The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students

This study aims to determine the effect of a university elective course focusing on gender on students’ gender attitudes, critical thinking disposi- tions, and media literacy skills. The research design was quasi-experimen- tal, and the study was conducted with a pretest/posttest control group. The sample of the study consisted of 74 students who took a course on gender during the fall semester of the 2016–2017 academic year and 70 students who had similar characteristics but did not receive the course. In the pretest and posttest evaluation conducted in the first week and the last week of the semester, respectively, the Student Information Form, the Gender Roles Attitude Scale (GRAS), the Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale (CTDS), and the Media Literacy Scale (MLS) were administered to the students in both groups. The Course Satisfaction Assessment Form was administered at the end of the term to the students who enrolled for the gender course. The GRAS scores of the experimental group increased at the end of the course (p<0.05). The GRAS total mean scores of both the groups were sim- ilar in the pretest, but there was a statistically significant difference between their total mean scores in the posttest (p<0.05). This study recommends more comprehensive and long-term studies on integrating a gender course into the university curriculum, which will help develop students’ critical thinking disposition and media literacy skills and raise awareness of gender equality among students.

Anahtar Kelime:

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dersinin Üniversite Ö¤rencilerinin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Tutumlar›, Elefltirel Düflünme E¤ilimleri ve Medya Okuryazarl›¤› Becerileri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz:

Araflt›rmada, üniversite ö¤rencilerine seçmeli olarak verilen Toplumsal Cin- siyet dersinin ö¤rencilerin toplumsal cinsiyet tutumuna, elefltirel düflünme e¤ilimine ve medya-okuryazarl›¤› becerisine etkisini de¤erlendirmek amaç- lanm›flt›r. Bu çal›flma ön test-son test kontrol gruplu yar› deneysel desen kul- lan›larak yap›lm›flt›r. Araflt›rman›n örneklemini 2016–2017 ö¤retim y›l› güz döneminde Toplumsal Cinsiyet dersini alan 74 ve dersi alanlarla benzer özel- likte olan ve dersi almayan 70 ö¤renci oluflturmufltur. Sömesterin ilk haftas›n- da yap›lan ön test ve son haftas›nda yap›lan son test de¤erlendirmelerinde, her iki grupta bulunan ö¤rencilere Ö¤renci Bilgilendirme Formu, Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçe¤i (TCRTÖ), Elefltirel Düflünme E¤ilimi Ölçe- ¤i (EDEÖ), Medya Okuryazarl›¤› Ölçe¤i (MOÖ) uygulanm›flt›r. Toplumsal Cinsiyet dersini alan ö¤rencilere dönem sonunda Ders Memnuniyeti De¤er- lendirme Formu uygulanm›flt›r. Toplumsal cinsiyet dersi alan ö¤rencilerin dersin sonunda TCRTÖ puanlar›n›n artt›¤› (ön test: 98.90±12.18, son test: 104.42±11.28; p<0.05), her iki grubun TCRTÖ ön test toplam puan ortala- malar›n›n benzer olmas›na ra¤men, son test toplam puan ortalamalar› aras›n- da istatistiksel aç›dan önemli fark oldu¤u belirlenmifltir (p<0.05). Bu sonuçlar do¤rultusunda; ö¤rencilerde toplumsal cinsiyet fark›ndal›¤› kazand›r›lmas›n- da, müfredata Toplumsal Cinsiyet dersinin entegre edilmesi ve ö¤rencilerde elefltirel düflünme e¤iliminin ve medya okuryazarl›¤› becerisinin gelifltirilmesi amac›yla daha kapsaml› ve uzun süreli çal›flmalar›n yap›lmas› önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

Aksan, H. A. D., Ergin, I., Hassoy, H., Durusoy, R., & Ciçeklioglu, M. (2011). Müfredata eklenen bir dersin ikinci s›n›f t›p ö¤rencilerinin kad›na yönelik fliddetle ilgili bilgi ve tutumlar›na etkilerinin de¤erlendirilmesi. Turkish Journal Public Health, 9(3), 144–156.
