IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY

BAYIN DONAR, GAMZE; kartal, nazan; AYDAN, SEDA; Yeşilaydın, Gözde

IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY

Seda AYDAN, (Hacettepe Üniveresitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)

Gamze BAYIN DONAR, (Hacettepe Üniveresitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)

Gözde YEŞİLAYDIN, (Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Eskişehir, Türkiye)

Nazan KARTAL (Çankırı Karatekin Üniveresitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, Çankırı, Türkiye)

Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi

31 4

Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 495 - 510 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 23-06-2023

IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY

Öz:

The fear of COVID-19 may lead to many negative consequences. Therefore, it is important to address the antecedents of COVID-19 fear for better preventing fear of COVID-19. Cyberchondria can pose a great threat to individuals during the pandemic period, when health-related information is widely spread and followed closely and with great interest by the society. On the other hand, e-Health literacy has become more important during the pandemic period. In this study, it was aimed to reveal the impact of e-Health literacy and cyberchondria severity on fear of COVID-19. In Türkiye, the research population was made up of people between the ages of 18 and 74. A total of 960 people were reached through online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted four parts. The sociodemographic information about the participants was given in the first part. In the second part, "The e-Health Literacy Scale"; in the third part, “Cyberchondria Severity Scale” and in the fourth part “The Fear of COVID-19 Scale” were used. According to the study findings; the level of e-Health literacy and cyberchondria had a significant impact on fear of COVID-19, both separately and together. The increase in the e-Health literacy level of the participants statistically reduced the fear of COVID-19, while the increase in the level of cyberchondria increased the fear of COVID-19. The findings could be useful for healthcare professionals, healthcare administrators and policymakers to take further steps towards raising individuals' e-Health literacy, which could facilitate dealing with devastating epidemics such as COVID-19 in societies. Also, it may help to prioritizing raising awareness about cyberchondria and online health information seeking behaviors.

Anahtar Kelime: Cyberchondria; e-Health literacy; fear of COVID-19; Türkiye

TÜRK TOPLUMUNUN E-SAĞLIK OKURYAZARLIK VE SİBERKONDRİ DÜZEYİNİN COVID-19 KORKUSU ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Öz:

COVID-19 korkusu pek çok olumsuz sonuca yol açabilir. COVID-19 korkusunu önleyebilmek için COVID- 19 korkusunun belirleyicilerini ele almak önemlidir. Siberkondri, sağlıkla ilgili bilgilerin geniş kitlelere yayıldığı ve toplum tarafından yakından ve ilgiyle takip edildiği pandemi döneminde bireyler için büyük bir tehdit oluşturabilir. Öte yandan pandemi döneminde önem kazanan diğer bir kavram da e-Sağlık okuryazarlığıdır. Bu çalışmada e-Sağlık okuryazarlığı ve siberkondri düzeyinin COVID-19 korkusu üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma evrenini Türkiye'deki 18-74 yaş aralığındaki bireyler oluşturmuş ve online anket aracılığıyla toplam 960 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Anket dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların sosyo-demografik özellikleri, birinci bölümü oluşturmaktadır. İkinci bölümde “e-Sağlık Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği”; üçüncü bölümde “Siberkondri Ölçeği” ve dördüncü bölümde “COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre; e-Sağlık okuryazarlığı ve siberkondri düzeyi hem ayrı ayrı hem de birlikte COVID-19 korkusu üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Katılımcıların e-Sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyindeki artış istatistiksel olarak COVID-19 korkusunu azaltırken, siberkondri düzeyindeki artış COVID-19 korkusunu artırmaktadır. Araştırmanın bulguları, toplumlarda COVID-19 gibi yıkıcı salgınlarla başa çıkmayı kolaylaştırabilecek, bireylerin e-Sağlık okuryazarlığını artırmaya yönelik daha fazla adım atmak için sağlık uzmanları, sağlık yöneticileri ve politika yapıcılar için yararlı olabilir. Ayrıca, siberkondri ve çevrimiçi sağlık bilgisi arama davranışları hakkında farkındalık yaratmaya öncelik verilmesi yardımcı olabilir.

Anahtar Kelime: Siberkondri e-Sağlık okuryazarlığı COVID-19 korkusu Türkiye

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

Abdelsattar, M., Derar, E., Salem, A. A., & Al-Mujaim, F. (2021). Cyberchondria severity, health anxiety, and health locus of control: the mediation role of covid-19 anxiety. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 22.
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Aiken, M., Kirwan, G., Berry, M., & O'Boyle, C. A. (2012). The age of cyberchondria. J. Roy. Coll. Surg. Ireland Student Med., 5, 71–74.
Al Dameery, K., Quteshat, M., Al Harthy, I., & Khalaf, A. (2020). Cyberchondria, uncertainty, and psychological distress among omanis during COVID-19: an online cross-sectional survey. Research Square, Doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-84556/v1
Angus Reid Institute (2020). Half of Canadians taking extra precautions as coronavirus continues to spread around the globe. Accessed on January 27, 2021. http://angusreid.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/02/2020.02.04_Coronavirus.pdf.
Arıkan G., Gökhan İ., & İnce U. (2021). Pandemi sürecinde beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulu öğrenci adaylarının COVID-19 korku düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 2(1).
Arpacıoğlu, S., Baltalı, Z., & Ünübol, B. COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 88-100.
Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211.
Aydan, S. (2021). E-Sağlık okuryazarlığı. Sağlık sektöründe yenilikçi teknolojiler (Ed. Cahit Korku) içinde. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Bala, R., Srivastava, A., Ningthoujam, G. D., Potsangbam, T., Oinam, A., & Anal, C. L. (2021). An observational study in manipur state, india on preventive behavior influenced by social media during the COVID-19 pandemic mediated by cyberchondria and information overload. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 54(1), 22.
Bitan, D. T., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., & Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 scale: psychometric characteristics, reliability and validity in the Israeli population. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113100.
Brørs, G., Norman, C. D., Norekval, T. M. (2020). Accelerated importance of e-health literacy in the COVID-19 outbreak and beyond. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, doi: 10.1177/1474515120941307.
Chong, Y. Y., Cheng, H. Y., Chan, H. L. Y., Chien, W. Y., Wong, S. Y. S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic and the role of eHealth literacy. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 108, 103644.
Corrarino, J. E. (2013). Health literacy and women's health: challenges and opportunities. J Midwifery Womens Health, 58(3), 257-64.
Cremers, H. P., Theunissen, L., Hiddink, J., et al. (2021). Successful implementation of ehealth interventions in healthcare: Development of an ehealth implementation guideline. Health Services Management Research, 34(4), 269-278.
Dashti, S., Peyman, N., Tajfard, M., Esmaeeli, H. (2017). E-Health literacy of medical and health sciences university students in Mashhad, Iran in 2016: a pilot study. Electron Physician, 9(3), 3966-3973.
Dastani, M. (2020). E-health literacy: a skill needed in the coronavirus outbreak crisis. Health Tech Asmnt Act, 4(1), 1-2.
Del Giudice, P., Bravo, G., Poletto, M., De Odorico, A., Conte, A., Brunelli, L., Arnoldo, L. & Brusaferro, S. (2018). Correlation between ehealth literacy and health literacy using the ehealth literacy scale and real-life experiences in the health sector as a proxy measure of functional health literacy: cross-sectional web-based survey. J Med Internet Res, 20(10), e281, doi: 10.2196/jmir.9401
Deniz, S. (2020). Bireylerin e-sağlık okuryazarlığı ve siberkondri düzeylerinin incelenmesi. İnsan & İnsan, 7(24), 84-96.
Doğan, M. M., & Düzel, B. (2020). Covid-19 özelinde korku-kaygı düzeyleri. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4).
Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi, J. R., Prasanna, J. S., & Mahajan, S. V. (2020). Assessing coronavirus fear in Indian population using the fear of COVID-19 scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
Ertaş, H., Kıraç, R., Demir, R. N. (2019). Dijital okuryazarlık ve e-sağlık okuryazarlığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. 3. Uluslararası 13. Ulusal Sağlık ve Hastane İdaresi Kongresi, 10-13 Ekim, 2019, Sakarya.
Eurostat.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/DEMO_PJAN__custom_3759709/default/tabl e?lang=en
Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 12(1), 17-21.
Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde bireylerin koronavirüs (Kovid-19) korkusu: Çorum örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 4, 1153-1173.
Gencer, T. Z. (2017). Norman ve Skinner’in e-sağlik okuryazarlığı ölçeğinin kültürel uyarlaması için geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1, 131-145.
Goyal, K., Chauhan, P., Chhikara, K., Gupta, P., & Singh, M. P. (2020). Fear of COVID 2019: first suicidal case in India!. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 101989.
Haktanir, A., Seki, T., & Dilmaç, B. (2020). Adaptation and evaluation of Turkish version of the fear of COVID-19 scale. Death Studies, 1-9.
Seyed Hashemi, S.G., Hosseinnezhad, S., Dini, S., Griffiths, M.D., Lin, C.Y., Pakpour, A.H. (2020). The mediating effect of the cyberchondria and anxiety sensitivity in the association between problematic internet use, metacognition beliefs, and fear of COVID-19 among Iranian online population. Heliyon, 6(10):e05135.
Hsu, W. C. (2019). The effect of age on electronic health literacy: mixed-method study. JMIR Hum Factors, 6(2), e11480.
Jalloh, M. F., Li, W., Bunnell, R. E., Ethier, K. A., O’Leary, A., Hageman, K. M., ... & Redd, J. T. (2018). Impact of ebola experiences and risk perceptions on mental health in Sierra Leone, July 2015. BMJ Global Health, 3(2), e000471.
Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Health anxiety, cyberchondria, and coping in the current COVID-19 pandemic: Which factors are related to coronavirus anxiety?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102239.
Karakaş, N., Tekin, Ç., Bentli, R., Demir, E. (2022). Cyberchondria, Covid-19 phobia, and well-being: a relational study on teachers. Med Lav, 113(3), e2022027.
Laato, S., Islam, A. N., Islam, M. N., & Whelan, E. (2020). What drives unverified information sharing and cyberchondria during the COVID-19 pandemic?. European Journal of Information Systems, 29(3), 288-305.
Lau, J. T., Griffiths, S., Choi, K. C., & Tsui, H. Y. (2010). Avoidance behaviors and negative psychological responses in the general population in the initial stage of the H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong. BMC Infectious Diseases, 10(1), 1-13.
Lazzerini, M., Barbi, E., Apicella, A., Marchetti, F., Cardinale, F., & Trobia, G. (2020). Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), e10-e11.
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N. & Zhu, T. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active weibo users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2032.
Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). Investigating mediated effects of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 misunderstanding in the association between problematic social media use, psychological distress, and insomnia. Internet Interventions, 21, 100345.
Maftei, A., & Holman, A. C. (2020). Cyberchondria during the coronavirus pandemic: the effects of neuroticism and optimism. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-7.
Mathes, B. M., Norr, A. M., Allan, N. P., Albanese, B. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018). Cyberchondria: overlap with health anxiety and unique relations with impairment, quality of life, and service utilization. Psychiatry Research, 261, 204-211.
McElroy, E. & Shelvin, M. (2014). The development and initial validation of the cyberchondria severity scale (CSS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 259–265.
Milcent, C., Zbiri, S. (2022). Use of telehealth: Evidence from French teleconsultation for women’s healthcare, prior and during COVID-19 pandemic. Health Services Management Research. doi:10.1177/09514848221115845
Nguyen M. H., Pham T. T. M., Nguyen K. T., Nguyen Y. H., Tran T. V., ..., Duong T. V. (2021). Negative impact of fear of covid-19 on health-related quality of life was modified by health literacy, ehealth literacy, and digital healthy diet literacy: a multi-hospital survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(9), 4929.
Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, M. H., Do, B. N., Tran, C. Q., Nguyen, T. T., Pham, K. M., ... & Duong, T. V. (2020a). People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life: the potential benefit of health literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 965.
Nguyen, H. T., Do, B. N., Pham, K. M., Kim, G. B., Dam, H. T., Nguyen, T. T., ... & Duong, T. V. (2020b). Fear of COVID-19 scale—associations of its scores with health literacy and health- related behaviors among medical students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4164.
Norman, C. D. & Skinner, H. A. (2006). Ehealth literacy: essential skills for consumer health in a networked world. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 8(2), 1-11.
Norr, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Oglesby, M. E., Allan, N. P., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty as potential risk factors for cyberchondria. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 64-69.
Özdemir, D., & Arpacıoğlu, S. (2021). Sosyal medya kullanımı, sağlık algısı ve sağlık arama davranışının koronavirüs korkusu üzerine etkisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12, 1-1.
Özmen, S., Özkan, O., Özer, Ö., & Yanardağ, M. Z. (2021). Investigation of COVID-19 fear, well- being and life satisfaction in Turkish society. Social Work in Public Health, 36(2), 164-177.
Robbins, T., Hudson, S., Ray, P., Sankar, S., Patel, K., Randeva, H., et al. (2020). COVID-19: A new digital dawn? Digital Health. doi:10.1177/2055207620920083
Stănculescu, E. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 in Romania: validation of the Romanian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale using graded response model analysis. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1–16. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020- 00428-4.
Shaukat, R., Asghar, A., & Naveed, M. A. (2021). Impact of health literacy on fear of covid-19, protective behavior, and conspiracy beliefs: university students’ perspective. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 4620.
Shieh, C. & Halstead, J. A. (2009). Understanding the impact of health literacy on women's health. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs., 38(5), 601-612.
Shiferaw, K. B. & Mehari, E. A. (2019). Internet use and eHealth literacy among health-care professionals in a resource limited setting: a cross-sectional survey. Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 10, 563-570.
Shiferaw, K. B., Tilahun, B. C., Endehabtu, B. F., Gullslett, M. K. & Mengiste, S. A. (2020). E-health literacy and associated factors among chronic patients in a low-income country: a cross- sectional survey. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 20, 181.
Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019 nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281.
Singh, K., & Brown, R. J. (2016). From headache to tumour: an examination of health anxiety, health- related Internet use and ‘query escalation’. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(9), 2008-2020.
Starcevic, V. & Berle, D. (2013). Cyberchondria: towards a better understanding of excessive health- related Internet use. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 13(2), 205-213.
Starcevic, V., Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., & Berle, D. (2021). Cyberchondria in the time of the COVID 19 pandemic. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(1), 53-62.
T.R. Ministry of Health (2021a). Covid-19 bilgilendirme platformu. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
Tarhan, N., Tutgun-Ünal, A., & Ekinci, Y. (2021). Yeni kuşak hastalığı siberkondri: yeni medya çağında kuşakların siberkondri düzeyleri ile sağlık okuryazarlığı ilişkisi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(37), 4253-4297.
Türkmen, A. (2021). Banka personelinin COVID-19 korkusunun incelenmesi. Sağlık ve Sosyal Refah Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 87-92.
Üçpunar, E. (2014). Yetişkinlerde işlevsel sağlık okuryazarlığı testinin uyarlama çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara.
Uslu, D. ve Şeremet, G. (2020). Bireylerin E-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyinin belirlenmesi. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 6(2), 386-394.
Uzun, S. U., & Zencir, M. (2018). Reliability and validity study of the Turkish version of cyberchondria severity scale. Current Psychology, 40, 65–71.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
Witten, N. A., & Humphry, J. (2018). The electronic health literacy and utilization of technology for health in a remote hawaiian community. Journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health, 77(3), 51–59.
World Health Organization (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019): situation report−46 https://www.who. int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200306-sitrep-46- covid19.pdf?sfvrsn=96b04adf_4. Accessed on January 27, 2021.
World Health Organization (2020b). Rolling updates on corona virus COVID −10. https://www.who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed on January 27, 2021.
World Health Organization (2021). WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed on January 27, 2021.
Wu, X., Nazari, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). Using fear and anxiety related to covid-19 to predict cyberchondria: cross-sectional survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), e26285.
Yam, F.C, Korkmaz, O., Griffiths, M.D. (2021). The association between fear of Covid-19 and smartphone addiction among individuals: the mediating and moderating role of cyberchondria severity. Curr Psychol., 20, 1-14.
Yüksel, O. & Deniz, S. (2019). Bireylerin e-sağlık okuryazarlık düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma. 2nd International Conference on Data Science and Applications, 3-6 Ekim, 2019, Balıkesir.

APA	AYDAN S, BAYIN DONAR G, Yeşilaydın G, kartal n (2023). IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. , 495 - 510.
Chicago	AYDAN SEDA,BAYIN DONAR GAMZE,Yeşilaydın Gözde,kartal nazan IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. (2023): 495 - 510.
MLA	AYDAN SEDA,BAYIN DONAR GAMZE,Yeşilaydın Gözde,kartal nazan IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. , 2023, ss.495 - 510.
AMA	AYDAN S,BAYIN DONAR G,Yeşilaydın G,kartal n IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. . 2023; 495 - 510.
Vancouver	AYDAN S,BAYIN DONAR G,Yeşilaydın G,kartal n IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. . 2023; 495 - 510.
IEEE	AYDAN S,BAYIN DONAR G,Yeşilaydın G,kartal n "IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY." , ss.495 - 510, 2023.
ISNAD	AYDAN, SEDA vd. "IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY". (2023), 495-510.

APA	AYDAN S, BAYIN DONAR G, Yeşilaydın G, kartal n (2023). IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 26(2), 495 - 510.
Chicago	AYDAN SEDA,BAYIN DONAR GAMZE,Yeşilaydın Gözde,kartal nazan IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 26, no.2 (2023): 495 - 510.
MLA	AYDAN SEDA,BAYIN DONAR GAMZE,Yeşilaydın Gözde,kartal nazan IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, vol.26, no.2, 2023, ss.495 - 510.
AMA	AYDAN S,BAYIN DONAR G,Yeşilaydın G,kartal n IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi. 2023; 26(2): 495 - 510.
Vancouver	AYDAN S,BAYIN DONAR G,Yeşilaydın G,kartal n IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi. 2023; 26(2): 495 - 510.
IEEE	AYDAN S,BAYIN DONAR G,Yeşilaydın G,kartal n "IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY." Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 26, ss.495 - 510, 2023.
ISNAD	AYDAN, SEDA vd. "IMPACT OF E-HEALTH LITERACY AND CYBERCHONDRIA SEVERITY ON FEAR OF COVID-19 IN TURKISH SOCIETY". Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 26/2 (2023), 495-510.