Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing

Mustafa Özsarı, (Konya Gıda ve Ziraat Üniversitesi, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Konya, Türkiye)
Yılmaz Kılıçaslan, (Anadolu Üniversitesi, İktisat Fakültesi, Eskişehir, Türkiye)
Ünal Töngür (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Antalya, Türkiye)
Central Bank Review
4 3
Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 141 - 148 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002 İndeks Tarihi: 16-01-2023

Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing

Öz:
The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of exporting on labor demand in Turkish manufacturing industry. By using Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) with the firm-level production and trade data of Turkish manufacturing industry, this paper is exploring the employment impact of international trade. The analysis is based on firm level data obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) and covers the period from 2003 to 2013. The estimations were carried out for different technology-oriented industries and 2-digit NACE sub-industries to see how the labor demand dynamics change. The results showed that both manufacturing exports and imports have significant and positive impact on the labor demand of the firm. The impact, on the other hand, was found to differ not only in the firms operating in different technology-oriented industries but also in different sub-industries of Turkish manufacturing.
Anahtar Kelime: Trade Labor demand Manufacturing industry Exporting Turkey

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Acemoglu, D., 2003. Patterns of skill premia. Rev. Econ. Stud. 70 (2), 199e230. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-937X.00242.
  • Athukorala, P., Menon, J., 1996. Foreign investment and industrialization in Malaysia: exports, employment and spillovers. Asian Econ. J. 10 (1), 29e44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.1996.tb00156.x.
  • Aydiner-Avsar, N., Onaran, €O., 2010. The determinants of employment: a sectoral analysis for Turkey. Develop. Econ. 48 (2), 203e231. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1746-1049.2010.00105.x.
  • Baltagi, B.H., 1995. Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Wiley. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5.
  • Başlevent, C., Onaran, €O., 2004. The effect of export-oriented growth on female labor market outcomes in Turkey. World Dev. 32 (8), 1375e1393. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.02.008.
  • Baum, C.F., Schaffer, M., Stillman, S., 2003. Instrumental variables and GMM: estimation and testing. STATA J. 3 (1), 1e31. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1536867X03003001.
  • Blundell, R., Bond, S., 1998. Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. J. Econom. 87 (1), 115e143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304- 4076(98)00009-8.
  • Bernard, A.B., Jensen, J.B., Lawrence, R.Z., 1995. Exporters, jobs, and wages in US manufacturing: 1976-1987. Brookings papers on economic activity. Microeconomics 67e119. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534772, 1995.
  • Bernard, A.B., Wagner, J., 1997. Exports and success in German manufacturing. Rev. World Econ. 133 (1), 134e157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707680.
  • Blundell, R., Bond, S., Windmeijer, F., 2000. Estimation in Dynamic Panel Data Models: Improving on the Performance of the Standard GMM Estimators”. The Institute for Fiscal Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15003-0. Working Paper, 2000/12.
  • Bond, S., Hoeffler, A., Temple, J., 2001. GMM Estimation of Empirical Growth Models”. Centre for Economic Policy Research. CEPR Discussion Paper no.3048. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract¼290522.
  • Bond, S.R., 2002. Dynamic panel data models: a guide to micro data methods and practice. Portuguese Econ. J. 1 (2), 141e162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258- 002-0009-9.
  • Clerides, S.K., Lach, S., Tybout, J.R., 1998. Is learning by exporting important? Microdynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco. Q. J. Econ. 113 (3), 903e947. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355398555784.
  • Conte, A., Vivarelli, M., 2007. Globalization and Employment: Imported Skill Biased Technological Change in Developing Countries. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.993480. IZA Discussion Paper No. 2797, Jena Economic Research Paper No. 2007-009.
  • Çağatay, N., Berik, G., 1990. Transition to export-led growth in Turkey: is there a feminization of employment? Rev. Radic. Polit. Econ. 22 (1), 115e134. https:// doi.org/10.1177/048661349002200.
  • Eurostat, 2022. Glossary:High-tech classification of manufacturing industries. Accessed at. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php? title¼Glossary:High-tech_classification_of_manufacturing_industries.
