Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 516 - 554 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561 İndeks Tarihi: 21-10-2022

WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW

Öz:
In 2010, it was reported in the news that Turkish Airlines forced twenty-eight cabin crews to take a six- month unpaid leave to lose weight because they could not maintain their weight ratio. A similar practice was also seen in Air India company in recent years. For example, in 2019, some cabin crews at Air India company were forced to a low-calorie diet to maintain “normal weight”; in 2015, some cabin crews were asked to lose weight. Practices such as termination of employment contracts, unpaid leave, assignment to another job, low wages, not being promoted due to weight are observed not only in the aviation sector but also in all areas of working life. Employees or applicants who are overweight or underweight may face various discriminatory behaviors in their working lives due to their weight. In this context, the employer's duty of equal treatment and non-discrimination needs to be considered in terms of the employee’s weight.
Anahtar Kelime: Discrimination weight the duty of equal treatment disability labour law

İŞ HUKUKUNDA KİLO AYRIMCILIĞI

Öz:
2010 yılında Türk Hava Yolları’nın yirmi sekiz kabin görevlisini, kilo oranlarını koruyamadıkları gerekçesiyle, kilo vermeleri için altı aylık ücretsiz izne ayırmaya zorladığı yolundaki haberler basında yer almıştır. Benzer bir uygulamanın son yıllarda Air India şirketi tarafından da yapıldığı görülmüştür. Örneğin 2019 yılında Air India kabin görevlileri şişmanlamamaları için düşük kalori diyetine tâbi tutulmuşlar; 2015 yılında ise bazı kabin görevlilerinin zayıflaması istenmiştir. Kilo nedeniyle iş sözleşmesinin feshi, ücretsiz izin, başka işte görevlendirme, düşük ücret ödenmesi, terfi ettirilmeme gibi uygulamalar sadece havacılık sektöründe değil, çalışma hayatının her alanında gözlemlenmektedir. Aşırı kilolu ya da aşırı zayıf olan işçiler ya da aday işçiler, kiloları nedeniyle çalışma yaşamlarında çeşitli ayrımcı davranışlarla karşı karşıya kalabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda işverenin eşit davranma ve ayrımcılık yapmama borcunun işçinin kilosu çerçevesinde de düşünülmesi gereklidir.
Anahtar Kelime: Ayrımcılık kilo eşit işlem borcu engellilik iş hukuku

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • BAJOREK, Zofia / BEVAN, Stephen, “Obesity and Work Challenging Stigma and Discrimination”, Institute for Employment Issue, Year: 2019, Report 526.
  • BAKIRCI, Kadriye, “Eşitlik Kurulu Kanunu ile Anayasa ve İş Kanunu’nun İlgili Hükümleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Emeğin Hukuku Kurultayı 2, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Yayını, Ankara, Year: 2017, (p. 65-75).
  • BAKIRCI, Kadriye, “İş Güvencesi Kapsamındaki İşçilerin Doğrudan Tazminat Talep Hakları ve Kötüniyet veya Sendikal Tazminat ile Ayrımcılık Tazminatı İlişkisi”, Sicil İş Hukuku Dergisi, Year: 2006, Volume: 2, (p. 114-121).
  • BAKIRCI, Kadriye, Uluslararası Hukuk, AB ve ABD Hukuku ile Karşılaştırmalı Çalışma Yaşamında Kadın Erkek Eşitliği Arayışı Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı Yasağı ve Türkiye, Seçkin Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2012 (a).
  • BAKIRCI, Kadriye, Uluslararası Hukuk, AB ve ABD Hukuku ile Karşılaştırmalı İş Hukukunda Cinsiyet Ayrımcılığı Yasağı İlkesinin İstisnaları ve Objektif Haklı Nedenler, Seçkin Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2012 (b).
  • BAŞBUĞ, Aydın / YÜCEL BODUR, Mehtap, İş Hukuku, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2018.
  • BIERMAN Jr., Donald L., “Employment Discrimination Against Overweight Individuals: Should Obesity Be Protected Classification”, Santa Clara Law Review, Year: 1990, Volume:30, Issue:4, (p. 951-976).
