Yıl: 2011 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 35 Sayfa Aralığı: 79 - 91 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi

Öz:
Babanın çocuk bakımına katılımının ve çocuğun gelişimine etkilerinin gözden geçirildiği bu çalışmada, babalık rolündeki değişim, baba katılımının belirleyicileri, anne ve baba katılımı arasındaki farklar, baba katılımı ve aileye etkileri tartışılmıştır. Kadının çalışma yaşamına daha fazla girmesi ve ekonomik güç elde etmesi, babanın evin geçimini sağladığı, annenin ise ev işleri ve çocuk bakımıyla ilgilendiği geleneksel rolleri değiştirmiştir. Değişen rolleriyle babalar, geçmişe oranla çocuklarıyla daha fazla zaman harcanmaya ve çocuk bakımıyla ilgili daha fazla sorumluluk almaya başlamıştır. Baba katılımının artmasından sonra çocuğun bakımı, eğitimi ve çocukla bire bir etkileşimden oluşan babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimindeki etkileri daha anlaşılmıştır. Nitekim çocuk bakımına baba katılımının yararı çok sayıda araştırmada ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına dayanılarak geleneksel ve geleneksel olmayan babalık rolü ve belirleyicileri tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelime: psikososyal gelişim çocuk bakımı cinsiyet rolleri toplumsal değişim çocuk gelişimi baba çocuk ilişkisi baba katılımı babalar

The changing role of fathers and its impact on child development

Öz:
In reviewing the research about fathers' involvement in child care and its effects on child development, this paper discusses the changing role of fathers, determinants of father involvement, differences between father and mother involvement, father involvement and family outcomes. After women's increased involvement in the workforce and consequent gains in economic power, important changes in traditional parental roles occurred. The father was no longer the sole economic provider or the mother the sole child care provider. With their changing roles, fathers spend more time with their children and take more responsibility for child care than they did in the past. With this change, paternal influences on the child's development, derived from caretaking, teaching, and one on one interaction with the child, are understood much better than in the past. The benefit from this increased father involvement in child care has been shown in many studies. In the context of these findings, traditional and nontraditional father roles and determinants of father involvement are discussed.
Anahtar Kelime: child development father child relationship father involvement fathers psychosocial development child care gender roles social change

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik
  • Akende, A. (1994). What meaning and effect does fatherhood have in child development? Early Child Development and Care, 10, 52-58.
  • Amato, P. R. (1994). Father-child relations, mother-child relations, and offspring psychological well-being in early adulthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56,1031-1042.
  • Amato, P, R., ve Rivera, F. (1999). Paternal involvement and children's behavior problems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 375-384.
  • Archer, J. ve Llyon, B. (1982). Sex and gender. Cambridge: University of Cambridge.
  • Astone, N M. ve Mclanahan, S. S. (1991). Family structure parenting practices and high school completion. American Sociological, 56, 309-320.
  • Bagner, D. M., ve Eyberg, S. M. (2003). Father involvement in parent training: When does it matter? Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 599-605.
  • Bahr, S. J. (1990) Family Research. Lexington Books, New York: An imprint of Macmillan. Barnett, R. C. ve Baruch, G. K. (1987). Determinants of father's participation in family work. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 29-40.
  • Barnett, R. C. ve Baruch, G. K. (1988). Correlates of father's participations in family work. (Ed: P. Bronstein, ve C.P. Cowan), Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family (66-78). New York: Wiley.
  • Baruch, G. K. ve. Barnett, R. C (1981). Father's participation in the care oftheir preschool children, fee Roles, 7,1043-1045.
  • Baruch, G. K. ve Banıett, R. C (1986). Consequences of father's participation in family work Parent's role strain and well Parent's role strain and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology, 51,983-992.
  • Baruch, G. K., ve Barnett, R. C. (1987). Role quality, multiple role involvement, and psychological well-being in midlife women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 578-585.