  • Fajnzylber, P., Maloney, W.F., 2005. Labor demand and trade reform in Latin America. J. Int. Econ. 66 (2), 423e446. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jinteco.2004.08.002.
  • Feenstra, R.C., Ma, H., Xu, Y., 2019. US exports and employment. J. Int. Econ. 120, 46e58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.05.002.
  • Fu, X., Balasubramanyam, V.N., 2005. Exports, foreign direct investment and employment: the case of China. World Econ. 28 (4), 607e625. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9701.2005.00694.x.
  • Ghose, A.K., 2000. Trade liberalization and manufacturing employment. International Labour Organization 324. Available at: http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/—ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_142284.pdf.
  • Greenaway, D., Hine, R.C.,Wright, P., 1999. An empirical assessment of the impact of trade on employment in the United Kingdom. Eur. J. Polit. Econ. 15 (3), 485e500. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00023-3.
  • Hall, R.E., Jones, C.I., 1999. Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? Q. J. Econ. 114 (1), 83e116. https://doi.org/10.1162/ 003355399555954, 10.3386/w5812.
  • Hong, W., 1980. Export promotion and employment growth in South Korea. In: Trade and Employment in Developing Countries. Individual Studies, ume 1. University of Chicago Press, pp. 341e392. Available at: https://www.nber.org/ system/files/chapters/c8737/c8737.pdf.
  • Hsiao, C., 1986. Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge University of Press, Cambridge.
  • Idris, Z.Z., Ismail, N.W., Ibrahim, S., Hamzah, H.Z., 2021. The impact of hightechnology trade on employment. J. Int. Trade Econ. Dev. 30 (4), 512e529. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2020.1852301.
  • Keller, W., 2004. International technology diffusion. J. Econ. Lit. 42 (3), 752e782. https://doi.org/10.1257/0022051042177685.
  • Keller, W., 2010. International trade, foreign direct investment, and technology spillovers. Handbook of the Economics of Innovation 2, 793e829. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)02003-4.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y., 2005. Industrial Structure and Labour Markets: A Study on Productivity Growth. Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University. Available at: https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/15301.
  • Kılıçaslan, Y., T€ongür, Ü., 2019. ICT and employment generation: evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Appl. Econ. Lett. 26 (13), 1053e1057. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/13504851.2018.1529391.
  • Kiyota, K., 2016. Exports and employment in China, Indonesia, Japan, and Korea. Asian Econ. Pap. 15 (1), 57e72. https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00402.
  • Konings, J., Vandenbussche, H., 1995. The effect of foreign competition on UK employment and wages: evidence from firm-level panel data. Rev. World Econ. 131 (4), 655e672. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707934.
  • Kurz, C., Senses, M.Z., 2016. Importing, exporting, and firm-level employment volatility. J. Int. Econ. 98, 160e175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.08.003.
  • Lachenmaier, S., Rottmann, H., 2011. Effects of innovation on employment: a dynamic panel analysis. Int. J. Ind. Organ. 29 (2), 210e220. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijindorg.2010.05.004.
  • Lall, S., 2004. The employment impact of globalization in developing countries. QEH Working Paper Series, QEHWPS93. Available at: https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/ sites/www.odid.ox.ac.uk/files/www3_docs/qehwps93.pdf.
  • Lewis, W.A., 1970. Theory of Economic Growth. Harper & Row.
  • Manda, D.K., Sen, K., 2004. The labour market effects of globalization in Kenya. J. Int. Dev. 16 (1), 29e43. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1061.
  • McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L., Macpherson, D.A., 2016. Contemporary Labor Economics. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Meschi, E., Taymaz, E., Vivarelli, M., 2016. Globalization, technological change and labor demand: a firm-level analysis for Turkey. Rev. World Econ. 152 (4), 655e680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-016-0256-y.
  • Mitra, D., Shin, J., 2012. Import protection, exports and labor-demand elasticities: evidence from Korea. Int. Rev. Econ. Finance 23, 91e109. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.iref.2011.10.008.
  • Milner, C., Wright, P., 1998. Modelling labour market adjustment to trade liberalization in an industrialising economy. Econ. J. 108 (447), 509e528. https:// doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00301.
  • Nickell, S., 1981. Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica: J. Econom. Soc. 49, 1417e1426. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911408.
  • Njikam, O., 2016. Trade liberalization, labor market regulations and labor demand in Cameroon. Int. Rev. Econ. Finance 43, 525e541. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.iref.2016.02.001.
