Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study

UNER, SARP; Yüce, Deniz; Hayran, Mutlu; Eser, Sultan; Baran Aksakal, Fatma Nur

doi:10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188

Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study

DENİZ YÜCE, (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Kanser Enstitüsü, Koruyucu Onkoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Mutlu HAYRAN, (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Kanser Enstitüsü, Koruyucu Onkoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Sultan ESER, (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Halk Sağlığı Enstitüsü, Epidemiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Fatma Nur BARAN AKSAKAL, (Gazi Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Halk Sağlığı Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Sarp ÜNER (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Halk Sağlığı Enstitüsü, Epidemiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Annals of Medical Research

8 2

Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 282 - 286 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188 İndeks Tarihi: 05-04-2023

Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study

Öz:

Aim: Cancers are Turkey’s second most common cause of mortality, following cardio- vascular diseases. Tobacco and obesity are the two major etiological factors for cancer progression, which are highly prevalent in Turkey. This study aimed to evaluate the new cancer cases in Turkey attributable to these two main risk factors. Materials and Methods: The tobacco-related cancers based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) monographs were esophagus, oral cavity, gas- tric, pancreatic, larynx, lung, renal, and bladder cancers, and the obesity-related cancers based on the IARC’s and World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF)/American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) Continuous Update Project’s reports were esophagus, colon, rec- tum, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, ovary, endometrium, and breast cancers. The cancer incidences were obtained from the national cancer statistics. A lag time of at least 10 years was considered adequate to observe past exposures’ effects on new cancer cases. The prevalence of tobacco smoking was based on the Peto-Lopez approach. The obe- sity prevalence was obtained from the National Burden of Disease and Cost-Effectiveness Project Household Survey, 2003 Report in Turkey. Using these incidence and prevalence data, we estimated the population-attributable fractions (PAF) of cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Turkey. Results: For tobacco-related cancers, the highest PAFs were found in lung cancer (89.8%), larynx cancer (86%), oral cavity and pharynx cancer (77.2%) in males, and larynx cancer (46.5%), lung cancer (43%), and esophagus cancer (31.4%) in females. For obesity- related cancers, the highest PAFs were found in esophagus adenocarcinoma (31.4%), kid- ney cancer (19.8%), gallbladder cancer (15.1%) in males, and esophagus adenocarcinoma (33.9%), endometrium cancer (32.8%), and postmenopausal breast cancer (22.8%) in fe- males. When all tobacco-related cancers were considered, 41,283 cases in males and 3,853 cases in females were attributable to tobacco smoking, and when all obesity-related cancer types were considered, the number of attributable cancer cases to obesity was 2,653 in men and 7,387 in women. Conclusion: The current avoidable cancer burden in Turkey shows that eliminating tobacco smoking and obesity may prevent more than 50,000 cancer cases in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelime: Tobacco Smoking Obesity Cancer Epidemiology

