Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 607 - 617 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039 İndeks Tarihi: 03-10-2022

A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study

Öz:
Objective: To determine the actual cardiovascular diseases risk and to compare it with the perceived risk in 40-65 years old men. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a population determined to be 21.039 men and sample consisted of 400 men. The actual cardiovascular diseases risks of these respondents were calculated using HeartScore, classified as low, moderate, high, or very high. The respondents’ perception of their cardiovascular disease’s risks was categorized as wrong optimists/pessimists and realists. We used multivariate logistic regression models to determine the relationships between perceived cardiovascular diseases risk and independent variables (age, diabetes, hypertension, etc.). Required ethics committee and institutional permissions were obtained for the duly conduct of the study. Results: It was determined in our study that while 8.3% (n=33) of the men had a high-risk level for cardiovascular disease, 52.5% (n=210) had a very high level. Forty-eight percent of the participants perceive their CVD risks to be lower than they are and 23.8% to perceive it higher than they are. Correct estimation rate of CVD risk was 28.2%. The variables affecting the actual cardiovascular diseases risk were diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and level of physical activity. 13.3% (n=53) of respondents perceived their cardiovascular diseases risks as high and 8% (n=32) as very high. The variables affecting an incorrect perceived cardiovascular diseases risk are being 61-65 years of age (odds ratio=0.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.73) and a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio=0.45, 95% confidence interval: 0.20-0.99). Conclusion: We observed that more than half of the residents were at a very high level of risk for cardiovascular disease, and approximately one out of every two respondents perceived their risk of cardiovascular disease to be lower than the actual risk. It is recommended risk reducing behaviors be developed and awareness of risk be raised.
Anahtar Kelime: Middle age men cardiovascular diseases perceived risk.

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • [1] World Health Organization (WHO). Cardiovascular diseases [Internet]; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(CVDs) Accessed July 13, 2021.
  • [2] Balbay Y, Gagnon-Arpin I, Malhan S, Öksüz ME, Sutherland G, Dobrescu A, Villa G, Ertuğrul G, Habib M. Modeling the burden of cardiovascular disease in Turkey. Anatol J Cardiol. 2018;20(4):235-240.
  • [3] Yin J, Jin X, Shan Z, Li S, Huang H, Li P, Peng X, Peng Z, Yu K, Bao W, Yang W, Chen X, Liu L. Relationship of sleep duration with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(9):e005947.
  • [4] Onat A, Can G. Prevalence of heart disease in our adults, new coronary events and death from heart, TEKHARF 2017 Leading the medical world in its approach to chronic diseases. Istanbul: Logos; 2017 (Turkish).
  • [5] Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkey Health Survey [Internet], 2016-2018; http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTabloArama.do?metod=search. Accessed March 5, 2019 (Turkish).
  • [6] Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Williams J, Rayner M, Townsend N. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in the UK 2014. Heart 2015;101(15):1182-1189.
  • [7] Kotseva K, De Bacquer D, De Backer G, Rydén L, Jennings C, Gyberg V, Abreu A, Aguiar C, Conde AC, Davletov K, Dilic M, Dolzhenko M, Gaita D, Georgiev B, Gotcheva N, Lalic N, Laucevicius A, Lovic D, Mancas S, Miličić D, Oganov R, Pajak A, Pogosova N, Reiner Ž, Vulic D, Wood D, On Behalf of The Euroaspire Investigators. Lifestyle and risk factor management in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease. A report from the European Society of Cardiology European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events (EUROASPIRE) IV cross-sectional survey in 14 European regions. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(18):2007-2018
  • [8] Kjøllesdal M, Degerud E, Næss Ø. The association between obesity and cardiovascular disease mortality in different strata of socioeconomic position: evidence from pooled Norwegian health surveys. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(6):1160-1166.
  • [9] Borodulin K, Vartiainen E, Peltonen M, Jousilahti P, Juolevi A, Laatikainen T, Männistö S, Salomaa V, Sundvall J, Puska P. Forty-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors in Finland. Eur J Public Health. 2014;25(3):539-546.
  • [10] Li T, Hashimoto H. Household dietary salt consumption and mortality from cardiovascular diseases: an ecological panel analysis in Japan. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(5):826-832.
  • [11] Ünal B, Sözmen K, Uçku R, Ergör G, Soysal A, Baydur H, Meseri R, Şimşek H, Gerçeklioğlu G, Doğanay S, Budak R, Kiliç B, Günay T, Ergör A, Demiral Y, Aslan Ö, Çimrin D, Akvardar Y, Tuncel P. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a Western urban Turkish population: a community-based study. Anatol J Cardiol. 2013;13(1):9-17.
  • [12] Ministry of Health, Turkey. Health Statistics Yearbook [Internet], 2017; https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/ Eklenti/30148,ingilizcesiydijiv1pdf.pdf?0. Accessed February 4, 2019 (Turkish).
  • [13] Ritchie H, Roser M. “Smoking” [Internet], 2019; https:// ourworldindata.org/smoking. Accessed June 10, 2022.
  • [14] The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. National Survey on Drug Use and Health. [Internet], 2019; https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/ default/files/reports/rpt29394/NSDUHDetailedTabs2019/NSDUHDetTabsSect2pe2019.htm#tab2-19b. Accessed July 21, 2021.
  • [15] Eray A, Ateş E, Set T. Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk in adults. Turk J Fam Pract. 2018;22(1):12-9 (Turkish).
  • [16] Ministry of Health, Turkey. Periodic Health Examinations and Screening Tests Proposed in Family Medicine Practice [Internet], 2015; https://dosyaism.saglik.gov.tr/ Eklenti/43917,5—aile-hekimligi-uygulamasinda-onerilen- periyodik-saglik-muayeneleri-ve-tarama-testleri-rehberipdf. pdf?0. Accessed August 15, 2019 (in Turkish).
  • [17] Mossakowska TJ, Saunders CL, Corbett J, MacLure C, Winpenny EM, Dujso E, Payne RA. Current and future cardiovascular disease risk assessment in the European Union: an international comparative study. Eur J Public Health. 2018;28(4):748-754.
  • [18] Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corrà U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FDR, Løchen ML, Löllgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WMM, Binno S; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the sixth joint task force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315–2381.
  • [19] Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, Hoes AW, Jennings CS, Landmesser U, Pedersen TR, Reiner Ž, Riccardi G, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Verschuren WMM, Vlachopoulos C, Wood DA, Zamorano JL, Cooney MT; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999-3058.
  • [20] Akgöz A, Gözüm S. Cardiovascular disease risk in Turkish family health centers. J Vasc Nurs. 2019;37(2):117-124.
  • [21] Ministry of Health, Turkey. Cardiovascular diseases prevention and control program 2015-2020. Ankara: Report no, 988 (Turkish).
  • [22] Leite L, Baptista R, Leitão J, Cochicho J, Breda F, Elvas L, Fonseca I, Carvalho A, Costa JN. Chest pain in the emergency department: risk stratification with Manchester triage system and HEART score. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15(1):48-55.
  • [23] Ko Y, Boo S. Self-perceived health versus actual cardiovascular disease risks. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2016;13(1):65-74.
  • [24] de Lima MM Jr, da Silva GR, Jensem Filho SS, Granja F. Association between perceived lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and calculated risk in a male population in Brazil. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2016;12:279-286.
  • [25] Alwan H, William J, Viswanathan B, Paccaud F, Bovet P. Perception of cardiovascular risk and comparison with actual cardiovascular risk. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab. 2009;16(5):556-561.
  • [26] Barnhart JM, Wright ND, Freeman K, Silagy F, Correa N, Walker EA. Risk perception and its association with cardiac risk and health behaviors among urban minority adults: the Bronx Coronary Risk Perception study. Am J Health Promot. 2009;23(5):339-342.
  • [27] Desgraz B, Collet TH, Rodondi N, Cornuz J, Clair C. Comparison of self-perceived cardiovascular disease risk among smokers with Framingham and PROCAM scores: a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7(1):e012063.
  • [28] Katz M, Laurinavicius AG, Franco FG, Conceicao RD, Carvalho JA, Pesaro AE, Wajngarten M, Santos RD. Calculated and perceived cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic subjects submitted to a routine medical evaluation: the perception gap. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(8):1076-1082.
  • [29] Temu TM, Kirui N, Wanjalla C, Ndungu AM, Kamano JH, Inui TS, Bloomfield GS. Cardiovascular health knowledge and preventive practices in people living with HIV in Kenya. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):421-429.
  • [30] Cleland C, Ferguson S, Ellis G, Hunter RF. Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for assessing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior of older adults in the United Kingdom. BMC Med Res. Methodol 2018;18(1):176.
  • [31] European Society of Preventive Cardiology. HeartScore Turkey website [Internet]. https://heartscore.escardio. org/2016/Login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f2016%2fdefault. aspx%3fmodel%3dturkey&model=turkey. Accessed May 2, 2019.
  • [32] Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, Cockroft KM, Gutierrez J, Lombardi-Hill D, Kamel H, Kernan WN, Kittner SJ, Leira EC, Lennon O, Meschia JF, Nguyen TN, Pollak PM, Santangeli P, Sharrief AZ, Smith SC Jr, Turan TN, Williams LS. 2021 Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2021;52: e364– e467.
  • [33] Boo S, Froelicher ES, Yun JH, Kim YW, Jung JY, Suh CH. Perceived and actual risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Korea: a cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(40): e5117.
  • [34] Petr EJ, Ayers CR, Pandey A, de Lemos JA, Powell-Wiley TM, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones DM, Berry JD. Perceived lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease (from the Dallas Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(1):53-58.
  • [35] Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak-Guclu M, Karabulut E, Tokgozoglu L. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):278-284.