  • BOURBON, Alexandra, "Fag og Aberjde (FOA) v. Kommunernes Landsforening (KL): Will Expanding the Definition of Disability to Include Obesity Lead to an Expanding Waistline in Europe", Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law, Year: 2016, Volume: 24, Issue: 2, (p. 351-370).
  • CAVICO, Frank J. / MUFFLER, Stephen C. / MUJTABA, Bahaudin G., “Appearance Discrimination, “Lookism” and “Lookphobia” in the Workplace”, The Journal of Applied Business Research, Year: 2012, Volume: 28, Issue: 5, (p. 791-802).
  • CENTEL, Tankut, İş Güvencesi, Legal Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2020.
  • CHERNOV, Andrea E., “Weight Discrimination: The Effects of Obesity on Employment and Promotion”, University of Hawaii Hohonu, Year: 2006, Issue: 6, (p. 107-113).
  • CORBERTT, William R., “Hotness Discrimination: Appearance Discrimination as a Mirror for Reflecting on the Body of Employment-Discrimination Law”, Catholic University Law Review, Year: 2011, Volume: 60, Issue: 3, (p. 615-660).
  • ÇELİK, Nuri / CANİKLİOĞLU, Nurşen / CANBOLAT, Talat, İş Hukuku Dersleri, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2019.
  • DEĞİRMENCİ, Taner / KALKAN OĞUZHANOĞLU, Nalan / SÖZERİ VARMA, Gülfizar et. all., “Psychological Symptoms in Obesity and Related Factors”, Arch Neuropsychiatry, Year: 2015, Volume: 52, (p. 42-46).
  • DOELLMAN, David A., “Statutory Leapfrog: Compensatory and Punitive Damages under the Retaliatory Provision of the ADA”, Missouri Law Review, Year: 2009, Volume: 74, Issue: 1, (p. 173-191).
  • DOĞAN, Gülmelahat, “Ayrımcılık Tazminatı-Sendikal Tazminat (Dayandıkları Esaslar ve Farklılıkları)”, Ankara Bar Review, Year: 2014, Issue: 1, (p. 361-390).
  • DOĞAN YENİSEY, Kübra, “İş Kanununda Eşitlik İlkesi ve Ayırımcılık Yasağı”, Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, Year: 2006, Issue: 4, (p. 63-82).
  • EKMEKÇİ, Ömer / KORKUSUZ, Refik, Turkish Individual Labour Law, 12 Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2020.
  • EKMEKÇİ, Ömer / YİĞİT, Esra, Bireysel İş Hukuku Dersleri, 12 Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2020.
  • EUROPEAN AGENCY FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, Handbook on European Non- Discrimination Law, 2018, https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/1510- FRA-CASE-LAW-HANDBOOK_EN.pdf, (date of access 2.8.2020).
  • FAVALLI, Silvia / FERRI, Delia, “Tracing the Boundaries Between Disability and Sickness in the European Union: Squaring the Circle”, European Journal of Health Law, Year: 2006, Volume: 23, Issue: 1, (p. 5-35).
  • FLINT, Stuart W. / CODREANU, Sonia C. / GOMOIU, Amalia et al., “Obesity Discrimination in the Workplace: “You're Hired!””, Journal of European Psychology Students, Year: 2015, Volume: 6, Issue: 2, (p. 64-69).
  • FLINT, Sturart W. / SNOOK, Jereme, “Obesity and Discrimination: The Next Big Issue”, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, Year: 2014, Volume: 14, Issue: 3, (p. 183-193).
  • GARCIA, Jeffrey, “Weight-Based Discrimination and the Americans With Disability Act: Is There an End in Sight?”, Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal, Year: 1995, Volume: 13, Issue: 1, (p. 1-30).
  • GÜVEN, Ercan / AYDIN, Ufuk, Bireysel İş Hukuku, Nisan Kitapevi, Eskişehir, 2020.
  • HUGGINS, Michael L., “Not Fit for Hire: The United States and France on Weight Discrimination in Employment”, Fordham International Law Journal, Year: 2015, Volume: 38, Issue: 3, (p. 889-951).
  • HUXLEY, Caroline, “Lesbian and Bisexual Women’s Experiences of Sexuality-Based Discrimination and Their Appearance Concern”, Psychology & Sexuality, Year: 2012, Volume: 4, Issue: 1, (p. 7-15).
