The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb

Candar, Ali Erdi; undefined, ali ihsan; Aydin, Levent; Ozuicli, Mehmet; Girisgin, Ahmet Onur; KISADERE, İHSAN

doi:10.55730/1300-0128.4276

The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb

Mehmet OZUICLI, (Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir, Türkiye)

Ahmet Onur GİRİŞGİN, (Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Bursa, Türkiye)

İhsan KISADERE, (Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir, Türkiye)

Ali İhsan DİKER, (Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir, Türkiye)

Ali Erdi CANDAR, (Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Balıkesir, Türkiye)

Levent AYDIN (Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, Bursa, Türkiye)

Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

4 0

Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 47 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 118 - 126 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.55730/1300-0128.4276 İndeks Tarihi: 12-06-2023

The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb

Öz:

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of the treatment with a single dose of toltrazuril 5% (Baycox), thymol (Versatile, Nine Life, United Arab Emirates), and toltrazuril + thymol combination to control Eimeria spp. infection in lambs in intensive feeding. The study was designed with five groups and these groups aligned as; group 1 (negative control group; NEG), group 2 (positive control group; POZ), group 3 (thymol; THY), group 4 (toltrazuril; TOL) and group 5 [(thymol + toltrazuril; (THY + TOL)]. Each group consisted of 26 Merino lambs which are 60–75 days old each. Treatment groups were administered orally as a single dose [(40 mg/kg/ bw THY (crystal formulation, 100% purity (with feed), 20 mg/kg/bw TOL, THY + TOL [(40 mg/kg/bw THY (with feed) + 20 mg/kg/bw TOL)] and the groups were compared each other in terms of efficacy, fecal scoring, and body weight gain. In addition, Eimeria species identification was also performed. Eimeria ahsata was the most abundant species in infected lambs. Treatment efficacy was found to be 75.15% in the THY, 99.50% in the TOL, and 95.42% in the THY + TOL groups. In conclusion, a single dose of TOL and THY + TOL were found to be highly effective in both clinical and subclinical eimeriosis in lambs. In addition, although single usage of THY is not effective in clinical coccidiosis, it can be used prophylactically in subclinical infections. To find out the anticoccidial effects of THY, it needs more studies to administer different and repeated doses.

