds.), Şehirde Oyun, (Çev: M. Behlil), İstanbul: Superpool.
  • Kalburan, C. K. (2014). Erken çocukluk döneminde riskli oyun. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 22(3), 943-960.
  • Karaca, N. H., & Uzun, H. (2020). Okul öncesi öğretmenleri için erken çocukluk riskli oyun değerlendirme aracı; Öğretmen formunun geliştirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30(2), 247-258.
  • Karasu, M. A. (2008). Türkiye’de kentleşme dinamiklerinin suça etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 57(4), 255-281.
  • Karataş, Z. (2017). Sosyal bilim araştırmalarında paradigma değişimi: Nitel yaklaşımın yükselişi. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 68-86.
  • Kelley, P., Hood, S., & Mayall, B. (1998) Children, parents and risk. Health and Social Care in the Community, 6(1), 16-24.
  • Koçyiğit, S., Tuğluk, M. N., & Kök, M. (2007). Çocuğun gelişim sürecinde eğitsel bir etkinlik olarak oyun. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 324-342.
  • Kozlovsky, R. (2007). Adventure playgrounds and postwar reconstruction. M. Gutman, N. de Coninck-Smith (Eds.), In Designing modern childhoods: History, space, and the material culture of children (pp. 171- 90). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Little, H. (2013). Mothers’ beliefs about risk and risk-taking in children’s outdoor play. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 15(1), 24-39.
  • Little, H., & Eager, D. (2010) Risk, challenge and safety: Implications for play quality and playground design. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18(4), 497-513.
  • Little, H., & Wyver, S. (2008). Outdoor play: Does avoiding the risks reduce the benefits? Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(2), 33-40.
  • Little, H., Wyver, S., & Gibson, F. (2011). The influence of play context and adult attitudes on young children’s physical risk taking during outdoor play. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 19(1), 113-131.
  • Malone, K., & Tranter, P. (2003) Children’s environmental learning and the use, design and management of school grounds. Children, Youth and Environments, 13(2), 87-137.
  • Melville, S. (1999). Creating spaces for adventure. Built Environment (1978), 25(1), 71-74.
  • Moralı, D. İ. (2019). Anaokullarında sunulan riskli oyun fırsatlarının fiziksel özellikler ve yetişkin yaklaşımları bağlamında incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Denizli.
  • Nebelong, H. (2004). Nature’s playground. Green Places, May, 28-31.
  • Oliveria, L., & Steck, R. (1999). Building an adventure playground in cambridge: Findings and recommendations, Adventure Playground Report. Erişim adresi https://www.cambridgema.gov/-/media/Files/ CDD/ParksandOpenSpace/OSPlanning/Healthy/ adventure_play_report_1999.pdf
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2007). A call for qualitative power analyses, Quality & Quantity, (41), 105- 121.
  • Özdemir, O., Özdemir, P. G., Kadak, M. T., & Nasıroğlu S. (2012). Kişilik Gelişimi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(4), 566-589. doi:10.5455/cap.20120433
  • Play and playground encyclopedia, (n.d.). Lady Allen of Hurtwood. Erişim adresi https://www.pgpedia. com/l/lady-allen-hurtwood.
  • Play England, (n.d.). Adventure Playgrounds: the essential elements. London. Erişim adresi https:// static1.squarespace.com/static/609a5802ba3f- 13305c43d352/t/60b8b eb51b7c4d7e9f f - dae86/1622720186909/Adventure-Playgrounds.pdf Plan for Play (n.d). https://planforplay.centralparknyc.org/ slideshows/history/adventure-style_playgrounds_2. php
  • Potter, D. (1998). Risk and safety in play: the law and practice for adventure playgrounds. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Pps, (2012). On adventure playgrounds & Multi-Use destinations. Erişim adresi https://www.pps.org/article/ on-adventure-playgrounds-mutli-use-destinations.
  • Ramsey, (n.d.). Adventure playgrounds, playwork, and loose parts: History and theory, Erişim adresi https://www.academia.edu/33289078/Adventure_ Playgrounds_Playwork_and_Loose_Parts_History_ and_Theory.
  • Rivkin, M. S. (1990). Outdoor play-what happens here? S. C. Wortham, & J. L. Frost (Eds.), Playgrounds for young children: National survey and perspectives. Reston, Virginia: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
  • Rojals, M. (2006). Great kids’ spaces. Barcelona, Spain: Links International.
  • RoSPA (2006). Playgrounds must not be too safe to attract children. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents. Erişim adresi http://www.rospa.com/ news/releases/2006/pr457_26_05_06_water.htm.
  • Samur, A. Ö. İ. (2017). Okuma kültürü edinme sürecinde ilkokul dönemi (6-10 yaş). Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 50(1), 209-230.
  • Samur, A. Ö., & Kızıltepe, G. İ. (2018). Aydın ilindeki çocuk oyun alanlarının incelenmesi. Social Sciences Research Journal, 7(1), 31-46.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2007). Categorizing risky play- How can we identify risk-taking inchildren's play? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 15(2), 237-252.
  • Sandseter, E. (2009a). Affordances for risky play in preschool: The importance of features in the play environment. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(5), 439-446.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H. (2009b). Children’s expressions of exhilaration and fear in risky play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 10(2), 92-106.
  • Sandseter, E. B. H., & Kennair, L. E. O. (2011). Children's risky play from an evolutionary perspective: the anti- phobic effects of thrilling experiences. Evolutionary Psychology, 9(2), 257-284.
  • Sevim, S. B., & Bapoğlu, S (2020). Çocukların riskli oyunla ilgili algıları ile ebeveyn tutumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 1-15.
  • Shier, H. (1984). Adventure playgrounds. London: National Playing Fields Association. Solomon, S. G. (2019). Sorun. Pelin Derviş ve Selva Gürdoğan (Eds.), Şehirde Oyun (Çev: M. Behlil), İstanbul: Superpool.
  • Smith, S. J. (1998). Risk and our pedagogical relation to children: On playground and beyond, New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Staempfli, M. B. (2009). Reintroducing adventure into children's outdoor play environments, Environment and Behavior, 41(2), 268-280.
  • Stephenson, A. (2003) Physical risk-taking: dangerous or endangered ? Early Years, 23(1), 35-43.
  • Stine, S. (1997). Landscapes for learning. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Sutton, (n.d.(a)). Adventure playgrounds: A Children’s world in the City. Erişim adresi http://adventureplaygrounds. hampshire.edu
  • Sutton, (n.d.(b)). Adventure playgrounds: A children's world in the city, Importance. Erişim adresi http:// adventureplaygrounds.hampshire.edu/whyimportant. html.
  • Sutton, (n.d.(c)). Adventure playgrounds: A children’s world in the city, Histor. Erişim adresi http://adventureplaygrounds. hampshire.edu/history.html
  • Tandoğan, O. (2011). İstanbul’da çocuk dostu çevre için kentsel mekâna ilişkin tasarım ve planlama ilkelerinin oluşturulması. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • TMMOB (2008). Çocuk parkları tuzak parkları olmasın. Erişim adresi http://www1.mmo.org.tr/genel/bizden_ detay.php?kod=7096#.X_CIrVVLjIU
  • Tranter, P., & Doyle, J. (1996) Reclaiming the residential street as playspace. International Play Journal, 481- 497
  • TUİK (2021). İllerin aldığı göç, verdiği göç, net göç ve net göç hızı, göç istatistikleri. Erişim adresi https://data. tuik.gov.tr
  • Türnüklü, A. (2020). Eğitimbilim araştırmalarında etkin olarak kullanılabilecek nitel bir araştırma tekniği: Görüşme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 24(24), 543-559.
  • Valentine, G., & McKendrick, J. (1997). Children’s outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28, 219-235.
  • Veitch, J., Bagley, S., Ball, K., & Salmon, J. (2006). Where do children usually play? A qualitative study of parents’ perceptions of ınfluences on children's active freeplay. Health & Place, 12(4), 383-393.
  • Weir, L., Etelson, D., & Brand, D. (2006). Parents’ perceptions of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 43(3), 212-217.
  • Woolley, H., & Lowe, A. (2013). Exploring the relationship between design approach and play value of outdoor play spaces. Landscape Research, 38(1), 53-74.
  • Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Yurt, Ö., & Keleş, S. (2019). How about a risky play? Investigation of risk levels desired by children and perceived mother monitoring. Early Child Development and Care, 1-11.
APA Tandoğan O (2022). Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. , 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
Chicago Tandoğan Okşan Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. (2022): 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
MLA Tandoğan Okşan Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. , 2022, ss.389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
AMA Tandoğan O Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. . 2022; 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
Vancouver Tandoğan O Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. . 2022; 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
IEEE Tandoğan O "Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları." , ss.389 - 408, 2022. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
ISNAD Tandoğan, Okşan. "Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları". (2022), 389-408. https://doi.org/10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
APA Tandoğan O (2022). Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. Megaron, 17(2), 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
Chicago Tandoğan Okşan Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. Megaron 17, no.2 (2022): 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
MLA Tandoğan Okşan Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. Megaron, vol.17, no.2, 2022, ss.389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
AMA Tandoğan O Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. Megaron. 2022; 17(2): 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
Vancouver Tandoğan O Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları. Megaron. 2022; 17(2): 389 - 408. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
IEEE Tandoğan O "Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları." Megaron, 17, ss.389 - 408, 2022. 10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496
ISNAD Tandoğan, Okşan. "Riskli oyun ve macera oyun alanları". Megaron 17/2 (2022), 389-408. https://doi.org/10.14744/MEGARON.2022.63496