  • Ozler, S., 2000. Export orientation and female share of employment: evidence from Turkey. World Dev. 28 (7), 1239e1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00) 00034-6.
  • Pages, C., Marquez, G.A., 1998. Trade and Employment: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Trade and Employment: Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB Working Paper No. 302. https://doi.org/10.2139/ ssrn.1815993.
  • Pindyck, R.S., Rubinfeld, D.L., 1992. Microeconomics. EUA.
  • Revenga, A., 1997. Employment and wage effects of trade liberalization: the case of Mexican manufacturing. J. Labor Econ. 15 (S3), S20eS43. https://doi.org/ 10.1086/209875.
  • Roodman, D., 2006. How to Do Xtabond2: an Introduction to “Difference” and ”System” GMM in Stata”. Center for Global Development Working Paper, No. 103. Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi¼10.1.1. 718.7361.
  • Roodman, D., 2009. How to do xtabond2: an introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. STATA J. 9 (1), 86e136. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1536867X0900900106.
  • Sasahara, A., 2019. Explaining the employment effect of exports: value-added content matters. J. Jpn. Int. Econ. 52, 1e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jjie.2019.02.004.
  • Tombazos, C.G., 1999. The impact of imports on the demand for labor in Australia. Econ. Lett. 62 (3), 351e356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(98)00240-7.
  • Tomiura, E., 2003. The impact of import competition on Japanese manufacturing employment. J. Jpn. Int. Econ. 17 (2), 118e133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889- 1583(03)00013-3.
  • TURKSTAT, 2015a. Annual Industry and Service Statistics. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara.
  • TURKSTAT, 2015b. Foreign Trade Database. Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara.
  • Wilkinson, T.J., 1999. The effect of state appropriations on export-related employment in manufacturing. Econ. Dev. Q. 13 (2), 172e182. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 089124249901300206.
  • Yu, E.S., Yun, L., 2010. Exports and labour demand elasticity in manufacturing industries in China. Nottingham conference in Ningbo, China. Available at: https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/gep/documents/conferences/2010/ chinaconfningbo2010/eden-yu.pdf.
APA Özsarı M, KILIÇASLAN Y, TÖNGÜR Ü (2022). Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. , 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
Chicago Özsarı Mustafa,KILIÇASLAN Yılmaz,TÖNGÜR Ünal Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. (2022): 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
MLA Özsarı Mustafa,KILIÇASLAN Yılmaz,TÖNGÜR Ünal Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. , 2022, ss.141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
AMA Özsarı M,KILIÇASLAN Y,TÖNGÜR Ü Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. . 2022; 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
Vancouver Özsarı M,KILIÇASLAN Y,TÖNGÜR Ü Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. . 2022; 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
IEEE Özsarı M,KILIÇASLAN Y,TÖNGÜR Ü "Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing." , ss.141 - 148, 2022. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
ISNAD Özsarı, Mustafa vd. "Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing". (2022), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
APA Özsarı M, KILIÇASLAN Y, TÖNGÜR Ü (2022). Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Central Bank Review, 22(4), 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
Chicago Özsarı Mustafa,KILIÇASLAN Yılmaz,TÖNGÜR Ünal Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Central Bank Review 22, no.4 (2022): 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
MLA Özsarı Mustafa,KILIÇASLAN Yılmaz,TÖNGÜR Ünal Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Central Bank Review, vol.22, no.4, 2022, ss.141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
AMA Özsarı M,KILIÇASLAN Y,TÖNGÜR Ü Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Central Bank Review. 2022; 22(4): 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
Vancouver Özsarı M,KILIÇASLAN Y,TÖNGÜR Ü Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing. Central Bank Review. 2022; 22(4): 141 - 148. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
IEEE Özsarı M,KILIÇASLAN Y,TÖNGÜR Ü "Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing." Central Bank Review, 22, ss.141 - 148, 2022. 10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
ISNAD Özsarı, Mustafa vd. "Does exporting create employment? Evidence from Turkish manufacturing". Central Bank Review 22/4 (2022), 141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbrev.2022.11.002
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
24-04-2024 17:0

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları