Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development

Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 75 Sayfa Aralığı: 65 - 82 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936 İndeks Tarihi: 12-01-2023

Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development

Öz:
The aim of this article is to shed a broader light on the social identity of the BRICS group of countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) whose growing economic power is the defining motive of their social construct in international relations. In line with this purpose, the article examines the BRICS nations’ positions concerning the moral aspect and the notion of responsibility for the nexus between climate change and sustainable development. This article argues that their statements and discourse on climate change and sustainable development forge the process of constructing a separate group identity for the BRICS partners. The articulation of moral appraisals and the notion of responsibility in the areas of climate change and sustainable development help the BRICS countries build their self-conception and self-categorization corresponding to their identity as emerging powers, so their actions are accomplished accordingly.
Anahtar Kelime:

Ahlak ve Sorumluluk Bakışıyla: BRICS, İklim Değişikliği ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma

Öz:
Bu makale, uluslararası ilişkilerdeki sosyal yapılanmalarının belirleyicisi artan ekonomik güçleri olan BRICS ülke grubunun (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin ve Güney Afrika) sosyal kimliğine dair kapsamlı bir açıklama sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda makale, ahlaki açısı ve sorumluluk kavramı bağlamında iklim değişikliği ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma arasındaki bağa ilişkin BRICS ülkelerinin görüşlerini incelemektedir. Makale, iklim değişikliği ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma konusundaki açıklamalarının ve söylemlerinin BRICS ortakları için ayrı bir kimlik oluşturma sürecini pekiştirdiğini savunmaktadır. İklim değişikliği ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma alanlarında ahlaki değerlendirmelerin ve sorumluluk kavramının ifade edilmesi, BRICS ülkelerinin kendilerini algılama ve kendilerini sınıflandırma biçimlerini yükselen güçler statüsüne karşılık gelecek şekilde inşa etmesine yardımcı olmakta ve eylemleri ise buna uygun olarak sonuçlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik
  • Abdelal, Rawi et al. (2009). “Identity as a Variable”, Rawi Abdelal et al. (eds.), Measuring Identity: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Akgemci, Esra (2022). “Authoritarian Populism as a Response to Crisis: The Case of Brazil”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 19, No 74, pp. 1-15.
  • Basile, Elisabetta and Claudio Cecchi (2018). “Will the BRICS Succeed in Leading the Way to Sustainable Development?”, Rivista Di Studi Politici Internazionali, Vol. 85, No 2, pp. 223-234.
  • Basile, Elisabetta and Claudio Cecchi (2019). “The Uncertain Sustainability of BRICS Strategies for Sustainable Development”, Rivista Di Studi Politici Internazionali, Vol. 3, No 342, pp. 261-80.
  • Baysal, Başar and Uluç Karakaş (2017). “Climate Change and Security: Different Perceptions, Different Approaches”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 14, No 54, pp. 21-44.
  • Besio, Cristina and Andrea Pronzini (2013). “Morality, Ethics, and Values Outside and Inside Organizations: An Example of the Discourse on Climate Change”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 119, No 3, pp. 287-300.
  • Bobylev, Sergey and Leonid Grigoryev (2020). “In Search of the Contours of the Post-COVID Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of BRICS”, BRICS Journal of Economics, Vol. 1, No 2, pp. 4-24.
  • Bolsonaro, Jair (2020). “Remarks by the President of the Republic at the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity”, 01 October, https://www.gov.br/mre/en/content-centers/speeches-articles-and-interviews/president-of-the-federative-republic-of- brazil/speeches/palavras-do-senhor-presidente-da-republica-na-cupula-da-biodiversidade-da-organizacao-das-nacoes- unidas-brasilia-30-de-setembro-de-2021 (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Brundtland Commission (1987). Our Common Future, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Cooper, Andrew F. (2017). “The BRICS’ New Development Bank: Shifting from Material Leverage to Innovative Capacity”, Global Policy, Vol. 8, No 3, pp. 275-284.
  • Davenport, Deborah (2012). “BRICs in the Global Climate Regime: Rapidly Industrializing Countries and International Climate Negotiations”, Ian Bailey and Hugh Compston (eds.), Feeling the Heat, London, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 38-56.
  • Depledge, Joanna et al. (2022). “Glass Half Full or Glass Half Empty?: The 2021 Glasgow Climate Conference”, Climate Policy, Vol. 22, No 2, pp. 147-157.
  • Downie, Christian and Marc Williams (2018). “After the Paris Agreement: What Role for the BRICS in Global Climate Governance?”, Global Policy, Vol. 9, No 3, pp. 398-407.
  • Duggan, Niall et al. (2021). “The Structural Power of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) in Multilateral Development Finance: A Case Study of the New Development Bank”, International Political Science Review.
