Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)

BOSTAN, ZEYNEP

Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)

Zeynep BOSTAN (Marmara Üniversitesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)

Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs

4 2

Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 83 - 100 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 24-07-2023

Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)

Öz:

This paper seeks to examine Ahmed Tevfik Pasha’s training as a Foreign Service officer and his experiences in embassy missions as well as his activities during the political and diplomatic developments of the era in line with the foreign policy objectives of the Ottoman government. Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1845–1936), led the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as its Minister for more than thirteen years. He held the post for the longest term during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II and was one of the most influential figures in Ottoman diplomacy. Ahmed Tevfik Pasha’s effectiveness in major foreign policy events, his role in decision-making and implementation processes, his communication with Abdulhamid II on diplomatic matters and his relationship with the Ottoman and foreign ambassadors of the time, reveal the characteristic details of Ottoman diplomacy during the era.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Carter V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 255 and 257.
2. Zeynep Bostan, Osmanlı Hariciyesinin Modern Temelleri: II. Abdülhamid Döneminde Diplomasi, Istan- bul: Kitap Yayınevi, 2021, p. 120.
3. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform, pp. 255, 257.
4. Ibid, pp. 257, 392.
5. Carter V. Findley, Ottoman Civil Officialdom: A Social History, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 274.
6. BOA (Presidential State Archives–Ottoman Archives), HR. SAİD., 25/9/11-12, 13 Cemaziyelevvel 1340 (January 12, 1922); BOA, DH. SAİD., 2/1008; İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal İnal, Son Sadra- zamlar, Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1982, Vol. 3, pp. 1705–1707.
7. Nurten Çetin, Son Sadrazam Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2015, pp. 2, 4–5.
8. Ibid, pp. 51–52; Necati Çavdar, Son Osmanlı Sadrazamı Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2016, p. 90.
9. Çavdar, Son Osmanlı Sadrazamı Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, p. 39.
10. Ibid, p. 198; Şefik Okday, Büyükbabam Son Sadrazam Ahmed Tevfik Paşa, Istanbul: Marsan Mat- baacılık, 1986, p. 25.
11. Okday, Büyükbabam Son Sadrazam Ahmed Tevfik Paşa, p. 10C, 26; Çetin, Son Sadrazam Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, pp. 107, 111.
12. Metin Ünver, “‘Zorlayıcı Diplomasi’nin İzleri: Osmanlı Devleti’nin Makedonya’da Uluslararası Bir Malî Kontrol Mekanizması Kabul Etmeye Zorlanması,” Tarih Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 71 (2020), pp. 372–373.
13. Another example of this strategy was conducted during the diplomatic crisis following the U.S.’s request to upgrade its legation to the status of an embassy. See Bostan, Osmanlı Hariciyesinin Modern Temelleri, pp. 160–167.
14. Ünver, “‘Zorlayıcı Diplomasi’nin İzleri,” pp. 377–378.
15. Said Pasha was later informed of the situation and stated in his memoirs that he was offended by the Sultan’s suspicion of him. See Mustafa Gündüz (ed.), Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in Sadrazamı: [Küçük] Mehmed Sa‘îd Paşa’nın Hâtırâtı, Istanbul: Ketebe Yayınları, 2019, pp. 281–285. For more information on the crisis of “Embassy Stationaries”, see Emre Gör, Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in Mabeyn II. Katibi Arap İzzet Paşa: Şam’dan Yıldız Sarayı’na Uzanan Bir Yaşamın Öyküsü (1852–1924), Istanbul: Dün Bugün Yarın Yayınları, 2020, pp. 59–60.
16. Çetin, Son Sadrazam Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, pp. 83–86.
17. Çavdar, Son Osmanlı Sadrazamı Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, p. 162.
18. Ibid, p. 166.
19. Bostan, Osmanlı Hariciyesinin Modern Temelleri, p. 160.
20. BOA, Y.A. HUS. 367/148.
21. Bostan, Osmanlı Hariciyesinin Modern Temelleri, pp. 161–167.
22. Murat Özyüksel, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Nüfuz Mücadelesi: Anadolu ve Bağdat Demiryolları, Istan- bul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2013, p. 157.
23. Çavdar, Son Osmanlı Sadrazamı Ahmet Tevfik Paşa, pp. 211–212.
24. Jacob M. Landau, Pan-İslâm Politikaları: İdeoloji ve Örgütlenme, translated by Nigar Bulut, Istanbul: Anka Yayınları, 2001, pp. 395–396.
25. Ibid, p. 396.
26. Okday, Büyükbabam Son Sadrazam Ahmed Tevfik Paşa, p. 19.
27. BOA, HR. İD. 1266/2, lef 1, 2, 20 April 1896.
28. Aydın Çakmak, Türk Dışişleri Teşkilatı’nın Gelişimi: Hariciye Nezareti, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, 2020, pp. 149–150.
29. Ibid, p. 183.
30. Bostan, Osmanlı Hariciyesinin Modern Temelleri, pp. 191–193.
31. Ibid, pp. 153–157; BOA. İ.HR. 365/16.
32. Orhan Koloğlu, Son Sadrazam: Milli Mücadele Taraftarı Ahmed Tevfik Paşa, Istanbul: Doğan Kitap, 2007, pp. 43–45.
33. These included Belgrade (1896), Salmas (1896), Breslau (1896), La Ciotat (1897), Limerick (1897), Tehran (1897), Akmescid (Simferopol) (1897), Sydney (1897), La Rochelle (1897), Geneva (1898), Las Palmas (1898), Linja (Bandar Lengeh) (1898), West Hartlepool (1899), Malmö (1901), Turnu Magurele (1902), Kiel (1904), Zurich (1904), Lille (1904), Natal (1904), Rangoon (1905), Vladivo- stok (1905), Düsseldorf (1906), Isle of Man (1907), Bradford (1907), Sao Paulo (1908) and Bergen (1909). See: Bostan, Osmanlı Hariciyesinin Modern Temelleri, pp. 279–280.
34. Prior to the opening of the consulate in Linja (Bandar Lengeh), the Sunni population in the region was communicated with through the consulate of Bombay. Ibid, p. 234.
35. Ibid, pp. 216, 218 and 230.

APA	BOSTAN Z (2023). Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). , 83 - 100.
Chicago	BOSTAN ZEYNEP Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). (2023): 83 - 100.
MLA	BOSTAN ZEYNEP Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). , 2023, ss.83 - 100.
AMA	BOSTAN Z Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). . 2023; 83 - 100.
Vancouver	BOSTAN Z Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). . 2023; 83 - 100.
IEEE	BOSTAN Z "Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)." , ss.83 - 100, 2023.
ISNAD	BOSTAN, ZEYNEP. "Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)". (2023), 83-100.

APA	BOSTAN Z (2023). Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 28(1), 83 - 100.
Chicago	BOSTAN ZEYNEP Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 28, no.1 (2023): 83 - 100.
MLA	BOSTAN ZEYNEP Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, vol.28, no.1, 2023, ss.83 - 100.
AMA	BOSTAN Z Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. 2023; 28(1): 83 - 100.
Vancouver	BOSTAN Z Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909). Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. 2023; 28(1): 83 - 100.
IEEE	BOSTAN Z "Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 28, ss.83 - 100, 2023.
ISNAD	BOSTAN, ZEYNEP. "Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmed Tevfik Pasha: His Contribution to Ottoman Diplomacy in a Challenging Era (1895–1909)". Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 28/1 (2023), 83-100.