Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme
Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 297 - 307 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 İndeks Tarihi: 22-07-2023
Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme
Öz: Sporcularda bilişsel fonksiyon ve mental yorgunluk kavramı, spor performansında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Beyin fonksiyonunun beslenme ve diyet faktörlerinden etkilendiği düşünüldüğünde, beslenme uygulamalarının mental yorgunlukla başa çıkmada, sporcular için önemli bir çözüm olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu derlemede, sporcularda bilişsel performansı ve mental yorgunluğa karşı direnci geliştirmek için uygulanan beslenme stratejilerinin bilimsel kanıtları gözden geçirilmiştir. Karbonhidrat ve kafein, bilişsel fonksiyon ve mental yorgunlukta sporcular için en fazla sayıda raporun yayımlandığı besin ögeleri/bileşenleridir. Bulgular, bozulmuş bilişsel işlev durumları ve mental yorgunluk için karbonhidrat ve kafe in alımının performansa olumlu etkileri olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak güvenilir ve tutarlı faydaları ortaya koymak için gereken karbonhidrat ve kafein alımının optimal dozunu ve zamanlamasını belirlemek gerekmektedir. Omega-3 takviyesi ile hidrasyon durumunun mental yorgunluğu önlemede fay- dalı olabileceğine dair kanıtlar mevcuttur. dallı zincirli amino asitler [branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)], tirozin ve kreatin ile ilgili olarak bazı potansiyel fayda mekanizmalarına rağmen bulguların çelişkili olduğu görülmektedir. BCAA ve tirozinin, özellikle sporcularla yapılan çalışmalarda son yıllarda çok sınırlı olduğu da göze çarpmıştır. Polifenollerin sporcuların bilişsel fonksiyon ve mental yorgunluğuna etkisine yönelik sonuçlar değişkenlik göstermesine karşın, bilişsel performansta açık ve orta derecede bir iyileşme ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bilişsel fonksiyonun gelişimi ve mental yorgunluğu önlemede kanıtları güçlendirmek için farklı sporcu gruplarıyla bilişsel ve fizyolojik ölçümleri birleştiren tutarlı ve güvenilir sonuçlara dayalı bilimsel çalışmaların yapılmasına ihtiyaç vardır.
Anahtar Kelime: Mental Failure Cognitive Performance and Nutritional Strategies in Athletes: Traditional Review
Öz: The concept of cognitive function and mental fatigue in athletes play an important role in sports performance. Considering that brain function is affected by nutrition and dietary factors, it is thought that nutritional practices can be an important solution for athletes to overcome mental fat igue. In th is review, scientific evidence of nutr i- tional strategies applied to improve cognitive performance and res is- tance to mental fat igue in athletes was exam ined. Carbohydrates and caffeine are the nutr ients/components with the largest number of re- ports published for athletes in mental fat igue. The f indings revealed that carbohydrate and caffe ine intake for impaired cognitive function and mental fatigue have positive effects on performance. However, it is necessary to determine the optimal dose and timing of carbohydrate and caffeine intake for rel iable and cons istent benefits. There is evi- dence that omega-3 supplementation and hydration status may be ben- eficial in preventing mental fatigue. Despite some potential mechanisms of benefit with regard to branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), tyrosine, and creatine, the findings appear to be inconsistent. Also, it has been ob- served that BCAA and tyrosine are very limited in recent years, espe- cially in studies with athletes. Although the effects of polyphenols on cognitive function and mental fat igue of athletes vary, it was deter- mined that they were assoc iated with a clear and moderate improve- ment in cogn itive performance. Consequently; there is a need for scientific studies based on cons istent and rel iable results comb ining cognitive and physiological measurements with different groups of ath- letes to strengthen the ev idence in improving cognitive function and preventing mental fatigue.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- 1. Russell S, Jenkins D, Smith M, Halson S, Kelly V. The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance: new perspectives. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(6):723-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 2. Davis JM, Alderson NL, Welsh RS. Serotonin and central nervous system fa- tigue: nutritional considerations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(2 Suppl):573S-8S. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 3. Knicker AJ, Renshaw I, Oldham AR, Cairns SP. Interactive processes link the multiple symptoms of fatigue in sport competition. Sports Med. 2011;41(4):307-28. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 4. Halson SL. Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Med. 2014;44 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S139-47. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 5. Meeusen R, Roelands B. Fatigue: is it all neurochemistry? Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(1):37-46. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 6. Boksem MA, Tops M. Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Res Rev. 2008;59(1):125-39. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 7. Boksem MA, Meijman TF, Lorist MM. Mental fatigue, motivation and action monitoring. Biol Psychol. 2006;72(2):123-32. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 8. Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE. Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(12):790- 802. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 9. Meeusen R, Decroix L. Nutritional supplements and the brain. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(2):200-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 10. Meeusen R. Exercise, nutrition and the brain. Sports Med. 2014;44 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S47-56. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 11. Gomez-Pinilla F. The influences of diet and exercise on mental health through hormesis. Ageing Res Rev. 2008;7(1):49-62. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 12. Gomez-Pinilla F. The combined effects of exercise and foods in preventing neurological and cognitive disorders. Prev Med. 2011;52 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S75-80. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 13. Watson P, Black KE, Clark SC, Maughan RJ. Exercise in the heat: effect of fluid ingestion on blood-brain barrier permeability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(12):2118-24. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 14. Ganio MS, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, McDermott BP, Lee EC, Yamamoto LM, et al. Mild dehydration impairs cognitive performance and mood of men. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(10):1535-43. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 15. Kempton MJ, Ettinger U, Foster R, Williams SC, Calvert GA, Hampshire A, et al. Dehydration affects brain structure and function in healthy adolescents. Hum Brain Mapp. 2011;32(1):71-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 16. Zhang N, Du SM, Zhang JF, Ma GS. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on cognitive performance and mood among male college students in Cangzhou, China: a self-controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(11):1891. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 17. Matsui T, Soya S, Okamoto M, Ichitani Y, Kawanaka K, Soya H. Brain glyco- gen decreases during prolonged exercise. J Physiol. 2011;589(Pt 13):3383- 93. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 18. Messier C. Glucose improvement of memory: a review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;490(1-3):33-57. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 19. Kennedy DO, Scholey AB. Glucose administration, heart rate and cognitive performance: effects of increasing mental effort. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2000;149(1):63-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 20. Williams C, Rollo I. Carbohydrate nutrition and team sport performance. Sports Med. 2015;45 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S13-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 21. Carter JM, Jeukendrup AE, Jones DA. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(12):2107- 11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 22. Chambers ES, Bridge MW, Jones DA. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J Physiol. 2009;587(Pt 8):1779-94. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 23. Sanders MA, Shirk SD, Burgin CJ, Martin LL. The gargle effect: rinsing the mouth with glucose enhances self-control. Psychol Sci. 2012;23(12):1470-2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 24. De Pauw K, Roelands B, Knaepen K, Polfliet M, Stiens J, Meeusen R. Ef- fects of caffeine and maltodextrin mouth rinsing on P300, brain imaging, and cognitive performance. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118(6):776-82. [Cross- ref] [PubMed]
- 25. Van Cutsem J, De Pauw K, Marcora S, Meeusen R, Roelands B. A caffeine- maltodextrin mouth rinse counters mental fatigue. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(4):947-58. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 26. Blomstrand E, Hassmén P, Ek S, Ekblom B, Newsholme EA. Influence of in- gesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion dur- ing exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997;159(1):41-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 27. Gervasi M, Sisti D, Amatori S, Donati Zeppa S, Annibalini G, Piccoli G, et al. Effects of a commercially available branched-chain amino acid-alanine-car- bohydrate-based sports supplement on perceived exertion and performance in high intensity endurance cycling tests. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2020;17(1):6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 28. Chen IF, Wu HJ, Chen CY, Chou KM, Chang CK. Branched-chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline alleviate central fatigue after 3 simulated matches in taekwondo athletes: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:28. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 29. Cheuvront SN, Carter R 3rd, Kolka MA, Lieberman HR, Kellogg MD, Sawka MN. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and human performance when hypohydrated in the heat. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004;97(4):1275-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 30. Watson P, Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. The effect of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on prolonged exercise capacity in a warm envi- ronment. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;93(3):306-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 31. van Hall G, Raaymakers JS, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ. Ingestion of branched-chain amino acids and tryptophan during sustained exercise in man: failure to affect performance. J Physiol. 1995;486(Pt 3)(Pt 3):789-94. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 32. Meeusen R, Watson P. Amino acids and the brain: do they play a role in "cen- tral fatigue"? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2007;17 Suppl:S37-46.[Crossref] [PubMed]