  • Basow, J. (1992). Gender Stereotypes and Roles. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
  • Baumrind, D ve Black, A. A. (1967). Socialization practices associated with dimension of competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Development, 38, 291-327.
  • Bellinger, D. (1982). Sex differences in parental directives to young children. Sex Roles, 8, 1123-1139.
  • Belsky, J. (1979). Mother father infant interaction: A naturalistic observation study. Developmental Psychology, 15, 601-607.
  • Belsky, J., Spanier, B. ve Rovine, M. (1983). Stability and change in marriage across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 567-583.
  • Belsky, J., Gillstrap, A. ve Rovine, M. (1984). The Pennsylvania infant and family development project. I. Stability and change in mother infant and father infant E. Interactions in a family setting at one, three and nine months. Child Development, 55, 692-705.
  • Belsky, J. ve Isebella, R. A. (1985). Marital and parent-child relationship to the family of origin and marital change following the birth of a baby. Child Development, 56, 342-349.
  • Berardo, D. H., Shehan, L. L. ve Leslie, G. R. (1987). A residue of tradition: Jobs, careers and spouse time in housework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 49, 381-390.
  • Biller, H. B. (1981). Father absence, divorce, and personality development. (Ed: M. .E. Lamb) the role father in child development (489-532) New York: Wiley.
  • Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52, 664-678.
  • Bronstein, P. ve Cowan, C. P. (1988). Fatherhood today: Men's changing role in the family. Canada: John Wiley and Sen. Inc.
  • Budd, K. S., ve O'Brien, T. P. (1982). Father involvement in behavioral parent training: An area in need of research.Behavior Therapist, 5, 85-89.
  • Cabrera, N. J., Tamis-LeMonda, S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., ve Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development, 71, 127-136.
  • Carr, A. (1998). The inclusion of fathers in family therapy: A research based perspective. Contemporary Family Therapy: An International Journal, 20, 371-383.
  • Coltrane, S. (1988). Father-child relationships and status of women. A cross-cultural study. American Journal of Sociology, 93(5), 1060-1095.
  • Coltrane, S. (1990). Birth timing and division of labor in dual-earner families. Joiimal of Family Issues, 11(2), 157-181.
  • Coltrane, S. (1995). The future of fatherhood: Social, demographic and economic influence on men's family involvement. (Ed: W. Marsiglio, Fatherhood contemporaiy theory, research and social policy. Thousand Oaks, California Sage.
  • Cox, M. J. ve Paley, B. (1997). Families as systems. Annual Review Psychology, 48,243-267.
  • Coveiman, S. (1985). Explaining husband's participation in domestic labor. Sociological Quarterly, 26, 81-97.
  • Cowan, C. ve Cowan, P. (1988). Who does what when Partners become parents: implications for men, women and marriage. Marriage and Family Review, 3(4), 105-131.
  • Crouter, C A., Perry- Jeckins, M., Huston, T. L. ve Mchale, S. M. (1987). Process underlying father involvement in dual-earner and single earner families. Developmental Psychology, 23(1), 431-440.
  • Crouter, C. A. ve Jenkins, P. M. (1990). Men's Provider Role Attitudes. Journal of Family Issues, 11(2), 136-156.
  • Çağlayan, F. A. (1989). Üç-altı yaş grubundaki çocukların baba yoksunluğunda ve yokluğunda gösterdikleri davranış bozukluklarının incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Daly, K. (1995) Reshaping Fatherhood. Journal of Family Issues, 14(4), 510-530.
  • Darling-Fisher, C. veTiedje, L. B. (1990). The impact of maternal employment characteristics on fathers' participation in child care. Family relations, 39,20-26.
  • Deutch, A. Lussier F. ve Servis R. (1993). Husbands at home; Predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1154-1166.
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Steffer, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 735-754.
  • Easterbrooks, M. A. ve Goldberg, N. A (1984). Toddler development in the family impact of father involvement and parenting characteristics. Child Development, 55, 710-752.
  • Ehrensaft, D. (1987). Parenting together men and women sharing the care of their children. New York: Free Press.
  • Ekşi, A. (1990). Çocuk, genç, ve anababalar. İstanbul: Bilgi yayınevi.
  • Entwisle, D. R. ve Doering, S. (1988). The emergent father role. SexRoles, 18(3/4), 119-141.
  • Evans, C. (1996). Düşük sosyo-ekonomik örneklemli Türk babaların rollerine yönelik tutumları ve katılımları. y Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Fagan, J. ve Hawkins, A. J. (2001). Clinical and educational interventions with fathers. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.
  • Fagot, B. (1978). The influence of sex of child on parent's reactions to toddler children. Child Development, 49, 459-467.
  • Feldman, S.S., Nash, S.C. ve Aschenbrenner, B.C. (1983). Antecedents of fathering. Child Development, 54, 1628-1363.
  • Fiebert, M. S. ve Meyer, M.W. (1997). Gender stereotypes a bias against men. The Journal of Psychology, 12, 407-410.
  • Fielde, T. (1978). Interaction patterns of primary version secondary caretaker fathers. Development Psychology, 14, 183-185.
  • Galambos, N.L. ve Almedia, D.M. (1992). Does parent-adolescent conflict increase in early adolescence? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 737-747.
  • Garrett, S. (1992) Gender. New York: Rutledge.
  • Gilbert, L. A. (1985). Men in dual earner families: Current realities and future prospects. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • O'neil, R. ve Greenberger, E. (1994). Patterns of commitment to work and parenting. Implication for role strain. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 101-118.
  • Grossman, F. K., Pollack, W. S. ve Golding, E. (1988). Fathers and children; Predicting the quality and quantity of fathering. Developmental Psychology, 24(1), 82-91.
  • Güngörmüş, O. (1986). Baba yoksunluğunun benlik kavramına ve babasız öğrencilerin problemlerinin hangi alanlarda yoğunlaştığının saptanması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksel Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Haddad, T. ve Lam, L. (1988) Canadian families' men's involvement in family work: a case study of immigrant men in Toronto. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 39, (3-4), 269-281.
  • Harris, K.M. ve Morgan, S.P. (1991). Fathers, sons and daughters differential paternal involvement in parenting. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 531-544.
  • Hawkins, A. J. ve Belsky, J. (1989). The role of father involvement in personality change in men across the transition to parenthood. Family Relations, 38, 378-384.
  • Hetrerington, Cox ve Cox (1982). Effect of divorce on parents and children. (Ed: M.E., Lamb) Nontraditional families: Parenting and child development (233-288). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Hoffman, L. W. (1974). The effect of maternal employment On the child: A review of the research. Development Psychology, 10,204-228.
  • Hoffman, L.W. (1983). Increased fathering: effects on the mother. (Ed: M.E. Lamb ve A. Sagi) Fatherhood and family policy (167-190). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Ho, ,Y.F. ve Kong, T.K. (1984). Intergenerational comparison of child rearing attitudes on practices in Hong-Kong. Development Psychology, 20,1004-1016.
  • Jacson, S. (1987). Great Britain in Michael E. Lamb, The father's role: Cross cultural perspectives. Hillsdale NJ: Erbaum.
  • Jaclin, C. N.; Diepietro, J. ve Maccoby , E. E. (1984). Sex-typing behavior and sex typing pressure in child- parent interaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13(5), 76-82.
  • Kessler, R.C. ve McRae, J. A. (1982). The effect of wives employment on the mental health of married men and women. American Sociological Review, 47, 216-227.
  • Koçak, A. A. (2004). Baba destek programı değerlendirme raporu. İstanbul: Anne Çocuk Eğitim Vakfı Yayını.
  • Krampe, E. M. ve Fairweather, P. D. (1993) Father Presence and Family Formation. Journal of Family Issues, 14(4), 572-591.
  • Lamb, M. E. (1977). Fathers-infant and mother infant interaction in the first year of life. Child Development, 48, 167-181.
  • Lamb, M. E.; Pleck, J. H. and Levine, J. A. (1977). The role of the father in child development: Advances in clinical child psychology. Vol. 8, New York and London: Plenum Press.
  • Lamb, M. E., Pleck, H. C., Charnov, E. L. ve Levine J.A. (1985). Paternal behavior in humans. American Zoologist, 25, 883-894.
  • Lamb, M. E. (1997). The role of the father in child development. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  • Langlois, J. H. ve Downs, A.C. (1980). Mothers fathers and peers as socialization agents of sex typing play behaviors in young children. Child Development, 51, 1237-1247.
  • LaRossa, R. (1988). Fatherhood and social change. Family Relations, 37, 451-457.
  • Lee, C. M. (2006). Involving fathers in the delivery of psychological services, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,13,40-41.
  • Levy-Shift, R. ve Israelashvili, R. (1988). Antecedents of fathering. Some further exploration. Developmental Psychology, 24, 434-440.
  • Lewis, R. ve Pleck, J. (1979). Men's roles in the family coordinator. Family Coordinator, 28, 121-129.
  • Lieberman, M., Doyle, A. B., ve Markiewicz, D. (1999). Developmental patterns in security of attachment to mother and father in late childhood and early adolescence: Associations with peer relations. Child Development, 70, 202-213.
  • Liebert, R. M., Wicks-Nelson, R. ve Kail, R. (1986). Developmental psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Lindsey, E. W, Mize, J. ve Pettit, G. S. (1997). Differential play patterns of mothers and fathers of sons and daughters: implications for children's gender role development. Sex Roles, 37(9-10), 643-661.
  • Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in socialization of children: An historical review. Developmental psychology, 28, 1006-1017.
  • Marsiglio, W. (1991). Paternal engagement activities with minor children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 973-986.
  • Marsiglio, W. (1993). Contemporary scholarship on fatherhood: Culture, identity, and conduct. Journal of Family Issues,14,484-509.
  • Maurer, T. W. ve Pleck, J. H. (2006). Fathers' Caregiving and Breadwinning: A gender Congruence Analysis. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7 (2), 101-112.
  • McHale, S. M. ve Huston, T. L. (1984). Men and Women as parents: sex role orientations, employment and parental roles with infants. Child Development, 55, 1349-1361.
  • Model, S. (1981). Housework by husbands; Determinants and implications. Journal of Family Issues, 2, 225-237.
  • Montemayor, R. (1984). Maternal employment and adolescent's relations with parents, siblings and peers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 13(6), 543-557.
  • Mussang, P. (1987). The changing role of Swedish father in Michael. (Ed: M.E., Lamb) The father's role: cross-cultural perspectives. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Nugent, K. (1991). Cultural and psychological influences on the father's role in infant development. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 475-485.
  • Öğüt, Ü. (1998). Üst ve orta sosyo-ekonomik statülü Türkiyeli babalardan bir örnekle dahilinde okulöncesi çağı çocukların yaş ve cinsiyeti ile annenin çalışma durumunun baba katılımına etkisi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Özdal, F. (2005). Baba yoksunu olan ve anne-babası ile yaşayan çocukların kaygı düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6,2, 255-267.
  • Parke, R. D. (1981). Fathers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press
  • Parke, R. D. (2002). Fathers and families. (Ed. M. H. Bornstein), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 3: Being and Becoming a Parent (27-73). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Parke, R. D. ve O'levy, S. E. (1976). Father-mother-infant interaction in newborn in a changing world. Vol. 2 Social an environmental Issues Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Phares, V., Lopez, E., Fields, S., Kamboukos, D., ve Duhig, A. M. (2005). Are fathers involved in pediatric psychology research and treatment? Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 30, 631-643.
  • Phares, V. Fields, S. ve Binitie, I. (2006). Getting fathers involved in child-related therapy. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 13, 42-52.
  • Pleck, J. (1979). Men's family work. Family Coordinator, 28, 473-480.
  • Pleck, J. (1985). Working wives/working husbands. Beverly Hills, C.A. Sage Publications.
  • Pleck, J. (1987). American fathering in historical perspective. (Ed: M.S. Kimmel) Changing men: New direction in . research of men and Masculinity (83-97). Beverly Hills, C.A. Sage Publications.
  • Popenoe, D. (1993). Parental androgyny. Society, September-October, 5-11.
  • Radin, N. (1981). Child rearing fathers in intact families. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 27, 489-514.
  • Radin, N. ve Goldsmith, R. (1985). Care giving fathers of preschoolers: Four years later. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 31(A), 375-384.
  • Radin, N. ve Goldsmith, R. (1989). The involvement of selected unemployed and employed men with their children. Child Development, 60, 454-459.
  • Ricks, S. S. (1985). Father-Infant interactions: A review of empirical research. Family Relations, 34, 505-511.
  • Rossi, A. (1984). Gender and parenthood. American Sociological Review, 49, 1-10.
  • Russell, G. (1978). The father role and its relation to masculinity, femininity and androgyny. Child Development, 49,1174-1181.
  • Russell, G. (1982). Shared care giving families. A parenting Australian Study (Ed: N.E. Lamb) Nontraditional families parenting and child development. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Santrock, J. W. (1983). Life span developmentUSA: C. Brown Publishers.
  • Simons, R. L.. Whitebeck, L.B., Beaman, J. ve Conger, R.D. (1994). The impact of mothers parenting, involvement by nonresidental fathers and parental conflict on the adjustment of adolescent children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 356-374.
  • Snow, M. E.; Jaclin, C.N. ve Maccoby, E. E. (1983). Sex of child differences in father child interaction at one year age. Child Development, 54,227-232.
  • Trauber, M.R. (1979). Sex differences in parent-child interaction styles during a free play session. Child Development, 50, 981-988.
  • Thomson, L. ve Walker, A. J. (1987). Gender in families: women and men in marriage, work and parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 845-871.
  • Volling, B. ve Belsky, J. (1991). Multiple determinants of father involvement during infancy in dual-eamer and single-earner families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 378-384.
  • Van Ijzendoom, M. H., ve De Wolff, M. S. (1997). In search of the absent father meta-analyses of infant-father attachment: A rejoinder to our discussants. Child Development, 68, 604-609.
  • Wood, J. J. ve Repetti, R. L. (2004). What gets dad involved? A longitudinal study of change in parental child care giving involvement Journal of Family Psychology, 75(1), 237-349.
  • Yılmazçetin, C. (2003). Babanın katılımı ve ergen öncesi çocukların davranış problemleri arasındaki ilişki. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
APA Kuzucu Y (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. , 79 - 91.
Chicago Kuzucu Yaşar Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. (2011): 79 - 91.
MLA Kuzucu Yaşar Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. , 2011, ss.79 - 91.
AMA Kuzucu Y Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. . 2011; 79 - 91.
Vancouver Kuzucu Y Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. . 2011; 79 - 91.
IEEE Kuzucu Y "Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi." , ss.79 - 91, 2011.
ISNAD Kuzucu, Yaşar. "Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi". (2011), 79-91.
APA Kuzucu Y (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 79 - 91.
Chicago Kuzucu Yaşar Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 4, no.35 (2011): 79 - 91.
MLA Kuzucu Yaşar Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, vol.4, no.35, 2011, ss.79 - 91.
AMA Kuzucu Y Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. 2011; 4(35): 79 - 91.
Vancouver Kuzucu Y Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. 2011; 4(35): 79 - 91.
IEEE Kuzucu Y "Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi." Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4, ss.79 - 91, 2011.
ISNAD Kuzucu, Yaşar. "Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi". Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi 4/35 (2011), 79-91.