Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period
Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: Özel sayı Sayfa Aralığı: 115 - 128 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 İndeks Tarihi: 20-03-2023
Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period
Öz: Urban form in Shkodër is studied according to six stages during the period 1479-1913, which are reconstructed based on historical descriptions, maps, photographs, and the spatial interpretation of the Venetian cadastral registry in 1416. Like other Ottoman cities in the Balkans, the old quarters in Shkodër evolved by preserving the original medieval street network, while the new part of the city grew by expanding suburbs with dendritic street patterns and large plots along existing intercity arterial roads. The unique location of the city confined by hilly ranges and surrounded by three rivers and a lake produced a distinctive urban form due to the position of the external bazaar and the crisscrossing of arterial roads. The comparative space syntax analysis of the street network for each stage reveals a gradual transformation in the spatial structure of the city broken by two stark changes: during the early Ottoman period when the bazaar became distinctively more central in comparison to the living quarters, and after the opening of new boulevards during the late Ottoman period when the new urban center that emerged in the new city drew the spatial integration away from the historical bazaar.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Azimzadeh, M., & Klarquist, B. (2001). Metamorphosis and evolution of cities: the status of planning and urban design. Proceedings of the 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium. (51.1-51.15) Atlanta: Georgia Institute of Technology.
- Barbie du Bocage, J-D. (1820). Plan de la ville de Ianina. Map, From Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
- Bafna, S. (2003). Space syntax: A brief introduction to its logic and analytical techniques. Environment and Behavior, 35(1), 17-29.
- Bošković, Đ., Mijović P., & Kovačević M. (1981). Ulcinj I, 16, Beograd: Arheološki Institut.
- Braudel, F. (1972). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the age of Philip II. New York: Harper & Row.
- Busch-Zantner, R. (1932) Zur Kenntnis der osmanischen Stadt. Geographische Zeitschrift, 38(1), 1-13.
- Bushati, H. (1998). Shkodra dhe motet: Traditë, ngjarje, njerëz. Shkodër: Idromeno.
- Blumi, I. (2010). Adding new scales of history to the Eastern Mediterranean: Illicit trade and the Albanian. In B. Kolluoglu and M. Toksoz (Eds.) Cities of the Mediterranean: from the Ottomans to the present day (116-138). London: I. B. Tauris.
- Braudel, F. (1972). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the age of Philip II. New York: Harper & Row.
- Çelik, Z. (1986) The remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman city in the nineteenth century. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
- Dankoff, R. & Elsie R. (2000). Evliya Çelebi in Albania and adjacent regions: Kosovo, Montenegro, Ohrid: the relevant sections of the Seyahatname. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
- D’Ascensi & Miserocchi (1938). Scutari, F1 and F2. Map, scale 1:500. Firenze: Istituto Geografico Militare.
- Dumont, A. (1874). Le Balkan et l’Adriatique. Paris: Didier et Cie. Elsie, R. Early photography in Albania, http://www.albanianphotography.net
- Fouillade-Orsini, H. (2018). Belgrade's urban transformation during the 19th century: A space syntax approach. Geographica Pannonica, 22(3), 219-229.
- Hillier, B. & Hanson J. (1984). The social logic of space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hobbs, H.F.C. (1913). Map of Scutari Albania. Map, scale 1:6,336. From The National Archives, Kew, UK.
- Hohenberg, P. M, & Lees L. H. (1995). The making of urban Europe, 1000-1994. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Hoxha, G. (2003). Scodra dhe Praevalis në antikitetin e vonë. Shkodër: Camaj Pipa.
- Griffiths, S. (2010). Temporality in Hillier and Hanson’s theory of spatial description: Some implications of historical research for space syntax. The Journal of Space Syntax, 2(1), 73-96.
- Gruber, S. (2006). The quarters of Shkodra in 1918: Differences and similarities. Ethnologia Balkanica,10, 141-158.
- Ippen, T. A. (1907). Skutari und die nordalbanische Küstenebene. Sarajevo: Kajon.
- Jireček, K. (1916). Skutari und sein Gebiet im Mittelaltern. In L. von Thallóczy (Ed.) Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen 1, (94-124). München and Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot
- Kamsi, V. (1976). “Shtrirja e qytetit të Shkodrës në kohën e lashtë dhe të mesme.” Monumentet, 11, 117-125.
- Karamustafa, A. T. (1992). Introduction to Ottoman cartography. In J. B. Harley & D. Woodward (Eds.) The History of cartography: Volume two, book one: Cartography in the traditional Islamic and South Asian societies. (3-11). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
- Karimi, K. (2000). Urban transformation and spatial transformation: Preserving the fragments or maintaining the ‘spatial spirit’. Urban Design International, 5, 221-231.
- Kiel, M. (1990). Ottoman architecture in Albania 1385-1912. Istanbul: Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture.
- Korkuti, M. & Petruso K. M. (1993). Archaeology in Albania. American Journal of Archaeology, 97(4), 703-743.
- Krstikj, A. (2013). Values of the historic urban form of Skopje’s old bazaar based on analysis of the Ottoman urban strategy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Osaka University.
- Kubat, A. S. (1997). The morphological characteristics of Anatolian fortified towns. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 24(1), 95-123.
- Kubat, A. S. (1999) The morphological history of Istanbul. Urban Morphology, 3, 28–41.
- Marshall, S. (2005). Streets and Patterns. London: Spon. Marubi Photo Collection, http://www.marubi.gov.al.
- Medeiros, V., de Holanda, F., Trigueiro, E. (2003). From compact colonial villages to sparse metropolis. Proceedings of the 4th International Space Syntax Symposium, (12.1-12.16). London: University College London.