Ankaral›gil, S. Y. (2009). ‹lkö¤retim 6. ve 7. s›n›f ö¤rencilerinde medya okuryazarl›¤› ve elefltirel düflünme üzerine bir araflt›rma. Unpublished master’s thesis, Istanbul University, Istanbul.
Arke, E. (2005). Media literacy and critical thinking: Is there a connection? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Arslan, A. (2004). Medyan›n birey, toplum ve kültür üzerine etkileri. Journal of Human Sciences, 1(1), 1–12.
Aybek, B., & Demir, U. R. (2013). Lise ö¤rencilerinin medya ve televizyon okuryazarlik düzeyleri ile elefltirel düflünme e¤ilimlerinin incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 287–303.
Baig, A. B. (2015). Exploring the contribution of teaching and learning processes: constructing students’ gender identity in an early years class- room of a government girls primary school in Pakistan. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 16(3), 1–15.
Bakioglu, F. (2019). The effect of gender psychology course on the atti- tudes toward gender role by undergraduate university students in Turkey. Ie: Inquiry in Education, 11(2), 5, 1–12.
Bullen, M. (2007). Participation and critical thinking in online university distance education. International Journal of E-Learning & Distance Education 13(2), 1–32.
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender devel- opment and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713.
Carter, A. G., Creedy, D. K., & Sidebotham, M. (2018). Measuring critical thinking in pre-registration midwifery students: A multi-method approach. Nurse Education Today, 61, 169–174.
Chatard, A., & Selimbegovic, L. (2007). The impact of higher education on egalitarian attitudes and values: Contextual and cultural determinants. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1), 541–556.
Çelik, A. S., Pasinlio¤lu, T., Tan, G., & Koyuncu, H. (2013). Determination of university students’ attitudes about gender equality. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 21(3), 181–186.
Egelio¤lu Cetiflli, N., Top, E. D., & Ifl›k, G. (2017). The gender attitude related roles of university students who continued or not the gender equality course. [Article in Turkish] Florence Nightingale Hemflirelik Dergisi, 25(2), 104–110.
Erden, F. T. (2009). A course on gender equity in education: Does it affect gender role attitudes of preservice teachers? Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(3), 409–414.
Ersoz, A. G. (2012). The role of university education in the determination of gender perception: The case of the Gazi University. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 47, 401–408.
Esen, Y. (2013). A study for developing gender sensitivity in pre-service teacher education. [Article in Turkish] E¤itim ve Bilim, 38(169), 280–295.
Fényes, H. (2014). Gender role attitudes among higher education students in a borderland central-eastern european region called “partium.” Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 4(2):49–70.
Feuerstein, M. (1999). Media literacy in support of critical thinking. Journal of Educational Media, 24(1), 1–5.
Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, gender and identity: An introduction. London: Routledge.
Geçer, A. (2014). An investigation of pre-service teachers’ information search and commitment strategies in using web-based learning envi- ronments by demographic variables. [Article in Turkish] E¤itim Teknolojisi Kuram ve Uygulama, 4(2), 1–20.
Güvenç, G., & Aktafl, V. (2006). Age, gender, prejudice, interpersonal sen- sitivity and locus of control as predictors of self esteem, assertiveness and communication skills in adolescence. [Article in Turkish] Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 21(57), 45–62.
Güzel, A. (2016). Gender roles attitudes of university students and related factors. [Article in Turkish] Gümüflhane Üniversitesi Sa¤l›k Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(4), 1–11.
Güzel, E. (2014). Gender discrimination and the role of media. [Article in Turkish] Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 4(8), 185–199.
Hammer, S. J., & Green, W. (2011). Critical thinking in a first year man- agement unit: The relationship between disciplinary learning, academ- ic literacy and learning progression. Higher Education Research & Development, 30(3), 303–315.
Howard, L. W., Tang, T. L. P., & Jill Austin, M. (2015). Teaching critical thinking skills: Ability, motivation, intervention, and the pygmalion effect. Journal of Business Ethics, 128(1):133–147.
Jolls, T., & Thoman, E. (2008). Literacy for the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.medialit.org/sites/default/files/mlk/01_MLKorientation.pdf (March 15, 2019).
Karadeniz, A., & Can, R. (2015). A research on book reading habits and media literacy of students at the faculty of education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 4058–4067.
Kurt, A., & Kürüm, D. (2010). Relationship between media literacy and critical thinking: A conceptual view. [Article in Turkish] Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2, 20–34.
Kuruday›o¤lu, M., & Tüzel, S. (2010). The types of literacy of the 21st Century, changing text comprehension and Turkish teaching. [Article in Turkish] Türklük Bilimi Araflt›rmalar›, 28, 283–298.
Landry, M., Vyas, A., Malhotra, G., & Nagaraj, N. (2020). Adolescents’ development of gender equity attitudes in India. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 94–103.
Lourenço, M. E. (2016). Gender equality in media content and operations: Articulating academic studies and policy – a presentation. Studies in Higher Education, 41(5), 927–931.
Mastrian, K. G., & McGonigle, D. (1999). Using technology-based assign- ments to promote critical thinking. Nurse Educator, 24(1), 45–47.
Mohebzadeh, Z., Emamjomeh, S. M. R., Assareh, A., & Hamidi, F. (2020). A comparative study of media literacy education curriculum in Canada, Iran, and The United States. Iranian Journal of Comparative Education, 3(3), 737–756.
Ökten, fi. (2009). Gender and power: The system of gender in Southeastern Anatolia. [Article in Turkish] Uluslararas› Sosyal Araflt›rmalar Dergisi, 2(8), 302–312.
Pinkleton, B. E., Austin, E. W., Chen, Y.-C., & Cohen, M. (2012). The role of media literacy in shaping adolescents’ understanding of and responses to sexual portrayals in mass media. Journal of Health Communication, 17(4), 460–476.
Polce-Lynch, M., Myers, B. J., Kliewer, W., & Kilmartin, C. (2001). Adolescent self-esteem and gender: Exploring relations to sexual harassment, body image, media influence, and emotional expression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(2), 225–244.
Puchner, L., Markowitz, L., & Hedley, M. (2015). Critical media literacy and gender: Teaching middle school children about gender stereotypes and occupations. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 7(2), 23–34.
Raffaelli, M., & Ontai, L. L. (2004). Gender socialization in Latino/a fam- ilies: Results from two retrospective studies. Sex Roles, 50(5), 287–299.
Rodriguez, C. M. (2009). The impact of academic self-concept, expecta- tions and the choice of learning strategy on academic achievement: The case of business students. Higher Education Research & Development, 28(5), 523–539.
Saewyc, E. (2017). A global perspective on gender roles and identity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), S1–S2.
Sarsar, F., & Engin, G. (2015). Investigation of the media literacy level of primary school teacher candidates. [Article in Turkish] Ege E¤itim Dergisi, 16(1), 165–176.
Scharrer, E., & Ramasubramanian, S. (2015). Intervening in the media’s influence on stereotypes of race and ethnicity: The role of media liter- acy education. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 171–185.
Seçgin, F., & Kurnaz, fi. (2015). The effect of gender activities in social studies lesson on the perception and attitude of the primary education students. [Article in Turkish] Uluslararas› Türk E¤itim Bilimleri Dergisi, (5), 24–38.
Seven, N. (2019). The attitudes of university students on social gender roles. [Article in Turkish] PESA Uluslararas› Sosyal Araflt›rmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 134–149.
Silverblatt, A., Miller, D. C., Smith, J., & Brown, N. (2014). Media litera- cy: Keys to interpreting media messages. Westport, CA: Praeger.
Sperry, C. (2012). Teaching critical thinking through media literacy. Science Scope, 35(9), 56–60.
