Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study

OBJECTIVE: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been linked to “unhealthy” food consumption, but the studies in this area are insufficient. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between ADHD/related symptoms and processed meat products and snack consumption. METHODS: This study was conducted on 390 children aged between 6 and 17 with 169 ADHD (38 Girls, 131 Boys) and 221 healthy controls (93 Girls, 128 Boys). Food consumption was evaluated by a modified food frequency questionnaire, including 18 food containing processed meat products and snacks. ADHD symptoms were evaluated by the teacher and parent Turgay DSM-IV-Based Child and Adolescent Disruptive Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale (T-DSM-IV-Scale) and Conners’ Rating Scale (CPRS, CTRS). RESULTS: Children with ADHD consumed more processed meat products, milk-based desserts, and chocolate-sweets than controls (p<0.05). A positive correlation was observed between the ADHD symptom scores and the consumption amount of all snacks, the amount of chocolate-sweets consumption, the frequency of consumption of sujuk, chocolate, jelly beans, sweets, cakes, and chocolate spread (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with ADHD consume more foods rich in saturated fat and sugar than their healthy peers. Processed food consumption of children with ADHD may be associated with ADHD symptoms.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Martin A, Bloch MR, Volkmar FR. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Lewis’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, A Comprehensive Textbook. 5th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2018.
2. Howard AL, Robinson M, Smith GJ, Ambrosini GL, Piek JP, Oddy WH. ADHD is associated with a “Western” dietary pattern in adolescents. J Atten Disord 2011;15:403–11.
3. Marwitz SE, Woodie LN, Blythe SN. Western-style diet induces insulin insensitivity and hyperactivity in adolescent male rats. Physiol Behav 2015;151:147–54.
4. Greenwood CE, Winocur G. Glucose treatment reduces memory deficits in young adult rats fed high-fat diets. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2001;75:179–89.
5. Beilharz JE, Maniam J, Morris MJ. Short exposure to a diet rich in both fat and sugar or sugar alone impairs place, but not object recognition memory in rats. Brain Behav Immun 2014;37:134–41.
6. Kanoski SE, Davidson TL. Western diet consumption and cognitive impairment: links to hippocampal dysfunction and obesity. Physiol Behav 2011;103:59–68.
7. Akbaraly TN, Singh-Manoux A, Marmot MG, Brunner EJ. Education attenuates the association between dietary patterns and cognition. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;27:147–54.
8. Holton KF, Johnstone JM, Brandley ET, Nigg JT. Evaluation of dietary intake in children and college students with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nutr Neurosci 2019;22:664–77.
9. Holloway CJ, Cochlin LE, Emmanuel Y, Murray A, Codreanu I, Edwards LM, et al. A high-fat diet impairs cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism and cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:748–55.
10. Yeomans MR. Adverse effects of consuming high fat-sugar diets on cognition: implications for understanding obesity. Proc Nutr Soc 2017;76:455–65.
11. Şener Ş, Dereboy Ç, Dereboy İF, Sertcan Y. Conners Öğretmen Derecelendirme Ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Derg 1995;2:131–41.
12. Turgay A. Disruptive behavior disorders:child and adolescent screening and ratingscales for children, adolescents, parents andteachers. West Bloomfield, MI: Michigan Integrative Therapy Institute Publication; 1994.
13. Abbasi K, Beigrezai S, Ghiasvand R, Pourmasoumi M, Mahaki B. Dietary patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Iranian children: a case-control study. J Am Coll Nutr 2019;38:76–83.
14. Liu J, He P, Li L, Shen T, Wu M, Hu J, et al. Study on the association between diet, nutrient and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Shanghai, Kunshan, Wuxi three kindergarten. [Article in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2014;43:235–9.
15. Larson N, Miller JM, Eisenberg ME, Watts AW, Story M, NeumarkSztainer D. Multicontextual correlates of energy-dense, nutrient-poor snack food consumption by adolescents. Appetite 2017;112:23–34.
16. Wang LJ, Yu YH, Fu ML, Yeh WT, Hsu JL, Yang YH, et al. Dietary profiles, nutritional biochemistry status, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: path analysis for a case-control study. J Clin Med 2019;8:709.
17. San Mauro Martín I, Blumenfeld Olivares JA, Garicano Vilar E, Echeverry López M, García Bernat M, Quevedo Santos Y, et al. Nutritional and environmental factors in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A cross-sectional study. Nutr Neurosci 2018;21:641–7.
18. Yan S, Cao H, Gu C, Ni L, Tao H, Shao T, et al. Dietary patterns are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms among preschoolers in mainland China. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018;72:1517–23.
19. Wolff N, Reimelt C, Ehrlich S, Hölling H, Mogwitz S, Roessner V. On the positive association between candy and fruit gum consumption and hyperactivity in children and adolescents with ADHD. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 2019;47:228–38.
20. Guerrieri R, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A. The interaction between impulsivity and a varied food environment: its influence on food intake and overweight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32:708–14.
21. Phillips W. Nutrition management of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Infant, Child, Adolesc Nutr 2014;6:320–6.
22. Cortese S, Moreira-Maia CR, St Fleur D, Morcillo-Peñalver C, Rohde LA, Faraone SV. Association between ADHD and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2016;173:34–43.
23. Yee AZ, Lwin MO, Ho SS. The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14:47.
24. Park JL, Hudec KL, Johnston C. Parental ADHD symptoms and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2017;56:25–39.
25. Blaine RE, Kachurak A, Davison KK, Klabunde R, Fisher JO. Food parenting and child snacking: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14:146.
26. Laugesen B, Groenkjaer M. Parenting experiences of living with a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep 2015;13:169–234.
27. Pimentel MJ, Vieira-Santos S, Santos V, Vale MC. Mothers of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: relationship among parenting stress, parental practices and child behaviour. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2011;3:61–8.
28. Graziano PA, McNamara JP, Geffken GR, Reid A. Severity of children’s ADHD symptoms and parenting stress: a multiple mediation model of self-regulation. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2011;39:1073–83.
29. Hernández-Otero I, Doddamani L, Dutray B, Gagliano A, Haertling F, Bloomfield R, et al. Stress levels experienced by parents of children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the back-to-school period: results of a European and Canadian survey. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2015;19:8–17.