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. World Health Organization (WHO). Cancer. 2021 10 Sep 2019]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/cancer.
2. Turkish Statistical Institute. Causes of Death Statistics. 2018 10 May 2019]; Available from: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1083.
3. National Cancer Statistics - 2017. Ministry of Health of Turkey, 2017.
4. Forouzanfar MH., et al. Global, regional, and national compar- ative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and oc- cupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet, 2016. 388(10053): p. 1659-1724.
5. World Health Organization (WHO). Cancer. 2018 10 May 2019]; Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/cancer.
6. Uner S, M. Balcılar, and T. Ergüder. National Household Health Survey – Prevalence of Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors in Turkey 2017 (STEPS). 2018; Available from: https://www.who.int/ncds/surveillance/steps/WHO-Turkey- Risk-Factors-A4_ENG.08_10_2018.pdf?ua=1.
7. International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Tobacco Smoking. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcino- genic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Vol 38. 1986, World Health Organisation: Lyon (FRC).
8. IARC, Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Hu- mans. 2004, WHO, International Agency for Research on Can- cer: Lyon, France.
9. IARC, Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions, in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Hu- mans. 2012, WHO, International Agency for Research on Can- cer: Lyon, France.
10. International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer-Preventive Strategies, Weight Control and Physical Activity., ed. Vainio H and Bianchini F. 2002, Lyon (FRC): IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, IARC Press.
11. World Cancer Research Fund, Food, Nutrition, Physical Activ- ity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. 2007, Washington (DC): American Institute for Cancer Research.
12. World Cancer Research Fund, Continuous Update Project Re- port. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Ovarian Cancer. 2014, Washington (DC): American Institute for Cancer Research.
13. Soerjomataram I, et al. Cancers related to lifestyle and environ- mental factors in France in 2015. Eur J Cancer, 2018. 105: p. 103-113.
14. National Cancer Statistics - 2016. Ministry of Health of Turkey, 2017.
15. National Burden of Disease and Cost Effectiveness Project Household Survey, 2003 Report. Refik Saydam Public Health Department, Baskent University, 2003.
16. Pandeya N, et al. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to tobacco smoke. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 2015. 39(5): p. 464-470.
17. Peto R, et al. Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet, 1992. 339(8804): p. 1268-78.
18. Parkin DM. 2. Tobacco-attributable cancer burden in the UK in 2010. Br J Cancer, 2011. 105 Suppl 2: p. S6-S13.
19. Ezzati M, et al. Role of smoking in global and regional cancer epidemiology: current patterns and data needs. Int J Cancer, 2005. 116(6): p. 963-71.
20. Hannan LM, EJ. Jacobs, and MJ. Thun, The association be- tween cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal cancer in a large prospective cohort from the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(12): p. 3362-7.
21. Jordan SJ, et al. Does smoking increase risk of ovarian cancer? A systematic review. Gynecol Oncol, 2006. 103(3): p. 1122-9.
22. Turkyilmaz, M., et al., National Cancer Statistics - 2016, ed. F. Kara and B. Keskinkilic. 2021, Ankara - Turkey: Ministry of Health of Turkey.
23. Renehan AG. et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet, 2008. 371(9612): p. 569-78.
24. WCRF and AICR, Continuous update project report. Food, nu- trition, physical activity, and the prevention of ovarian cancer.2014, World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research.
25. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Ölüm Nedeni İs- tatistikleri, 2018. 15/04/2020]; Available from: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30626
26. Whiteman DC. and LF. Wilson, The fractions of cancer at- tributable to modifiable factors: A global review. Cancer Epi- demiology, 2016. 44: p. 203-221.
27. Borges M, et al. Carga da doença atribuível ao tabagismo em Portugal. Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia, 2009. 15(6): p. 951-1004.
28. Parkin, D.M., 2. Tobacco-attributable cancer burden in the UK in 2010. British Journal of Cancer, 2011. 105(S2): p. S6-S13.
29. Arnold M, et al. Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study. The Lancet Oncology, 2015. 16(1): p. 36-46.
30. Wang D. et al. Estimation of Cancer Incidence and Mortality Attributable to Overweight, Obesity, and Physical Inactivity in China. Nutrition and Cancer, 2012. 64(1): p. 48-56.
31. J. Joubert et al. South African Comparative Risk Assessment Collaborating, Estimating the burden of disease attributable to excess body weight in South Africa in 2000. S. Afr. Med. J., 2007. 97 p. 683–690.
32. Al-Zalabani A. Preventability of Colorectal Cancer in Saudi Ara- bia: Fraction of Cases Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors in 2015-2040. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020. 17(1).
33. Al-Zalabani AH. Cancer incidence attributable to tobacco smok- ing in GCC countries in 2018. Tob Induc Dis, 2020. 18: p. 18.
34. Chang CP, et al. Tobacco smoking, chewing habits, alcohol drinking and the risk of head and neck cancer in Nepal. Int J Cancer, 2020. 147(3): p. 866-875.
35. Du Y, et al. Lung cancer occurrence attributable to passive smoking among never smokers in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2020. 9(2): p. 204- 217.
36. Wang N, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of lung cancer and its attributable risk factors, 1990 to 2017. Cancer, 2020.
37. Yu L, et al. Province-specific smoking-attributable cancer mor- tality in China 2013. Tob Induc Dis, 2020. 18: p. 49.
38. Cagle PT, et al. Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer. Molecular Pathology Library. 2012.

APA	Yüce D, Hayran M, Eser S, Baran Aksakal F, UNER S (2023). Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. , 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
Chicago	Yüce Deniz,Hayran Mutlu,Eser Sultan,Baran Aksakal Fatma Nur,UNER SARP Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. (2023): 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
MLA	Yüce Deniz,Hayran Mutlu,Eser Sultan,Baran Aksakal Fatma Nur,UNER SARP Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. , 2023, ss.282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
AMA	Yüce D,Hayran M,Eser S,Baran Aksakal F,UNER S Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. . 2023; 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
Vancouver	Yüce D,Hayran M,Eser S,Baran Aksakal F,UNER S Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. . 2023; 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
IEEE	Yüce D,Hayran M,Eser S,Baran Aksakal F,UNER S "Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study." , ss.282 - 286, 2023. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
ISNAD	Yüce, Deniz vd. "Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study". (2023), 282-286. https://doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188

APA	Yüce D, Hayran M, Eser S, Baran Aksakal F, UNER S (2023). Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. Annals of Medical Research, 30(3), 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
Chicago	Yüce Deniz,Hayran Mutlu,Eser Sultan,Baran Aksakal Fatma Nur,UNER SARP Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. Annals of Medical Research 30, no.3 (2023): 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
MLA	Yüce Deniz,Hayran Mutlu,Eser Sultan,Baran Aksakal Fatma Nur,UNER SARP Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. Annals of Medical Research, vol.30, no.3, 2023, ss.282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
AMA	Yüce D,Hayran M,Eser S,Baran Aksakal F,UNER S Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. Annals of Medical Research. 2023; 30(3): 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
Vancouver	Yüce D,Hayran M,Eser S,Baran Aksakal F,UNER S Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study. Annals of Medical Research. 2023; 30(3): 282 - 286. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
IEEE	Yüce D,Hayran M,Eser S,Baran Aksakal F,UNER S "Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study." Annals of Medical Research, 30, ss.282 - 286, 2023. 10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188
ISNAD	Yüce, Deniz vd. "Cancers attributable to smoking and obesity in Türkiye: A population-based study". Annals of Medical Research 30/3 (2023), 282-286. https://doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2022.06.188