Anahtar Kelime: Eimeriosis lamb thymol toltrazuril treatment

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Olmos LH, Colque-Caro LA, Avellaneda-Cáceres A, Medina DM, Sandoval V et al. First record of clinical coccidiosis (Eimeria ovinoidalis) in adult sheep from northwestern Argentina. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 2020; 21, 100429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100429
2. Trejo-Huitrón G, Bautista-Gómez LG, Martínez-Castañeda JS, Núñez CR, Castro LT et al. Morphological characterization and first molecular identification of the eleven Eimeria species that infect sheep from Mexico. Parasitology Research 2020; 119: 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06477-6
3. Al-Neama RT, Bown KJ, Blake DP, Birtles RJ. Determinants of Eimeria and Campylobacter infection dynamics in UK domestic sheep: the role of co-infection. Parasitology 2021; 148: 623-629. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182021000044
4. Alcala-Canto Y, Figueroa-Castillo JA, Ibarra-Velarde F, Vera- Montenegro Y, Cervantes-Valencia ME et al. First database of the spatial distribution of Eimeria species of cattle, sheep and goats in Mexico. Parasitology Research 2020; 119:1057-1074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06548-8
5. Reddy BS, Sivajothi S, Rayulu VC. Clinical coccidiosis in adult cattle. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 2015; 39 (3): 557-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-013-0395-1
6. Martins NS, Motta SP, Santos CC, Moreira AS, Farias NAR et al. Eimeria spp. infection in lambs from southern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 2020; 40 (11): 871-874. https:// doi.org/0.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6745
7. Martins NS, Motta SP, Santos CC, Moreira AS, Farias NAR et al. Eimeriosis in cattle and sheep: an invisible enemy (in English). Brazilian Journal of Development 2020; 6 (4): 19421-19434. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n4-201
8. Keeton STN, Navarre CB. Coccidiosis in large and small ruminants. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 2017; 34 (1): 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.009
9. Odden A, Denwood MJ, Stuen S, Robertson LJ, Ruiz A et al. Field evaluation of anticoccidial efficacy: a novel approach demonstrates reduced efficacy of toltrazuril against ovine Eimeria spp. in Norway. International Journal for Parasitology 2018; 8 (2): 304-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijpddr.2018.05.002
10. Harder A, Haberkorn A. Possible mode of action of toltrazuril: studies on two Eimeria species and mammalian and Ascaris suum enzymes. Parasitology Research 1989; 76: 8-12.
11. Noack S, Chapman HD, Selzer PM. Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitology Research 2019; 118: 2009-2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5
12. Jin Z, Ma J, Zhu G, Zhang H. Discovery of novel anti- cryptosporidial activities from natural products by in vitro high- throughput phenotypic screening. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019; 10: 1-11. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01999
13. Monzote L, Alarcon O, Setzer WN. Antiprotozoal activity of essential oils. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 2012; 77: 167-175.
14. Rao J, Chen B, McClements DJ. Improving the efficacy of essential oils as antimicrobials in foods: Mechanisms of action. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 2019; 10: 365- 387.
15. Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I. Thymol and thyme essential oil-new insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules 2020; 5(18), 4125. https:// doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184125
16. Chauhan AK and Kang SC. Thymol disrupts the membrane integrity of Salmonella ser. typhimurium invitro and recovers infected macrophages from oxidative stress in an ex vivo model. Research in Microbiology 2014; 165: 559-565. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j. resmic.2014.07.001
17. Kachur K and Suntres Z. The antibacterial properties of phenolic isomers, carvacrol and thymol. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2020; 60 (18): 3042-3053. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1675585
18. Wang K, Jiang S, Yang Y, Fan L, Su F et al. Synthesis and antifungal activity of carvacrol and thymol esters with heteroaromatic carboxylic acids. Natural Product Research 2019; 33 (13): 1924- 1930. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1480618
19. Araújo LX, Novato TPL, Zeringota V, Matos RS, Senra TOS et al. Acaricidal activity of thymol against larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) under semi-natural conditions. Parasitology Research 2015; 114: 3271-3276. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00436-015- 4547-3
20. Lopez V, Cascella M, Benelli G, Maggi F, Gomez-Rincon C. Green drugs in the fight against Anisakis simplex-larvicidal activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of Origanum compactum essential oil. Parasitology Research 2018; 117: 861- 867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5764-3
21. Taşdemir D, Kaiser M, Demirci B, Demirci F, Hüsnü K et al. Antiprotozoal activity of Turkish Origanum onites essential oil and its components. Molecules 2019; 24, 4421. https://doi. org/10.3390/molecules242344212019
22. Zengin M, Kısadere İ, Usta M, Bacaksız OK, Demir E et al. Effects of adding ground or steam-flaked corn and zinc- enriched yeast to grower pellet feed on fattening performance, development of rumen papilla, and some blood parameters in lambs. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 2022; a 51:e20210216. https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5120210216 51
23. Połozowski A, Zawadzki W, Nowak M. Comparison of two fecal flotation techniques for diagnostic of internal parasites infections in swine and dogs. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities 2006; 9 (4): 39.
24. Mohamaden WI, Sallam NH, Abouelhassan EM. Prevalence of eimeria species among sheep and goats in Suez Governorate, Egypt. International Journal of Veterinary Science 2018; 6: 65- 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.02.004
25. Le Suer C, Mage C, Mundt HC. Efficacy of toltrazuril (Baycox 5% suspension) in natural infections with pathogenic Eimeria spp. in housed lambs. Parasitology Research 2009; 104, 1157– 1162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-008-1305-9
26. Gökbulut C, Özüiçli M, Akşit D, Aksöz E, Korkut O et al. Comparative plasma and milk dispositions, faecal excretion and efficacy of per os ivermectin and pour-on eprinomectin in horses. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2016; 39: 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12308
27. Robledo S, Osorio E, Muñoz D, Jaramillo LM, Restrepo A et al. In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities and antileishmanial activities of thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2005; 49: 1652-1655. https:// doi. org/10.1128/AAC.49.4.1652-1655.2005. 2005.
28. Soliman KM, Badeaa RI. Effect of oil extracted from some medicinal plants on different mycotoxigenic fungi. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2002; 40: 1669-1675. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00120-5
29. Wojdylo A, Oszmianski J, Czemerys R. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in 32 selected herbs. Food Chemistry 2007; 105: 940-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.04.038
30. Wei HK, Xue HX, Zhou ZX, Peng J. A carvacrol-thymol blend decreased intestinal oxidative stress and influenced selected microbes without changing the messenger RNA levels of tight junction proteins in jejunal mucosa of weaning piglets. Animal 2016; 15: 1-9. https//doi.org/10.1017/S175173111600 1397
31. Nieddu M, Rassu G, Boatto G, Bosi P, Trevisi P et al. Improvement of thymol properties by complexation with cyclodextrins: In vitro and in vivo studies. Carbohydrate Polymers 2014; 102: 393-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013. 10.084
32. Shipkova M, Strassburg CP, Braun F, Streit F, Grone HJ et al. Glucuronide and glucoside conjugation of mycophenolic acid by human liver, kidney and intestinal microsomes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2001; 132: 1027-1034. https:// doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0703898
33. Ribeiro AR, Diniz PB, Pinheiro MS, Albuquerque-Junior RL, Thomazzi SM. Gastroprotective effects of thymol on acute and chronic ulcers in rats: the role of prostaglandins, ATP-sensitive K+ channels, and gastric mucus secretion. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2016; 244: 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi. 2015.12.004
34. Ahmadifar E, Falahatkar B, Akrami R. Effects of dietary thymol-carvacrol on growth performance, hematological parameters and tissue composition of juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 2011; 27: 1057-1060.
35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2011.01763.x
36. 35. Nagoor-Meeran MF, Javed H, Taee H, Azimullah S, Ojha SK. Pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms of thymol: prospects for its therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical development. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017; 8: 380. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00380
37. 36. Arafa WM, Abolhadid SM, Moawad A, Abdelaty AS, Moawad UK et al. Thymol efficacy against coccidiosis in pigeon (Columba livia domestica). Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2020; 176: 104914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. prevetmed.2020.104914
38. 37. Ferreira LE, Benincasa BI, Fachin AL, Franca SC, Contini SHT et al. Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil and its main component thymol: Anthelmintic effects against Haemonchus contortus from sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 2016; 228: 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.011
39. 38. Teichmann K, Köstelbauer A, Steiner T, Giannenas I, Tontis D et al. Phytogenics to prevent chicken coccidiosis. Planta Medica 2012; 78: 72. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1320619
40. 39. Chartier C, Paraud C. Coccidiosis due to Eimeria in sheep and goats, a review. Small Ruminant Research 2012; 103: 84-92. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.10.022

APA	Ozuicli M, Girisgin A, KISADERE İ, a, Candar A, Aydin L (2023). The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. , 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
Chicago	Ozuicli Mehmet,Girisgin Ahmet Onur,KISADERE İHSAN, ali ihsan,Candar Ali Erdi,Aydin Levent The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. (2023): 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
MLA	Ozuicli Mehmet,Girisgin Ahmet Onur,KISADERE İHSAN, ali ihsan,Candar Ali Erdi,Aydin Levent The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. , 2023, ss.118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
AMA	Ozuicli M,Girisgin A,KISADERE İ, a,Candar A,Aydin L The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. . 2023; 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
Vancouver	Ozuicli M,Girisgin A,KISADERE İ, a,Candar A,Aydin L The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. . 2023; 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
IEEE	Ozuicli M,Girisgin A,KISADERE İ, a,Candar A,Aydin L "The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb." , ss.118 - 126, 2023. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
ISNAD	Ozuicli, Mehmet vd. "The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb". (2023), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0128.4276

APA	Ozuicli M, Girisgin A, KISADERE İ, a, Candar A, Aydin L (2023). The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 47(2), 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
Chicago	Ozuicli Mehmet,Girisgin Ahmet Onur,KISADERE İHSAN, ali ihsan,Candar Ali Erdi,Aydin Levent The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 47, no.2 (2023): 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
MLA	Ozuicli Mehmet,Girisgin Ahmet Onur,KISADERE İHSAN, ali ihsan,Candar Ali Erdi,Aydin Levent The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, vol.47, no.2, 2023, ss.118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
AMA	Ozuicli M,Girisgin A,KISADERE İ, a,Candar A,Aydin L The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 2023; 47(2): 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
Vancouver	Ozuicli M,Girisgin A,KISADERE İ, a,Candar A,Aydin L The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. 2023; 47(2): 118 - 126. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
IEEE	Ozuicli M,Girisgin A,KISADERE İ, a,Candar A,Aydin L "The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb." Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 47, ss.118 - 126, 2023. 10.55730/1300-0128.4276
ISNAD	Ozuicli, Mehmet vd. "The efficiency of toltrazuril, thymol, and toltrazuril + thymol combination on eimeriosis in lamb". Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 47/2 (2023), 118-126. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0128.4276