  • [36] World Health Organization (WHO). Guide to Physical Measurements [Internet]. https://www.who.int/ncds/ surveillance/steps/Section%204%20Step%202%20 Physical%20Measurements.pdf. Accessed May 3, 2019.
  • [37] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). About Adult BMI [Internet]; https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/ assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html. Accessed August 1, 2019.
  • [38] Martinez TLR, Santos RD, Armaganijan D, Torres KP, Loures- Vale A, Magalhães ME, Lima JC, Moriguchi E, Amodeo C, Ortiz J. National alert campaign about increased cholesterol: determination of cholesterol levels in 81, 262 Brazilians. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80(6):635-638.
  • [39] Roche Diagnostic Turkey. Products [Internet], 2022; https:// diagnostics.roche.com/gb/en/home.html Accessed June 6, 2022.
  • [40] Coqueiro Rda S, Santos MC, Neto Jde S, Queiroz BM, Brügger NA, Barbosa AR. Validity of a portable glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides multi-analyzer in adults. Biol Res Nurs. 2014;16(3):288-294.
  • [41] American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(suppl 1):S16-S71.
  • [42] Freckmann G, Schmid C, Baumstark A, Pleus S, Link M, Haug C. System accuracy evaluation of 43 blood glucose monitoring systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose according to DIN EN ISO 15197. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(5):1060-1075.
  • [43] Arıcı M, Birdane A, Güler K, Yıldız BO, Altun B, Ertürk Ş, Aydoğdu M, Özbakkaloğlu M, Ersöz HÖ, Süleymanlar G, Tükek T, Tokgözoğlu L, Erdem Y. Turkish hypertension consensus report. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2015;43(4):402-409. (Turkish)
  • [44] Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, Flack JM, Carter BL, Materson BJ, Ram CV, Cohen DL, Cadet JC, Jean-Charles RR, Taler S, Kountz D, Townsend RR, Chalmers J, Ramirez AJ, Bakris GL, Wang J, Schutte AE, Bisognano JD, Touyz RM, Sica D, Harrap SB. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(1):14-26.
  • [45] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Health Interview Survey, Adult Tobacco Use Information [Internet]; https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/tobacco/tobacco_ glossary.htm. Accessed August 16, 2019.
  • [46] Mohd Azahar NMZ, Krishnapillai ADS, Zaini NH, Yusoff K. Risk perception of cardiovascular diseases among individuals with hypertension in rural Malaysia. Heart Asia. 2017;9(2):1-4.
  • [47] Frijling BD, Lobo CM, Keus IM, Jenks KM, Akkermans RP, Hulscher ME, Prins A, van der Wouden JC, Grol RP. Perceptions of cardiovascular risk among patients with hypertension or diabetes. Patient Educ Couns. 2004;52(1):47-53.
  • [48] van der Weijden T, van Steenkiste B, Stoffers HE, Timmermans DR, Grol R. Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases in general practice: mismatch between cardiovascular risk and patients' risk perceptions. Med Decis Making 2007;27(6):754- 61.
  • [49] Masic I, Dilic M, Raljevic E, Vulic D, Mott D. Trends in cardiovascular diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina and perspectives with HeartScore Programme. Med Arh 2010;64(5):260-263.
  • [50] Meischke H, Sellers DE, Sellers DE, Goff DC, Daya MR, Meshack A, Taylor J, Zapka J, Hand MM. Factors that influence personal perceptions of the risk of an acute myocardial infarction. Behav Med 2000;26(1):4-13.
  • [51] Choi S, Rankin S, Stewart A, Oka R. Perceptions of coronary heart disease risk in Korean immigrants with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2008;34(3):484-492.
APA TOPUZ İ, Gozum S (2022). A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. , 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
Chicago TOPUZ İbrahim,Gozum Sebahat A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. (2022): 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
MLA TOPUZ İbrahim,Gozum Sebahat A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. , 2022, ss.607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
AMA TOPUZ İ,Gozum S A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. . 2022; 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
Vancouver TOPUZ İ,Gozum S A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. . 2022; 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
IEEE TOPUZ İ,Gozum S "A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study." , ss.607 - 617, 2022. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
ISNAD TOPUZ, İbrahim - Gozum, Sebahat. "A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study". (2022), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
APA TOPUZ İ, Gozum S (2022). A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 12(3), 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
Chicago TOPUZ İbrahim,Gozum Sebahat A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12, no.3 (2022): 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
MLA TOPUZ İbrahim,Gozum Sebahat A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol.12, no.3, 2022, ss.607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
AMA TOPUZ İ,Gozum S A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022; 12(3): 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
Vancouver TOPUZ İ,Gozum S A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2022; 12(3): 607 - 617. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
IEEE TOPUZ İ,Gozum S "A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study." Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 12, ss.607 - 617, 2022. 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039
ISNAD TOPUZ, İbrahim - Gozum, Sebahat. "A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study". Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 12/3 (2022), 607-617. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.984039