COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri

Elçin AKDAŞ, (Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Dermatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)
Nilsel İLTER (Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Dermatoloji Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)
Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi
17 2
Yıl: 2022 Cilt: 56 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 147 - 153 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224 İndeks Tarihi: 12-05-2023

COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri

Öz:
Şiddetli akut solunum yolu sendromu-koronavirüs-2’nin (SARS-CoV-2) neden olduğu tehlikeli ve potansiyel olarak ölümcül seyredebilen koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 (COVID-19) salgınından korunmak için aşı geliştirme çalışmaları eşi benzeri görülmemiş bir sürede tamamlanmıştır. Bu aşılardan bazıları çeşitli otoriteler tarafından onaylanmış ve dünya çapında kullanıma sunulmuştur. Küresel çapta aşı uygulamaları devam ederken, aşılama sonrası bildirilen dermatolojik yan etkilerin sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Literatürde enjeksiyon bölgesi reaksiyonları, pernio lezyonları, pitriazis rozea, herpes zoster, atopik dermatit ve psoriazis gibi kronik enflamatuvar dermatozların alevlenmeleri gibi birçok kutanöz reaksiyon bildirilmiştir. Çoğu COVID-19 aşısı iki doz ve takviye doz gerektirmekte, aynı zamanda koronavirüsün yeni varyantları göz önüne alındığında aşı uygulamasının bir süre daha devam edeceği tahmin edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda dermatologların günlük pratiğinde aşılara bağlı dermatolojik yan etkilerle karşılaşma olasılıkları daha fazladır. COVID-19 aşısı sonrası kutanöz reaksiyonlarının tanı ve tedavisi, hastaların bilgilendirilmesi ve gerekli danışmanlığın sağlanması gibi birçok konuda dermatologların önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır. Bu bakış açısı, tekrarlanan dozlar için geliştirilecek aşılama stratejileri açısından da geleceğe yönelik faydalı bilgiler sağlayacaktır. Bu makalede, güncel literatürde COVID-19 aşısı sonrası bildirilen kutanöz reaksiyonların çoğu gözden geçirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Dermatological adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines

Öz:
Studies for vaccine development have been completed in an unprecedented time to prevent further outbreak of the dangerous and potentially fatal coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Some of these vaccines have been approved by various authorities and made available worldwide. While vaccine applications continue globally, the number of dermatological side effects reported after vaccination is increasing daily. Many cutaneous reactions have been reported in the literature, such as injection site reactions, pernio lesions, pityriasis rosacea, herpes zoster, and exacerbations of chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Most COVID-19 vaccines require two doses and a booster dose, and considering the new variants of the coronavirus, vaccination is estimated to continue for a while. In this context, dermatologists are more likely to encounter vaccine-related dermatological side effects in their daily practice. Dermatologists play an essential role in many issues such as diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous reactions after COVID-19 vaccination, informing patients and providing necessary counseling. This perspective will also provide helpful information for the future in terms of vaccination strategies to be developed for repeated doses. In this study, most of the cutaneous reactions reported after COVID-19 vaccination in the current literature are reviewed.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Yamey G, Schäferhoff M, Hatchett R, Pate M, Zhao F, McDade KK: Ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines. Lancet 2020;395:1405-6.
  • 2. Chakraborty S, Mallajosyula V, Tato CM, Tan GS, Wang TT: SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in advanced clinical trials: Where do we stand. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021;172:314-38.
  • 3. WHO. COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape. (2021). Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19- candidate-vaccines
  • 4. Mallapaty S: China COVID vaccine reports mixed results—what does that mean for the pandemic? Nature 2021;15. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021- 00094-z.
  • 5. Our World in Data. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations; 2022.
  • 6. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Aşısı Bilgilendirme Platformu. (2021). Available from:covid19asi.saglik.gov.tr
  • 7. McMahon DE, Amerson E, Rosenbach M, et al.: Cutaneous reactions reported after Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination: A registry-based study of 414 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021;85:46-55.
  • 8. Català A, Muñoz-Santos C, Galván-Casas C, et al.: Cutaneous reactions after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a cross-sectional Spanish nationwide study of 405 cases. Br J Dermatol 2022;186:142-52.
  • 9. Akdaş E, Öğüt B, Erdem Ö, Öztaş MO, İlter N: Cutaneous reactions following CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination: a case series of six healthcare workers from a single centre. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e861-4.
  • 10. Rerknimitr P, Puaratanaarunkon T, Wongtada C, et al.: Cutaneous adverse reactions from 35,229 doses of Sinovac and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination: a prospective cohort study in healthcare workers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022;36-e158-61.
  • 11. Aw J, Seng JJB, Seah SSY, Low LL: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy-A Scoping Review of Literature in High-Income Countries. Vaccines 2021;9:900.
  • 12. Bellinato F, Maurelli M, Gisondi P, Girolomoni G: Cutaneous adverse reactions associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. J Clin Med 2021;10:5344.
  • 13. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, et al.: The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020;7:11.
  • 14. Kounis NG, Koniari I, de Gregorio C, et al.: Allergic reactions to current available COVID-19 vaccinations: pathophysiology, causality, and therapeutic considerations. Vaccines 2021;9:221.
  • 15. Niebel D, Novak N, Wilhelmi J, et al.: Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines: Insights from an Immuno-Dermatological Perspective. Vaccines 2021; 9: 944.
  • 16. Bogdanov G, Bogdanov I, Kazandjieva J, Tsankov N: Cutaneous adverse effects of the available COVID-19 vaccines. Clin Dermatol 2021;39:523-31.
  • 17. Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B et al.: Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2021;384:403-16.
  • 18. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al.: Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020;383:2603-15.
  • 19. Lopez S, Vakharia P, Vandergriff T, Freeman E, Vasquez R: Pernio after COVID-19 vaccination. Br J Dermatol 2021;185:445-7.
  • 20. Laisuan W, Wongsa C, Chiewchalermsri C, et al.: CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Anaphylaxis: Clinical Characteristics and Revaccination Outcomes. J Asthma Allergy 2021;14:1209-15.
  • 21. Sun Q, Fathy R, McMahon DE, Freeman EE: COVID-19 Vaccines and the Skin: The landscape of cutaneous vaccine reactions worldwide. Dermatol Clin 2021;39:653-73.
  • 22. Alpalhão M, Maia-Silva J, Filipe P: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccines and Cutaneous Adverse Reactions: A Review. Dermatitis 2021;32:133-9.
  • 23. Ramos CL, Kelso JM: “COVID Arm”: Very delayed large injection site reactions to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. JAllergy Clin Immunol Pract 2021; 9: 2480-1.
  • 24. Kim JE, Lee H, Paik SS, Moon JY, Yoon HJ, Kim SH: Delayed cutaneous reaction to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: Is it an ‘AstraZeneca arm’? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e711-4.
  • 25. Grobusch MP, Schnyder J, Garcia-Garrido HM, et al.: Correspondence Delayed large local reaction to the adenovirus-vectored (ChAdOx1) vaccine. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021;43:102093.
  • 26. Munavalli GG, Guthridge R, Knutsen-Larson S, Brodsky A, Matthew E, Landau M: COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 virus spike protein-related delayed inflammatory reaction to hyaluronic acid dermal fillers: a challenging clinical conundrum in diagnosis and treatment. Arch Dermatol Res 2022;314:1-15.
  • 27. Blumenthal KG, Freeman EE, Saff RR, et al.: Delayed large local reactions to mRNA-1273 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1273-7.
  • 28. Freeman EE, McMahon DE, Lipoff JB, et al.: The spectrum of COVID-19- associated dermatologic manifestations: An international registry of 716 patients from 31 countries. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020;83:1118-29.
  • 29. Gambichler T, Boms S, Susok L, et al.: Cutaneous findings following COVID-19 vaccination: review of world literature and own experience. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022;36:172-80.
  • 30. Jedlowski PM, Jedlowski MF: Morbilliform rash after administration of PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Dermatol Online J 2021;27:13030.
  • 31. Paulsen FO, Schaefers C, Langer F, et al.: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura after vaccination with COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCov-19). Blood 2021;138:996-9.
  • 32. Pottegård A, Lund LC, Karlstad Ø, et al.: Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study. BMJ 2021;373:n1114.
  • 33. Malayala SV, Mohan G, Vasireddy D, Atluri P. Purpuric Rash and Thrombocytopenia After the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 Vaccine. Cureus 2021;13:e14099.
  • 34. Cebeci F, Kartal İ: Petechial skin rash associated with CoronaVac vaccination: first cutaneous side effect report before phase 3 results. Eur J Hosp Pharm 2021.
  • 35. Candelli M, Rossi E, Valletta F, De Stefano V, Franceschi F: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Br J Haematol 2021;194:547-9.
  • 36. Schultz NH, Sørvoll IH, Michelsen AE, et al.: Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 2021;384:2124-30.
  • 37. Hunter PR. Thrombosis after covid-19 vaccination. BMJ 2021;373:n958.
  • 38. Berry CT, Eliliwi M, Gallagher S, et al.: Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis following single-dose Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. JAAD Case Rep 2021;15:11-4.