Stockard, J. (2006) Gender socialization. In J. Saltzman Chafetz (Ed.), Handbook of the sociology of gender (pp. 215–227). Boston, MA: Springer.
fienflekerci, E., & Bilgin, A. (2008). Critical thinking and its teaching. [Article in Turkish] Uluda¤ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(14), 15–43.
Thoman, E., & Jolls, T. (2004). Media literacy – A national priority for a changing world. American Behavioral Scientist. 48(1), 18–29.
Tüzel, S. (2012). ‹lkö¤retim ikinci kademe Türkçe derslerinde medya okuryazarl›¤› e¤itimi: Bir eylem araflt›rmas›. Media literacy education in primary school second grade Turkish lessons: An action reserch. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale.
Uzun, Z., Erdem, S., Güç, K., Uzun, A., & Erdem, E. (2017). The effect of education on gender perception and gender role attitudes: An experi- mental study. [Article in Turkish] Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 678–693.
Ünal, F., Tarhan, S., & Çürükvelio¤lu Köksal, E. (2017). The role of gen- der, grade, department and socialization of gender norms in predicting perception of gender. [Article in Turkish] Bart›n Üniversitesi E¤itim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 227–236.
Vefikuluçay, D., Zeynelo¤lu, S., Ero¤lu, K., & Taflk›n, L. (2007). Perception of and views on gender roles of senior students enrolled at Kafkas University. [Article in Turkish] Hemflirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 14(2), 26–38.
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 55–123.
Worsnop, C. M. (2004). Media literacy through critical thinking. Retrieved from https://depts.washington.edu/nwmedia/sections/nw_center/cur- riculum_docs/stud_combine.pdf (March 15, 2019).
Yilmaz, E. B. (2018). The effectiveness of a gender equality course in changing undergraduate midwifery students’ attitudes towards domes- tic violence and gender roles. Central European Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 9(2), 840.
Zeynelo¤lu, S., & Terzio¤lu, F. (2014). Development and psychometric properties gender roles attitude scale. Hacettepe Üniversitesi E¤itim Fakül- tesi Dergisi, 40, 409–420.

APA	Koç G, YUCEL OZCIRPAN C, TERZIOGLU F, USLU SAHAN F, AKIN IŞIK R, Evrenol Öçal S, Akdag Topal C, Mert Karadaş M, YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S, Uzunkaya Öztoprak P, AKBAY KISA A, Atasever İ, TEMEL S, yaşar b, BÜKECIK E (2021). The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. , 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
Chicago	Koç Gülten,YUCEL OZCIRPAN CIGDEM,TERZIOGLU FUSUN,USLU SAHAN FATMA,AKIN IŞIK Rabiye,Evrenol Öçal Simge,Akdag Topal Cansu,Mert Karadaş Merve,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU SEVDA,Uzunkaya Öztoprak Pınar,AKBAY KISA AYSE SEVIM,Atasever İlknur,TEMEL SAFIYE,yaşar beril nisa,BÜKECIK ESRA The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. (2021): 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
MLA	Koç Gülten,YUCEL OZCIRPAN CIGDEM,TERZIOGLU FUSUN,USLU SAHAN FATMA,AKIN IŞIK Rabiye,Evrenol Öçal Simge,Akdag Topal Cansu,Mert Karadaş Merve,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU SEVDA,Uzunkaya Öztoprak Pınar,AKBAY KISA AYSE SEVIM,Atasever İlknur,TEMEL SAFIYE,yaşar beril nisa,BÜKECIK ESRA The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. , 2021, ss.397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
AMA	Koç G,YUCEL OZCIRPAN C,TERZIOGLU F,USLU SAHAN F,AKIN IŞIK R,Evrenol Öçal S,Akdag Topal C,Mert Karadaş M,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S,Uzunkaya Öztoprak P,AKBAY KISA A,Atasever İ,TEMEL S,yaşar b,BÜKECIK E The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. . 2021; 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
Vancouver	Koç G,YUCEL OZCIRPAN C,TERZIOGLU F,USLU SAHAN F,AKIN IŞIK R,Evrenol Öçal S,Akdag Topal C,Mert Karadaş M,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S,Uzunkaya Öztoprak P,AKBAY KISA A,Atasever İ,TEMEL S,yaşar b,BÜKECIK E The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. . 2021; 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
IEEE	Koç G,YUCEL OZCIRPAN C,TERZIOGLU F,USLU SAHAN F,AKIN IŞIK R,Evrenol Öçal S,Akdag Topal C,Mert Karadaş M,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S,Uzunkaya Öztoprak P,AKBAY KISA A,Atasever İ,TEMEL S,yaşar b,BÜKECIK E "The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students." , ss.397 - 400, 2021. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
ISNAD	Koç, Gülten vd. "The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students". (2021), 397-400. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.640377

APA	Koç G, YUCEL OZCIRPAN C, TERZIOGLU F, USLU SAHAN F, AKIN IŞIK R, Evrenol Öçal S, Akdag Topal C, Mert Karadaş M, YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S, Uzunkaya Öztoprak P, AKBAY KISA A, Atasever İ, TEMEL S, yaşar b, BÜKECIK E (2021). The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 11(2), 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
Chicago	Koç Gülten,YUCEL OZCIRPAN CIGDEM,TERZIOGLU FUSUN,USLU SAHAN FATMA,AKIN IŞIK Rabiye,Evrenol Öçal Simge,Akdag Topal Cansu,Mert Karadaş Merve,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU SEVDA,Uzunkaya Öztoprak Pınar,AKBAY KISA AYSE SEVIM,Atasever İlknur,TEMEL SAFIYE,yaşar beril nisa,BÜKECIK ESRA The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. Yükseköğretim Dergisi 11, no.2 (2021): 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
MLA	Koç Gülten,YUCEL OZCIRPAN CIGDEM,TERZIOGLU FUSUN,USLU SAHAN FATMA,AKIN IŞIK Rabiye,Evrenol Öçal Simge,Akdag Topal Cansu,Mert Karadaş Merve,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU SEVDA,Uzunkaya Öztoprak Pınar,AKBAY KISA AYSE SEVIM,Atasever İlknur,TEMEL SAFIYE,yaşar beril nisa,BÜKECIK ESRA The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, vol.11, no.2, 2021, ss.397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
AMA	Koç G,YUCEL OZCIRPAN C,TERZIOGLU F,USLU SAHAN F,AKIN IŞIK R,Evrenol Öçal S,Akdag Topal C,Mert Karadaş M,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S,Uzunkaya Öztoprak P,AKBAY KISA A,Atasever İ,TEMEL S,yaşar b,BÜKECIK E The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. Yükseköğretim Dergisi. 2021; 11(2): 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
Vancouver	Koç G,YUCEL OZCIRPAN C,TERZIOGLU F,USLU SAHAN F,AKIN IŞIK R,Evrenol Öçal S,Akdag Topal C,Mert Karadaş M,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S,Uzunkaya Öztoprak P,AKBAY KISA A,Atasever İ,TEMEL S,yaşar b,BÜKECIK E The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students. Yükseköğretim Dergisi. 2021; 11(2): 397 - 400. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
IEEE	Koç G,YUCEL OZCIRPAN C,TERZIOGLU F,USLU SAHAN F,AKIN IŞIK R,Evrenol Öçal S,Akdag Topal C,Mert Karadaş M,YILDIRIM-HAMURCU S,Uzunkaya Öztoprak P,AKBAY KISA A,Atasever İ,TEMEL S,yaşar b,BÜKECIK E "The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students." Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 11, ss.397 - 400, 2021. 10.2399/yod.20.640377
ISNAD	Koç, Gülten vd. "The Effect of a Gender Course on the Gender Attitudes, Critical Thinking Dispositions, and Media Literacy Skills of University Students". Yükseköğretim Dergisi 11/2 (2021), 397-400. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.20.640377