- 33. Bishop D. Dietary supplements and team-sport performance. Sports Med. 2010;40(12):995-1017. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 34. Davis JM, Zhao Z, Stock HS, Mehl KA, Buggy J, Hand GA. Central nervous system effects of caffeine and adenosine on fatigue. Am J Physiol Regul In- tegr Comp Physiol. 2003;284(2):R399-404. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 35. Hogervorst E, Bandelow S, Schmitt J, Jentjens R, Oliveira M, Allgrove J, et al. Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance during exhaustive exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(10):1841-51. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 36. Ali A, O'Donnell J, Von Hurst P, Foskett A, Holland S, Starck C, et al. Caf- feine ingestion enhances perceptual responses during intermittent exercise in female team-game players. J Sports Sci. 2016;34(4):330-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 37. Giles GE, Mahoney CR, Brunyé TT, Gardony AL, Taylor HA, Kanarek RB. Differential cognitive effects of energy drink ingredients: caffeine, taurine, and glucose. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;102(4):569-77. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 38. Azevedo R, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Gualano B, Lima-Silva AE, Bertuzzi R. Ef- fects of caffeine ingestion on endurance performance in mentally fatigued in- dividuals. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016;116(11-12):2293-303. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 39. McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine's effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:294-312. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 40. Mahoney CR, Castellani J, Kramer FM, Young A, Lieberman HR. Tyrosine supplementation mitigates working memory decrements during cold expo- sure. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(4):575-82. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 41. Lieberman HR. Nutrition, brain function and cognitive performance. Appetite. 2003;40(3):245-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 42. Coull NA, Watkins SL, Aldous JW, Warren LK, Chrismas BC, Dascombe B, et al. Effect of tyrosine ingestion on cognitive and physical performance util- ising an intermittent soccer performance test (iSPT) in a warm environment. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(2):373-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 43. Coull N, Chrismas B, Watson P, Horsfall R, Taylor L. Tyrosine ingestion and its effects on cognitive and physical performance in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(2):277-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 44. Tumilty L, Gregory N, Beckmann M, Thatcher R. No influence of low-, medium-, or high-dose tyrosine on exercise in a warm environment. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(6):1404-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 45. Watson P, Enever S, Page A, Stockwell J, Maughan RJ. Tyrosine supple- mentation does not influence the capacity to perform prolonged exercise in a warm environment. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012;22(5):363-73. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 46. Shukitt-Hale B, Lau FC, Carey AN, Galli RL, Spangler EL, Ingram DK, et al. Blueberry polyphenols attenuate kainic acid-induced decrements in cogni- tion and alter inflammatory gene expression in rat hippocampus. Nutr Neu- rosci. 2008;11(4):172-82. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 47. Vauzour D. Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:914273. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 48. Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, Ballard CG, Wesnes KA, Tasker A, Perry EK, et al. An extract of Salvia (sage) with anticholinesterase properties improves mem- ory and attention in healthy older volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;198(1):127-39. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 49. Decroix L, Tonoli C, Soares DD, Tagougui S, Heyman E, Meeusen R. Acute cocoa flavanol improves cerebral oxygenation without enhancing executive function at rest or after exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41(12):1225- 32. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 50. Domínguez R, Cuenca E, Maté-Mu-oz JL, García-Fernández P, Serra-Paya N, Estevan MC, et al. Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on car- diorespiratory endurance in athletes. a systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9(1):43. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 51. Thompson C, Wylie LJ, Fulford J, Kelly J, Black MI, McDonagh ST, et al. Di- etary nitrate improves sprint performance and cognitive function during pro- longed intermittent exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(9):1825-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 52. Wightman EL, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Thompson KG, Blackwell JR, Winyard PG, Forster J, et al. Dietary nitrate modulates cerebral blood flow parameters and cognitive performance in humans: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover investigation. Physiol Behav. 2015;149:149-58. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 53. Le Roux-Mallouf T, Laurent J, Besset D, Marillier M, Larribaut J, Belaidi E, et al. Effects of acute nitric oxide precursor intake on peripheral and central fa- tigue during knee extensions in healthy men. Exp Physiol. 2019;104(7):1100- 14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 54. Gorby HE, Brownawell AM, Falk MC. Do specific dietary constituents and supplements affect mental energy? Review of the evidence. Nutr Rev. 2010;68(12):697-718. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 55. Smith I, Williamson EM, Putnam S, Farrimond J, Whalley BJ. Effects and mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides on cognition. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(5):319-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 56. Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK. Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(6):527-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 57. Tan MS, Yu JT, Tan CC, Wang HF, Meng XF, Wang C, et al. Efficacy and ad- verse effects of ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia: a sys- tematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;43(2):589-603. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 58. Veasey RC, Haskell-Ramsay CF, Kennedy DO, Wishart K, Maggini S, Fuchs CJ, et al. The effects of supplementation with a vitamin and mineral complex with guaraná prior to fasted exercise on affect, exertion, cognitive perform- ance, and substrate metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2015;7(8):6109-27. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 59. Pomportes L, Brisswalter J, Casini L, Hays A, Davranche K. Cognitive per- formance enhancement induced by caffeine, carbohydrate and guarana mouth rinsing during submaximal exercise. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):589.[Cross- ref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 60. Somerville V, Bringans C, Braakhuis A. Polyphenols and performance: a sys- tematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2017;47(8):1589-99. [Cross- ref] [PubMed]
- 61. Barrett EC, McBurney MI, Ciappio ED. ω-3 fatty acid supplementation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. Adv Nutr. 2014;5(3):268-77. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- 62. Rawson ES, Miles MP, Larson-Meyer DE. Dietary supplements for health, adaptation, and recovery in athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2018;28(2):188-99. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 63. Rae C, Scott RB, Lee M, Simpson JM, Hines N, Paul C, et al. Brain bioener- getics and cognitive ability. Dev Neurosci. 2003;25(5):324-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 64. Watanabe A, Kato N, Kato T. Effects of creatine on mental fatigue and cere- bral hemoglobin oxygenation. Neurosci Res. 2002;42(4):279-85. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 65. Van Cutsem J, Roelands B, Pluym B, Tassignon B, Verschueren JO, DE Pauw K, et al. Can creatine combat the mental fatigue-associated decrease in visuomotor skills? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(1):120-30. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- 66. Rae CD, Bröer S. Creatine as a booster for human brain function. How might it work? Neurochem Int. 2015;89:249-59. [Crossref] [PubMed]
| APA | Saraç O, Eskici G (2023). Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. , 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| Chicago | Saraç Osman Emir,Eskici Günay Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. (2023): 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| MLA | Saraç Osman Emir,Eskici Günay Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. , 2023, ss.297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| AMA | Saraç O,Eskici G Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. . 2023; 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| Vancouver | Saraç O,Eskici G Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. . 2023; 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| IEEE | Saraç O,Eskici G "Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme." , ss.297 - 307, 2023. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| ISNAD | Saraç, Osman Emir - Eskici, Günay. "Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme". (2023), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| APA | Saraç O, Eskici G (2023). Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2), 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| Chicago | Saraç Osman Emir,Eskici Günay Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 15, no.2 (2023): 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| MLA | Saraç Osman Emir,Eskici Günay Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, vol.15, no.2, 2023, ss.297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| AMA | Saraç O,Eskici G Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023; 15(2): 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| Vancouver | Saraç O,Eskici G Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme. Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023; 15(2): 297 - 307. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| IEEE | Saraç O,Eskici G "Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme." Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 15, ss.297 - 307, 2023. 10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
| ISNAD | Saraç, Osman Emir - Eskici, Günay. "Sporcularda Mental Yorgunluk Bilişsel Performans ve Beslenme Stratejileri: Geleneksel Derleme". Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 15/2 (2023), 297-307. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 |