  • Dunn, Kevin C. and Iver B. Neumann (2016). Undertaking Discourse Analysis for Social Research, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
  • Epstein, Charlotte (2011). “Who Speaks? Discourse, the Subject and the Study of Identity in International Politics,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 17, No 2, pp. 327-350.
  • Fielding, Kelly S., and Matthew J. Hornsey (2016). “A Social Identity Analysis of Climate Change and Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: Insights and Opportunities”, Frontiers in Psychology, No 7.
  • Fioramonti, Lorenzo (2014). “On the BRICS of Collapse: Why Emerging Economies Need a Different Development Model”, Center for the Study of Governance Innovation, University of Pretoria, South Africa, https://www.up.ac.za/ media/shared/Legacy/sitefiles/file/46/1322/brics.pdf (Accessed 07 February 2022).
  • Freitas, Isabel Maria Bodas et al. (2012). “The Kyoto Mechanisms and the Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technologies in the BRICS”, Energy Policy, Vol. 42, pp. 118-128.
  • Gladun, Elena and Dewan Ahsan (2016). “BRICS Countries’ Political and Legal Participation in the Global Climate Change Agenda”, BRICS Law Journal, Vol. 3, No 3, pp. 8-42.
  • Hansen, Lene (2006). “Discourse Analysis, Identity, and Foreign Policy”, Lene Hansen (ed.), Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War, London, Routledge, pp. 15-32.
  • Heracleous, Loizos (2006). “Interpretive Approaches to Organizational Discourse”, Discourse, Interpretation, Organisation, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 28-54.
  • Hochstetler, Kathryn and Manjana Milkoreit (2015). “Responsibilities in Transition: Emerging Powers in the Climate Change Negotiations”, Global Governance, Vol. 21, pp. 205-226.
  • Lavrov, Sergey (2021). “Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Opening Remarks at a Stand-alone Meeting of BRICS Ministers of Foreign Affairs/International Relations”, 01 June, https://mid.ru/en/press_service/minister_speeches/1423685/ (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Leal-Arcas, Rafael (2013). “The BRICS and Climate Change”, International Affairs Forum, Vol. 4, No 1, pp. 22-16.
  • Martins, Marco António Baptista (2019). “The BRICS Commitment on Climate Change: Process Towards an Effective Approach in the Path of Sustainable Development”, Tiago Sequeira and Liliana Reis (eds.), Climate Change and Global Development, Springer, Cham, pp. 175-187.
  • Medvedev, Dmitry (2010). “Dmitry Medvedev’s Article, BRIC Countries: Common Goals — Common Actions has been Published”, 13 April, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/7443 (Accessed 25 June 2022).
  • Modi, Narendra (2011). “Statement by Prime Minister at the Plenary Session of BRICS Leaders”, 14 April, https://mea.gov. in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/332/Statement+by+Prime+Minister+at+the+ plenary+session+of+BRICS+Le aders (Accessed 25 June 2021).
  • Modi, Narendra (2018). “Media Statement at Informal BRICS Leaders’ Meeting on the Margins of the G20 Summit”, 30 November, https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/media-statement-at-informal-brics-leaders-meeting- on-the-margins-of-the-g20-summit/?comment=disable (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Modi, Narendra (2021). “PM’s Speech on the World Environment Day”, 05 June, https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_ updates/pms-speech-on-the-world-environment-day/ (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Molewa, Edna (2017). “Statement by Minister B Molewa at the High Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 2017”, 17 July, https://www.dffe.gov.za/speech/molewa_sustainabledevelopment_2017forum (Accessed 26 May 2022).
  • Michaelowa, Axel and Katharina Michaelowa (2020). “BRICS in the International Climate Negotiations”, Soo Yeon Kim (ed.), The Political Economy of the BRICS Countries: Volume 2: BRICS and the Global Economy, World Scientific, pp. 289-305.
  • Mielniczuk, Fabiano (2013). “BRICS in the Contemporary World: Changing Identities, Converging Interests”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No 6, pp. 1075-1090.
  • Narlikar, Amrita (2011). “Is India a Responsible Great Power?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No 9, pp. 1607-1621.
  • Papa, Mihaela and Nancy W. Gleason (2012). “Major Emerging Powers in Sustainable Development Diplomacy: Assessing Their Leadership Potential”, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 22, No 4, pp. 915-924.
  • Park, Jeongwon (2013). “The Evolution of Green Growth Policy: An Unwelcome Intrusion on Global Environmental Governance?”, Journal of East Asian Economic Integration, Vol. 17, No 2, pp. 207-241.
  • Putin, Vladimir (2017). “Meeting of BRICS Leaders with Delegation Heads from Invited States”, 5 September, http:// en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/55532 (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • Ramaphosa, Cyril (2019). “President Cyril Ramaphosa’s Remarks during a Dialogue among BRICS Heads of State and Government and BRICS Business Council and the New Development Bank”, 14 November, https://www. thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/president-cyril-ramaphosa%E2%80%99s-remarks-during-dialogue-among-brics- heads-state-and-government (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Ramaphosa, Cyril (2021). “Statement by His Excellency President Cyril Ramaphosa during the Opening Session of the 13th BRICS Summit”, 09 September, http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/statement-his-excellency-president- cyril-ramaphosa-during-opening-session-13th-brics-summit (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Ramaphosa, Cyril (2022). “Remarks by President Cyril Ramaphosa at the Virtual Leaders’ Summit on Climate”, 22 April, http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/speeches/remarks-president-cyril-ramaphosa-virtual-leaders%27-summit- climate (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Rousseff, Dilma (2014). “Speech by President Dilma Rousseff on the Occasion of the Opening of the General Debate of the 67th session of the United Nations General Assembly”, 17 August, https://www.gov.br/mre/en/content-centers/ speeches-articles-and-interviews/president-of-the-federative-republic-of-brazil/speeches/statement-by-h-e- dilma-rousseff-president-of-the-federative-republic-of-brazil-at-the-opening-of-the-general-debate-of-the-67th- session-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Sylvan, Donald A. and Amanda K. Metskas (2009). “Trade-Offs in Measuring Identities: A Comparison of Five Approaches”, Rawi Abdelal et al. (eds.), Measuring Identity: A Guide for Social Scientists, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 72-112.
  • Temer, Michel (2016). “Speech by President Michel Temer on the Occasion of the 71st Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations”, 20 September, https://www.gov.br/mre/en/content-centers/speeches-articles-and- interviews/president-of-the-federative-republic-of-brazil/speeches/speech-by-president-michel-temer-on- the-occasion-of-the-71st-session-of-the-general-assembly-of-the-united-nations-new-york-september-20-2016 (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • Thakur, Ramesh (2014). “How Representative are BRICS?”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 35, No 10, pp. 1791-1808. Vazquez, Karin Costa et al. (2017). “Building Infrastructure for 21st Century Sustainable Development: Lessons and Opportunities for the BRICS-Led New Development Bank”, http://dspace.jgu.edu.in:8080/jspui/ bitstream/10739/1278/1/Building-Infrastructure-21st-Century.pdf (Accessed 07 February 2022).
  • Wang, Yi (2013). “Sustainable Development––The Road to Achieve Chinese Dream and Human Progress”, 26 September, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1081238.shtml (Accessed 26 May 2022).
  • Wang, Yi (2021). “Building Consensus and Synergy For a Bright Future of Global Development”, 26 September, https:// www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/202109/t20210926_9580295.html (Accessed 24 May 2022).
  • Welsch, Heinz (2021). “How Climate-Friendly Behavior Relates to Moral Identity and Identity-Protective Cognition: Evidence from the European Social Surveys”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 185, pp. 1-11.
  • Xi, Jinping (2022). “Keep Abreast of the Trend of the Times to Shape a Bright Future”, 22 June, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ eng/zxxx_662805/202206/t20220622_10708004.html (Accessed 08 August 2022).
  • Yadav, Bhupender (2021). “BRICS Environment Ministers Adopt the New Delhi Statement on Environment”, 27 August, https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1749687 (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • Yang, Jiechi (2017). “Remarks by H.E. Yang Jiechi State Councilor of the People’s Republic of China at the Opening Ceremony of 2017 First BRICS Sherpa Meeting”, 23 February, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/ zyjh_665391/201702/t20170224_678602.html (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • Zhebit, Alexander (2019). “The BRICS: Wither Brazil?”, Strategic Analysis, Vol. 43, pp. 571-584.
  • “All NDCs” (n.d.). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/ Pages/All.aspx (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Development, Integration and Industrialisation: Thekwini Declaration” (2013). BRICS Information Centre, 27 March, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/130327-statement.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • “BRICS Joint Statement on “Strengthen BRICS Solidarity and Cooperation, Respond to New Features and Challenges in International Situation”” (2022). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, 20 May, https://www. fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202205/t20220520_10690224.html (Accessed 27 May 2022).
  • “BRICS Leaders Xiamen Declaration” (2017). BRICS Information Centre, 4 September, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ docs/170904-xiamen.html (Accessed 27 May 2022).
  • “Climate Watch Historical GHG Emissions 2022” (n.d.). Climate Watch, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C., https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ghg-emissions (Accessed 22 May 2022).