APA	Koç S, Gültekin F, EKINCI O, Üstündağ B, Tunalı B, al bayati m, Yaşöz C, kanik a (2022). Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. , 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
Chicago	Koç Sümeyye,Gültekin Fatih,EKINCI OZALP,Üstündağ Büşra,Tunalı Bilge Didem,al bayati mohammad b abdulrazzaq,Yaşöz Cemre,kanik arzu Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. (2022): 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
MLA	Koç Sümeyye,Gültekin Fatih,EKINCI OZALP,Üstündağ Büşra,Tunalı Bilge Didem,al bayati mohammad b abdulrazzaq,Yaşöz Cemre,kanik arzu Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. , 2022, ss.266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
AMA	Koç S,Gültekin F,EKINCI O,Üstündağ B,Tunalı B,al bayati m,Yaşöz C,kanik a Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. . 2022; 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
Vancouver	Koç S,Gültekin F,EKINCI O,Üstündağ B,Tunalı B,al bayati m,Yaşöz C,kanik a Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. . 2022; 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
IEEE	Koç S,Gültekin F,EKINCI O,Üstündağ B,Tunalı B,al bayati m,Yaşöz C,kanik a "Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study." , ss.266 - 274, 2022. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
ISNAD	Koç, Sümeyye vd. "Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study". (2022), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2021.64497

APA	Koç S, Gültekin F, EKINCI O, Üstündağ B, Tunalı B, al bayati m, Yaşöz C, kanik a (2022). Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri, 9(3), 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
Chicago	Koç Sümeyye,Gültekin Fatih,EKINCI OZALP,Üstündağ Büşra,Tunalı Bilge Didem,al bayati mohammad b abdulrazzaq,Yaşöz Cemre,kanik arzu Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri 9, no.3 (2022): 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
MLA	Koç Sümeyye,Gültekin Fatih,EKINCI OZALP,Üstündağ Büşra,Tunalı Bilge Didem,al bayati mohammad b abdulrazzaq,Yaşöz Cemre,kanik arzu Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri, vol.9, no.3, 2022, ss.266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
AMA	Koç S,Gültekin F,EKINCI O,Üstündağ B,Tunalı B,al bayati m,Yaşöz C,kanik a Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri. 2022; 9(3): 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
Vancouver	Koç S,Gültekin F,EKINCI O,Üstündağ B,Tunalı B,al bayati m,Yaşöz C,kanik a Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study. İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri. 2022; 9(3): 266 - 274. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
IEEE	Koç S,Gültekin F,EKINCI O,Üstündağ B,Tunalı B,al bayati m,Yaşöz C,kanik a "Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study." İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri, 9, ss.266 - 274, 2022. 10.14744/nci.2021.64497
ISNAD	Koç, Sümeyye vd. "Processed meat products and snacks consumption in ADHD: A case–control study". İstanbul Kuzey Klinikleri 9/3 (2022), 266-274. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2021.64497