  • ILO, Discrimination at Work on the basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Results of Pilot Research, International Labour Office, Governing Body, 319th Session, Genova, 2013. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_221728.pdf, (date of access 29.8.2020).
  • JOLLY-RYAN, Jennifer, “Have a Job to Get a Job: Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact of the 'Currently Employed' Requirement”, Michigan Journal of Race and Law, Year: 20212, Volume: 12, (p. 189-212).
  • KANDEMİR, Murat / YARDIMCIOĞLU, Didem, “İş Hukukunda Eşitlik İlkesi”, Journal of the Faculty of Law Dicle University, Year: 2014, Volume: 19, Issue: 30-31, (p. 1-44).
  • KARAGÖZ, Veli, "İş Hukukunda Ayrımcılık Tazminatı", Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Year: 2012, Issue: 1, (p. 57-76).
  • KARAN, Ulaş, Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku ve Anayasa Hukuku Işığında Eşitlik İlkesi ve Ayrımcılık Yasağı, 12 Levha Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2017.
  • KESER, Hakan, "4857 Sayılı İK’na Göre İşverenin İş Sözleşmesi Yapma ve İş İlişkilerinde Eşit İşlem Yapma Yükümlülükleri ve Bunlara Aykırı Davranması Durumunda Karşılaşacağı Yaptırımlar", Kamu İş Dergisi, Year: 2004, Volume: 7, Issue: 3, (p. 1-38).
  • KRISTEN, Elizabeth, “Addressing the Problem of Weight Discrimination in Employment”, California Law Review, Year: 2002, Volume: 90, Issue: 1, (p. 57-110).
  • KUBOTA, Luis Claudio, “Discrimination Against the Obese and Very Thin Students in Brazilian Schools”, Institute for Applied Economic Research, Discussion Paper 199, 2015, http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/5138/1/DiscussionPaper_199.pdf, (date of access 10.9.2020).
  • LEE, Hyemin / SON, Inseo / YOON, Jaehong et al., “Lookism Hurts: Appearance Discrimination and Self-Rated Health in South Korea” International Journal for Equity in Health, Year: 2017, Issue: 16, (p. 204-210).
  • MAHAJAN, Ritu, “The Naked Truth: Appearance Discrimination, Employment, and the Law”, Asian American Law Journal, Year: 2007, Volume: 14, (p. 165-204).
  • MALOS, Stan, “Appearance-Based Sex Discrimination and Stereotyping in the Workplace: Whose Conduct Should We Regulate?”, Employee Responsibilities Rights Journal, Year: 2007, Issue: 19, (p. 95-111).
  • MASON, Katherine, “The Unequal Weight of Discrimination: Gender, Body Size, and Income Inequality”, Social Problems, Year: 2015, Volume: 59, Issue: 3, (p. 411-435).
  • MCCOY, Maura Flaherty, “Classifying Obesity as Disability Under the Americans With Disability Act: How Seff v. Broward County in Incongruent with Recent ADA Litigation”, Catholic University Law Review, Year: 2015, Volume: 64, Issue: 2, (p. 539-562).
  • MCCRUDDEN, Christopher / PRECHAL, Sacha, “The Concepts of Equality and Non- Discrimination in Europe: A Practical Approach”, European Commission Directorate- General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Unit G. 2, Year: 2009.
  • O’BRIEN, Kerry Steven / LATNER, Janet / EBNETER, Daria et al., “Obesity Discrimination: The Role of Physical Appearance, Personal Ideology, and Anti-Fat Prejudice”, International Journal of Obesity, Year: 2013, Issue: 37, (p. 455-446).
  • ODAMAN, Serkan, “Ayrımcılık Tazminatının Diğer Tazminatlarla Birlikte Mevcudiyeti Sorunu Üzerine Görüşler”, Sicil İş Hukuku Dergisi, Year: 2009, Volume: 14, (p. 77-83).
  • ODYAKMAZ, Zehra / KESKİN, Bayram / DENİZ, Yusuf, “6701 Sayılı Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Kanunu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme - I”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, Year: 2016, Issue: 71, (p. 721-761).
  • PUHL, Rebecca M. / DEPIERRE, Jenny A., “Appearance Discrimination and The Law”, Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance, Year: 2012, Volume: 1, (p. 30- 35).
  • RHODE, Deborah L., “The Injustice of Appearance”, Stanford Law Review, Year: 2009, Volume: 61, Issue: 5, (p. 1033-1102).
  • SENYEN KAPLAN, Emine Tuncay, Bireysel İş Hukuku, Gazi Kitapevi, Ankara, 2019.
  • SENYEN KAPLAN, Emine Tuncay, “İş Hukukunda Eşitlik İlkesi ve Cinsiyet Ayrımı”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Year: 2017, Special Issue, (p. 225-268).
  • SHINALL, Jennifer Bennet, “Distaste or Disability: Evaluating the Legal Framework for Protecting Obese Workers”, Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law, Year: 2006, Volume: 37, Issue: 1, (p. 101-142).
  • SIZEMORE, Steven C., “Fatter Butt Equals a Skinnier Wallet: Why Workplace Wellness Programs Discriminate Against the Obese and Violate Federal Employment Law”, Wyoming Law Review, Year: 2011, Volume: 11, Issue: 2, (p. 639-668).
  • SUR, Melda, "İş İlişkisinde Eşitlik İlkesi ve Ayrımcılık Yasağı", Sicil İş Hukuku Dergisi, Year: 2017, Issue: 37, (p. 33-51).
  • SÜZEK, Sarper, İş Hukuku, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2020.
  • SWAMI, Viren / WONG, Vivien / FURNHAM, Adrian et. all, “Weight-Based Discrimination in Occupational Hiring and Helping Behavior”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Year: 2008, Volume: 38, Issue: 4, (p. 968-981).
  • TAŞDEMİR, Yasemin, “İş Hukukunda Genetik Ayrımcılık Yasağı”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Year: 2020, Issue:22, Volume: 2, (p. 947-990).
  • TIMMER, Alexandra / SENDEN, Linda, Gender Equality Law in Europe-How are EU Rules Transposed into National Law in 2016, Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016.
  • TUNCAY, A. Can, “Birden Fazla Tazminat Kapsamına Giren Eylemde Hangi Tazminata Hükmedilecektir?”, Sicil İş Hukuku Dergisi, Year: 2008, Volume: 10, (p. 105-110).
  • TUNÇOMAĞ, Kenan / CENTEL, Tankut, İş Hukukunun Esasları, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2018.
  • VIVIERS, Damien Jr., A Comparative Labour Law Perspective on Categories of Appearance-Based Prejudice in Employment, Unpublished Thesis (LL.M), University of the Free State, 2014.
  • ÜNAL, Canan, “Engellilik Kavramının ve Engellilerin Sosyal Güvenlik Haklarının Uluslararası ve Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk Işığında Değerlendirilmesi”, MÜHF Engelli Hakları Komisyonu Engelli Hukukuna Giriş Sempozyumu, Legal Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2015.
  • ÜNAL, Canan, İş Hukukunda Yaş Ayrımcılığı,12 Levha Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2018.
  • WANG, Lucy, “Weight Discrimination: One Size Fits All Remedy?”, The Yale Law Journal, Year: 2008, Issue: 117, (p. 1900-1945).
  • YILDIZ, Gaye Burcu, “Türk İş Hukukunda Özürlülük ve Sağlık Durumuna Dayalı Ayrımcılık Yasağı”, Sicil İş Hukuku Dergisi, Year: 2008, Issue: 10, (p. 80-88).
APA Küçük D (2021). WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. , 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
Chicago Küçük Doğukan WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. (2021): 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
MLA Küçük Doğukan WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. , 2021, ss.516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
AMA Küçük D WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. . 2021; 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
Vancouver Küçük D WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. . 2021; 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
IEEE Küçük D "WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW." , ss.516 - 554, 2021. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
ISNAD Küçük, Doğukan. "WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW". (2021), 516-554. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
APA Küçük D (2021). WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
Chicago Küçük Doğukan WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11, no.1 (2021): 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
MLA Küçük Doğukan WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol.11, no.1, 2021, ss.516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
AMA Küçük D WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 11(1): 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
Vancouver Küçük D WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021; 11(1): 516 - 554. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
IEEE Küçük D "WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW." Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, ss.516 - 554, 2021. 10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561
ISNAD Küçük, Doğukan. "WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOUR LAW". Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11/1 (2021), 516-554. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.894561