- Mijović, P. & Kovačević M. (1975). Gradovi i utvrđenja u Crnoj Gori. Beograd: Arheološki Institut. Posebna Izdanja 13.
- Miklosich, F. R. von. (1858). Monumenta serbica spectantia historiam serbiae bosnae ragusii. Vienna: Apud Guilelmum Braumüller.
- Nadin, L. (2010). Statutet e Shkodrës në gjysmën e parë të shekullit XIV me shtesat deri më 1469: Statuti di Scutari della prima metá del secolo XIV con de addizioni fino al 1469. Tirana: Onufri.
- Pedani, M. P. (2008). Ottoman merchants in the Adriatic: Trade and smuggling. Acta Histriae, 16(1-2), 155-172.
- Peponis, J. & Wineman, J. (2002). Spatial structure of environment and behavior. In R. B. Bechtel & A. Churchman (Eds.) Handbook of Environmental Psychology, (271-291). New York: John Wiley.
- Petruccioli, A. (2007). After amnesia: Learning from the Islamic Mediterranean urban fabric. Bari: ICAR.
- Pinon, P. (2008). Ottoman cities of the Balkans. In S. Khadra Jayyusi, R. Holod, A. Petruccioli, & A. Raymond (Eds.), The city in the Islamic world, Handbook of Oriental studies, Book 94, (143-158). Leiden and Boston: Brill.
- Rashid, M. (2021) Physical space and spatiality in Muslim societies: Notes on the social productions of cities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Raymond, A. (2008). The Spatial organization of the city. In S. Khadra Jayyusi, R. Holod, A. Petruccioli, & A. Raymond (Eds.), The city in the Islamic world, Handbook of Oriental studies, Book 94, (47-70). Leiden and Boston: Brill.
- Read, S. (2000). The grain of space in time: The spatial/functional inheritance of Amsterdam’s centre. Urban Design International, 5, 209-220.
- Riza, E. (1972). Banesa popullore në Shkodër gjatë shekujve XVII – XIX. Monumentet, 4, 141-184.
- Rossi, C. & Boroli M. (1923). Harta topografike e Shkodres botue prej etenve jezuit. Map. Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini.
- Royal Italian Navy (1918). Bocche di Cattaro, Scutari, Aerial Photograph, MCRR Album C 120, From Museo Centrale del Risorgimento, Roma.
- Schmitt, O. J. (2001). Das Venezianische Albanien: (1392-1479). Munich: Oldenbourg.
- Shkodra, Z. (1984). Qyteti shqiptar gjatë rilindjes kombëtare. Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë.
- Shpuza, E. (1995). Spatial typology of traditional Albanian town houses. MSc. Thesis, University College London.
- Shpuza, E. (2009), Evolution of street networks in Adriatic and Ionian coastal cities 1769 2007. In Koch, D., Marcus, L. and Steen J. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium, (101:1 15). Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
- Shpuza, E. (2014). Allometry in the syntax of street networks: Evolution of Adriatic and Ionian coastal cities 1800–2010. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 41(3), 450-471.
- Shundovska, M. (2015). Urban transformation of Bitola through the notes of planning documentation: The Interpretation of military architecture into the urban patterns – memory, reality, and opportunity. PhD Dissertation, Politecnico di Milano.
- Šufflay, M. von (1924). Städte und Burgen Albaniens: Hauptsächlich Während des Mittelalters. Wien: Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky.
- Topçu, M. (2019). Morphological structures of historical Turkish cities. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 7, 212-239.
- Tuzi, E., Bushati, E. & Nepravishta, F. (2014). Ottoman military and administrative complex in the inner city of Shkodra. Proceedings of Second International Conference on Research and Education. Shkodër: Luigj Gurakuqi University.
- Valentini, J. (1967-1979) ed. Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV. 25 vols. Palermo: Typis Josephi Tosini.
- Yenen, Z. (1992). Social and religious influences in the form of early Turkish cities of the Ottoman period. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 9(4), 301-314.
- Zamputi, I. (1963). Relacione mbi gjendjen e Shqipërisë veriore dhe të mesme në shekullin XVII, v1 1610-1634. Tiranë: Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës.
- Zamputi, I. (1977). Regjistri i kadastrës dhe i koncesioneve për rrethin e Shkodrës 1416-1417. Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë. Italian to Albanian translation of Cordignano, F. (1942). Catasto Veneto di Scutari e registrum concessionum 1416-1417. Roma: Cuore di Maria.
- Zaninović T., Palaiologou G., Griffiths, S., and Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci, B. (2018). Urban landscape and spatial heritage: The case of gateway-pathways in Zagreb, Croatia. The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice, 9(3-4), 274-305.
| APA | Shpuza E (2021). Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. , 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| Chicago | Shpuza Ermal Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. (2021): 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| MLA | Shpuza Ermal Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. , 2021, ss.115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| AMA | Shpuza E Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. . 2021; 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| Vancouver | Shpuza E Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. . 2021; 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| IEEE | Shpuza E "Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period." , ss.115 - 128, 2021. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| ISNAD | Shpuza, Ermal. "Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period". (2021), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| APA | Shpuza E (2021). Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 2(Özel sayı), 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| Chicago | Shpuza Ermal Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning 2, no.Özel sayı (2021): 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| MLA | Shpuza Ermal Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, vol.2, no.Özel sayı, 2021, ss.115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| AMA | Shpuza E Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning. 2021; 2(Özel sayı): 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| Vancouver | Shpuza E Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period. Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning. 2021; 2(Özel sayı): 115 - 128. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| IEEE | Shpuza E "Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period." Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 2, ss.115 - 128, 2021. 10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
| ISNAD | Shpuza, Ermal. "Transformation of urban form in Shkodër during the Ottoman period". Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning 2/Özel sayı (2021), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.47818/DRArch.2021.v2si038 |