  • 39. Cavalli G, Colafrancesco S, De Luca G, et al.: Cutaneous vasculitis following COVID-19 vaccination. Lancet Rheumatol 2021;3:e743-4.
  • 40. Bencharattanaphakhi R, Rerknimitr P: Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine-induced cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. JAAD Case Rep 2021;18:1-3.
  • 41. Tessas I, Kluger N: Ipsilateral herpes zoster after the first dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e620-2.
  • 42. Rodríguez-Jiménez P, Chicharro P, Cabrera LM, et al.: Varicella-Zoster virus reactivation after SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination: report of 5 cases. JAAD Case Rep 2021;12:58-9.
  • 43. Özdemir A, Kayhan S, Çakmak SK: Herpes zoster after inactivated SARSCoV-2 vaccine in two healthy young adults. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e846-7.
  • 44. Fathy RA, McMahon DE, Lee C, et al.: Varicella-zoster and herpes simplex virus reactivation post-COVID-19 vaccination: a review of 40 cases in an International Dermatology Registry. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022;36:e6-9.
  • 45. Drago F, Broccolo F, Rebora A: Pityriasis rosea: an update with a critical appraisal of its possible herpesviral etiology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:303-18.
  • 46. Drago F, Ciccarese G, Rebora A, Broccolo F, Parodi A: Pityriasis rosea: a comprehensive classification. Dermatology 2016;232:431-7.
  • 47. Chen JF, Chiang CP, Chen YF, Wang WM: Pityriasis rosea following influenza (H1N1) vaccination. J Chin Med Assoc 2011;74:280-2.
  • 48. Drago F, Ciccarese G, Rebora A, Parodi A: Human herpesvirus-6, -7, and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in pityriasis rosea during COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021;93:1850-1.
  • 49. Ehsani AH, Nasimi M, Bigdelo Z: Pityriasis rosea as a cutaneous manifestation of COVID-19 infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020;34:e436-7.
  • 50. Akdaş E, İlter N, Öğüt B, Erdem Ö: Pityriasis rosea following CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination: a case report. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e491-3.
  • 51. Cyrenne B, Al-Mohammedi F, DeKoven J, Alhusayen R: Pityriasis rosea-like eruptions following vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e546-8.
  • 52. Durmaz K, Aykut Temiz S, Metin Z, Dursun R, Abdelmaksoud A: Allergic and cutaneous reactions following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac®) in healthcare workers. Clin Exp Dermatol 2022;47:171-3.
  • 53. Bostan E, Jarbou A: Atypical Pityriasis Rosea Associated with mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. J Med Virol 2022;94:814-6.
  • 54. Busto-Leis J, Servera-Negre G, Mayor-Ibarguren A, et al.: Pityriasis rosea, COVID-19 and vaccination: new keys to understand an old acquaintance. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e489-91.
  • 55. Lopes NT, Pinilla CEO, Gerbase AC: Erythema multiforme after CoronaVac vaccination. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e717-9.
  • 56. Gambichler T, Scholl L, Dickel H, Ocker L, Stranzenbach R: Prompt onset of Rowell’s syndrome following the first BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e415-6.
  • 57. Niebel D, Wilhelmi J, De Vos L, et al.: Annular plaques mimicking Rowell’s syndrome in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 mRNA vaccines: An overlooked phenomenon? J Dermatol 2022;49:151-6.
  • 58. Kim M, Kim JW, Kim M, Choi SY, Na JI: Generalized erythema multiforme-like skin rash following the first dose of COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022;36:e98-100.
  • 59. Newkirk RE, Fomin DA, Braden MM: Erythema Multiforme Versus Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis: Subtle Difference in Presentation, Major Difference in Management. Mil Med 2020;185:e1847-e50.
  • 60. Galván Casas C, Català A, Carretero Hernández G: Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. The British Journal of Dermatology 2020;183:71-7.
  • 61. Herman A, Peeters C, Verroken A, et al.: Evaluation of chilblains as a manifestation of the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Dermatol 2020;156:998- 1003.
  • 62. Hubiche T, Cardot-Leccia N, Le Duff F, et al.: Clinical, laboratory, and interferonalpha response characteristics of patients with chilblain-like lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Dermatol 2021;157:202-6.
  • 63. Temiz SA, Abdelmaksoud A, Dursun R, Vestita M: Acral chilblain-like lesions following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Int J Dermatol 2021;60:1152- 3.
  • 64. Tan WS, Tam YC, Pang SM: Cutaneous Reactions to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Review. JAAD International. 2022;7:178-86.