  • “Comment by the Information and Press Department on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s Participation in the BRICS Foreign Ministers Meeting” (2017). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 17 June, https://mid. ru/en/press_service/spokesman/comments/1548601/ (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “Fourth BRICS Summit: Delhi Declaration” (2012). BRICS Information Centre, 29 March, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ docs/120329-delhi-declaration.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • “Goa Statement on Environment: Second Meeting of BRICS Environment Ministers” (2016). BRICS Information Centre, 16 September, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/160916-environment.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • “Joint Statement by President of the Federative Republic of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro and President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin” (2022). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 16 February, https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/ press-area/press-releases/joint-statement-by-president-of-the-federative-republic-of-brazil-jair-bolsonaro-and- president-of-the-russian-federation-vladimir-putin (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “Joint Statement for the Fourth BRICS Ministers of Environment Meeting” (2018). BRICS Information Centre, 18 May, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/docs/180518-environment.html (Accessed 31 May 2022).
  • “Joint Statement of the BRIC Countries’ Leaders” (2009). BRICS Information Centre, 16 June, http://www.brics.utoronto. ca/docs/090616-leaders.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • “List of All Projects” (n.d.). New Development Bank, https://www.ndb.int/projects/list-of-all-projects/ (Accessed 08 August 2022).
  • “Nama Map - Pre-2020 Action by Countries” (n.d.). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https:// unfccc.int/topics/mitigation/workstreams/nationally-appropriate-mitigation-actions/nama-map-pre-2020- action-by-countries (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and Implied National Mitigation (Nationally Determined Contributions) Targets” (n.d.). International Monetary Fund, https://climatedata.imf.org/datasets/72e94bc71f4441d29710a9bea4 d35f1d/explore (Accessed 23 May 2022).
  • “Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)” (n.d.). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, https:// unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions-ndcs/nationally- determined-contributions-ndcs (Accessed 07 February 2022).
  • “NDB Initiates Membership Expansion, Extends Global Outreach” (2021). New Development Bank, 2 September, https:// www.ndb.int/press_release/ndb-initiates-membership-expansion-extends-global-outreach-development-bank- established-by-brics-welcomes-the-admission-of-uae-uruguay-and-bangladesh-as-new-members/ (Accessed 12 February 2022).
  • “NDB Admits Egypt as New Member” (2021). New Development Bank, 29 December, https://www.ndb.int/press_release/ ndb-admits-egypt-as-new-member/ (Accessed 12 February 2022).
  • “Renewable Capacity Statistics 2022” (n.d.). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, https://public.tableau.com/ views/IRENARETimeSeries/Charts?:embed=y&:showVizHome=no&publish=yes&:toolbar=no (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “Russia Invests Over $14 Million in New Projects for Climate Action and SDGs” (2021). United Nations Development Programme, 28 December, https://www.undp.org/eurasia/press-releases/russia-invests-over-14-million-new- projects-climate-action-and-sdgs?c_src=CENTRAL&c_src2=GSR (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “The 6th BRICS Summit: Fortaleza Declaration” (2014). BRICS Information Centre, 15 July, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ docs/140715-leaders.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • “UNDP Teaming up with China Development Bank to Advance Sustainable Financing for SDGs and Climate Action” (2022). United Nations Development Programme, 10 March, https://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/en/home/ presscenter/articles/2022/undp-teaming-up-with-china-development-bank-to-advance-sustainab.html (Accessed 25 May 2022).
  • “VII BRICS Summit: Ufa Declaration” (2015). BRICS Information Centre, 9 July, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ docs/150709-ufa-declaration_en.pdf (Accessed 27 May 2022).
  • “3rd BRICS Summit: Sanya Declaration” (2011). BRICS Information Centre, 14 April, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ docs/110414-leaders.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
  • “8th BRICS Summit: Goa Declaration” (2016). BRICS Information Centre, 16 October, http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/ docs/161016-goa.html (Accessed 28 September 2021).
APA KIPRIZLI G (2022). Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. , 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
Chicago KIPRIZLI GÖKTUĞ Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. (2022): 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
MLA KIPRIZLI GÖKTUĞ Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. , 2022, ss.65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
AMA KIPRIZLI G Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. . 2022; 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
Vancouver KIPRIZLI G Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. . 2022; 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
IEEE KIPRIZLI G "Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development." , ss.65 - 82, 2022. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
ISNAD KIPRIZLI, GÖKTUĞ. "Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development". (2022), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
APA KIPRIZLI G (2022). Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 19(75), 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
Chicago KIPRIZLI GÖKTUĞ Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler 19, no.75 (2022): 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
MLA KIPRIZLI GÖKTUĞ Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler, vol.19, no.75, 2022, ss.65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
AMA KIPRIZLI G Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2022; 19(75): 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
Vancouver KIPRIZLI G Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler. 2022; 19(75): 65 - 82. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
IEEE KIPRIZLI G "Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development." Uluslararası İlişkiler, 19, ss.65 - 82, 2022. 10.33458/uidergisi.1164936
ISNAD KIPRIZLI, GÖKTUĞ. "Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development". Uluslararası İlişkiler 19/75 (2022), 65-82. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1164936