  • 65. Afacan E, Edek YC, İlter N, Gülekon A: Can Covid-19 vaccines cause or exacerbate bullous pemphigoid? A report of seven cases from one center. Int J Dermatol 2022;61:626-7.
  • 66. Agharbi FZ, Eljazouly M, Basri G, et al.: Bullous pemphigoid induced by the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. Ann Dermatol Venereol Vol. 2022;149:56-7.
  • 67. Coto-Segura P, Fernández-Prada M, Mir-Bonafé M, et al.: Vesiculobullous skin reactions induced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccine: report of four cases and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 2022;47:141-3.
  • 68. Solimani F, Mansour Y, Didona D, Dilling A, Ghoreschi K, Meier K: Development of severe pemphigus vulgaris following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with BNT162b2. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: e649-51.
  • 69. Darrigade A-S, Théophile H, Sanchez-Pena P, et al.: Sweet syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Allergy 2021;76:3194-6.
  • 70. Kang SY, Park SY, Kim JH, Lee SM, Lee SP.: COVID-19 vaccine-induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Korean J Intern Med 2021;36:1537- 8.
  • 71. Lospinoso K, Nichols CS, Malachowski SJ, Mochel MC, Nutan F: A case of severe cutaneous adverse reaction following administration of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine. COV2. S. JAAD Case Rep 2021;13:134-7.
  • 72. Leasure A, Cowper S, McNiff J, Cohen J: Generalized eczematous reactions to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e716-7.
  • 73. Alflen C, Birch K, Shilian R, Wu SS, Hostoffer R Jr: Two Cases of Well Controlled Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria Triggered by the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine. Allergy Rhinol 2021;12:21526567211026271.
  • 74. Sotiriou E, Tsentemeidou A, Bakirtzi K, Lallas A, Ioannides D, Vakirlis E: Psoriasis exacerbation after COVID-19 vaccination: a report of 14 cases from a single centre. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e857-9.
  • 75. Hiltun I, Sarriugarte J, Martínez-de-Espronceda I, et al.: Lichen planus arising after COVID-19 vaccination. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e414-5.
  • 76. Niebel D, Ralser-Isselstein V, Jaschke K, Braegelmann C, Bieber T, Wenzel J: Exacerbation of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus following vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Dermatol Ther 2021;34:e15017.
  • 77. Pfaar O, Klimek L, Hamelmann E, Kleine-Tebbe J, Taube C, Wagenmann M, et al.: COVID-19 vaccination of patients with allergies and type-2 inflammation with concurrent antibody therapy (biologicals) - A Position Paper of the German Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) and the German Society for Applied Allergology (AeDA). Allergol Select 2021;5:140- 7.
  • 78. Ring J, Worm M, Wollenberg A, et al.: Risk of severe allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines among patients with allergic skin diseases - practical recommendations. A position statement of ETFAD with external experts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021;35:e362-5.
  • 79. Tan SW, Tam YC, Oh CC: Skin manifestations of COVID-19: A worldwide review. JAAD Int 2021;2:119-33.
APA AKDAŞ E, İlter N (2022). COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. , 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
Chicago AKDAŞ ELÇİN,İlter Nilsel COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. (2022): 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
MLA AKDAŞ ELÇİN,İlter Nilsel COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. , 2022, ss.147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
AMA AKDAŞ E,İlter N COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. . 2022; 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
Vancouver AKDAŞ E,İlter N COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. . 2022; 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
IEEE AKDAŞ E,İlter N "COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri." , ss.147 - 153, 2022. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
ISNAD AKDAŞ, ELÇİN - İlter, Nilsel. "COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri". (2022), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
APA AKDAŞ E, İlter N (2022). COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi, 56(4), 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
Chicago AKDAŞ ELÇİN,İlter Nilsel COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi 56, no.4 (2022): 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
MLA AKDAŞ ELÇİN,İlter Nilsel COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi, vol.56, no.4, 2022, ss.147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
AMA AKDAŞ E,İlter N COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi. 2022; 56(4): 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
Vancouver AKDAŞ E,İlter N COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri. Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi. 2022; 56(4): 147 - 153. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
IEEE AKDAŞ E,İlter N "COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri." Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi, 56, ss.147 - 153, 2022. 10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
ISNAD AKDAŞ, ELÇİN - İlter, Nilsel. "COVID-19 aşılarının dermatolojik yan etkileri". Türkderm Türk deri hastalıkları ve frengi arşivi 56/4 (2022), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.4274/turkderm.galenos.2022.57224
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
24-04-2024 7:0

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları