Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies
Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 48 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 303 - 318 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 İndeks Tarihi: 17-08-2023
Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies
Öz: Thirdhand smoke (THS) is a newly described environmental health hazard that might be defined as residual cigarette smoke that occurs due to the accumulation of toxins of second-hand smoke (SHS) in the smoking environment. In addition, the chemicodynamic of THS may alter due to the interaction with other gases and chemicals in the environment. THS may cause serious health outcomes in the lungs, liver, skin, heart, and nervous system as well. Hence, it is thought to represent a major health hazard for people, particularly children, who are exposed to THS, where they interact more frequently with these surfaces exposed to THS via hand-to-mouth transfer. In the present study, it was aimed to summarize the proposed toxicity mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo studies based on target organ toxicity. In this study, it is aimed to review the toxicity mechanisms of THS based on in vitro and in vivo studies on target organ toxicity. Recent studies reported that THS might induce unwanted effects in the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, hematopoietic, and skeletal systems and skin. Literature data indicated that THS-mediated oxidative damage and an increase in inflammatory response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neurobehavioral diseases, especially the target organ lung. In the future, THS might be defined as a preventable environmental risk factor. Therefore, further studies on THS are needed to define its toxicity mechanism as well as increase social awareness and legal regulations.
Anahtar Kelime: Üçüncü El Dumanı Maruziyeti ve Toksikolojik Etkileri: Hedef Organa Yönelik Çalışmalara İlişkin Bir Derleme
Öz: Üçüncü el duman (THS), sigara içilen ortamda ikinci el dumanının (SHS) toksinlerinin birikmesi nedeniyle oluşan “artık sigara dumanı” olarak tanımlanabilecek kısmen yeni bir çevresel sağlık tehlikesidir. Ayrıca, THS’nin kimyasal dinamiği, çevrede bulunan diğer gazlar ve kimyasallarla etkileşime bağlı olarak değişebilmektedir. THS akciğer, karaciğer, cilt, kalp ve sinir sisteminde de ciddi sağlık sorunlarına neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, el-ağız transferi yoluyla THS’ye maruz kalan, bu yüzeylerle daha sık etkileşime girerek THS’ye maruz kalan insanlar ve özellikle çocuklar için büyük bir sağlık tehlikesi oluşturduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, hedef organ toksisitesine dayalı in vitro ve in vivo çalışmalara dayalı olarak söz konusu toksisite mekanizmalarının özetlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalar THS’nin solunum, kardiyovasküler, sinir, hematopoietik ve iskelet sistemi ve cilt üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğuna yönelik bulgular rapor etmektedir. Literatür verileri, özellikle THS aracılı oksidatif hasarın tetiklenmesinin ve inflamatuvar yanıtın artışınının gelecekte başta hedef organ akciğer olmak üzere, kardiyovasküler ve nörodavranışsal hastalıkların patojenezinde önemli rol oynayabileceği ve THS’nin önlenebilir bir çevresel risk faktörü olarak tanımlanabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu nedenle THS’nin toksisite mekanizmasının belirlenmesi, toplumsal farkındalığın ve yasal düzenlemelerin artırılması için daha kapsamlı ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Acuff, L., Fristoe, K., Hamblen, J., Smith, M., & Chen, J. (2016). Third-hand smoke: Old smoke, new concerns. Journal of Community Health, 41(3), 680–687. doi: 10.1007/s10900-015-0114-1
- Adhami, N., Chen, Y., & Martins-Green, M. (2018). Correction: Biomarkers of disease can be detect- ed in mice as early as 4 weeks after initiation of exposure to third-hand smoke levels equivalent to those found in homes of smokers. Clinical Science, 132(12), 1365–1366. doi: 10.1042/CS20171053
- Akhavan Rezayat, A., Dadgar Moghadam, M., Ghasemi Nour, M., Shirazinia, M., Ghodsi, H., Rouhbakhsh Zahmatkesh, M. R., ... Akha- van Rezayat, K. (2018). Association between smoking and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Medicine, 6, 2050312117745223. doi: 10.1177/2050312117745223
- Ambrose, J. A., & Barua, R. S. (2004). The pathophysi- ology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular dis- ease: An update. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 43(10), 1731–1737. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2003.12.047
- Arima, H., Barzi, F., & Chalmers, J. (2011). Mor- tality patterns in hypertension. Journal of Hy- pertension, 29(1), S3–S7. doi: 10.1097/01. hjh.0000410246.59221.b1
- Bahl, V., Weng, N. J., Schick, S. F., Sleiman, M., White- head, J., Ibarra, A., & Talbot, P. (2016). Cytotoxic- ity of thirdhand smoke and identification of acro- lein as a volatile thirdhand smoke chemical that inhibits cell proliferation. Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology, 150(1), 234–246. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv327
- Beere, P. A., Glagov, S., & Zarins, C. K. (1984). Re- tarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science, 226, 4671, 180–182. doi: 10.1126/science.6484569
- Bernhard, D., Moser, C., Backovic, A., & Wick, G. (2007). Cigarette smoke- an aging accelerator? Experimental Gerontology, 42(3), 160–165. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.09.016
- Bogdanovica, I., Godfrey, F., McNeill, A., & Britton, J. (2011). Smoking prevalence in the European Union: a comparison of national and transnation- al prevalence survey methods and results. Tobacco Control, 20(1), e4. doi: 10.1136/tc.2010.036103
- Buettner, G. R. (2011). Superoxide dismutase in redox biology: The roles of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 11(4), 341–346. doi: 10.2174/187152011795677544
- Bundy, Ł. T., Haardörfer, R., Kegler, M. C., Owolabi, S., Berg, C. J., Escoffery, ... Kreuter, M. W. (2020). Disseminating a smoke-free homes program to low socioeconomic status households in the United States through 2-1-1: Results of a national impact evaluation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of The Society for Research on Nic- otine and Tobacco, 22(4), 498–505. doi: 10.1093/ ntr/nty256
- Burke, A., & Fitzgerald, G. A. (2003). Oxidative stress and smoking-induced vascular injury. Prog- ress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 46(1), 79–90. doi:10.1016/S0033-0620(03)00076-8
- Burton, A. (2011). Does the smoke ever really clear? Thirdhand smoke exposure raises new concerns, Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(2), A70– A74. doi: 10.1289/ehp.119-a70
- Busse, W. W., & Lemanske, R. F. Jr. (2001). Asthma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344(5), 350–362. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200102013440507
- California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Re- sources Board. (2005). Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Con- taminant. Retrieved from https://escholarship. org/uc/item/8hk6960q
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Na- tional Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US); Office on Smoking and Health (US). (2010). How tobacco smoke causes disease: The biology and behavioral basis for smok- ing-attributable disease: A report of the Surgeon General, Atlanta (USA): Centers for Disease Con- trol and Prevention. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK53017/
- Chen, Y., Adhami, N., & Martins-Green, M. (2018). Biological markers of harm can be detected in mice exposed for two months to low doses of third-hand smoke under conditions that mimic human exposure. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 122, 95–103. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.048
- Cook, D. G., & Strachan, D. P. (1999). Health effects of passive smoking 10: Summary of effects of pa- rental smoking on the respiratory health of chil- dren and implications for research. Thorax, 54(4), 357–366. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.4.357
- Deivanayagi, M., Shakila, K. R., Massillamani, F., & Nayanaa, S. (2021). The exigency of third eye for third hand smoke exposure in cardiovascular sys- tem. Natural Volatiles & Essential Oils, 8(5), 71– 76. Retrived from https://www.nveo.org/index. php/journal/article/view/326
- Delgado-Rendon, A., Cruz, T. B., Soto, D., Baez- conde-Garbanati, L., & Unger, J. B. (2017). Second and thirdhand smoke exposure, attitudes and pro- tective practices: Results from a survey of hispanic residents in multi-unit housing. Journal of Immi- grant and Minority Health, 19(5), 1148–1155. doi: 10.1007/s10903-016-0540-x
- Dhall, S., Alamat, R., Castro, A., Sarker, A. H., Mao, J. H., Chan, A., ... Martins-Green, M. (2016). To- bacco toxins deposited on surfaces (third-hand smoke) impair wound healing. Clinical Science, 130(14), 1269–1284. doi: 10.1042/CS20160236
- Escoffery, C., Bundy, L., Carvalho, M., Yembra, D., Haardorfer, R., Berg, C., & Kegler, M. C. (2013). Third-hand smoke as a potential intervention message for promoting smoke-free homes in low-income communities. Health Education Re- search, 28(5), 923–930. doi:10.1093/her/cyt056
- Ferrante, G., Simoni, M., Cibella, F., Ferrara, F., Liotta, G., Malizia, V., & Grutta, S. la. (2013). Third-hand smoke exposure and health hazards in children. Monaldi archives for chest disease = Archivio Mon- aldi per le malattie del torace, 79(1), 38–43. doi: 10.4081/monaldi.2013.108
- Fujii, S., Hara, H., Araya, J., Takasaka, N., Kojima, J., Ito, S., ... Kuwano, K. (2012). Insufficient autopha- gy promotes bronchial epithelial cell senescence in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Oncoim- munology 1(5), 630–641. doi: 10.4161/onci.20297
- Ganjre, A. P., & Sarode, G. S. (2016). Third hand smoke- a hidden demon. Oral Oncology, 54, e3-e4. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.01.007
- Guan, Y., Li, F.F., Hong, L., Yan, X.F., Tan, G.L., He, J.S., ... Xie, Q.M. (2012). Protective effects of liquiritin apioside on cigarette smoke-induced lung epi- thelial cell injury. Fundamental & Clinical Phar- macology, 26(4), 473–483. doi: 10.1111/j.1472- 8206.2011.00956.x
- Hang, B., Sarker, A. H., Havel, C., Saha, S., Hazra, T. K., Schick, S., ... Gundel, L. A. (2013). Thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells. Mu- tagenesis, 28(4), 381–391. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ get013
- Hang, B., Snijders, A. M., Huang, Y., Schick, S. F., Wang, P., Xia, Y., ... Mao, J. H. (2017). Early ex- posure to thirdhand cigarette smoke affects body mass and the development of immunity in mice. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 41915. doi: 10.1038/ srep41915
- Hang, B., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, P., Langley, S. A., Bi, L., ... Snijders, A. M. (2018). Short-term early exposure to thirdhand cigarette smoke increases lung cancer incidence in mice. Clinical Science, 132(4), 475–488. doi: 10.1042/CS20171521
- Hang, B., Mao, J. H., & Snijders, A. M. (2019). Genet- ic susceptibility to thirdhand-smoke-induced lung cancer development. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nico- tine and Tobacco, 21(9), 1294–1296. doi: 10.1093/ ntr/nty127/5039570
- He, L., Wang, P., Schick, S. F., Huang, A., Jacob, P., 3rd, Yang, X., ... Hang, B. (2021). Genetic back- ground influences the effect of thirdhand smoke exposure on anxiety and memory in collaborative cross mice. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 13285. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92702-1
- Ishiwata, T., Seyama, K., Hirao, T., Shimada, K., Mo- rio, Y., Miura, K., ... Takahashi, K. (2013). Im- provement in skin color achieved by smoking ces- sation. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 35(2), 191–195. doi: 10.1111/ics.12025
- Jacob, P., 3rd, Benowitz, N. L., Destaillats, H., Gundel, L., Hang, B., Martins-Green, M., ... Whitehead, T. P. (2017). Thirdhand smoke: New evidence, chal- lenges, and future directions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 30(1), 270–294. doi: 10.1021/acs. chemrestox.6b00343
- Jiang, W., Wu, H., Yu, X., Wang, Y., Gu, W., Wei, W., ... Han, T. (2021). Third-hand smoke exposure is associated with abnormal serum melatonin level via hypomethylation of CYP1A2 promoter: Evidence from human and animal studies. Envi- ronmental Pollution, 277, 116669. doi: 10.1016/j. envpol.2021.116669
- Kabir, Z., Connolly, G. N., & Alpert, H. R. (2011). Sec- ondhand smoke exposure and neurobehavioral disorders among children in the United States. Pe- diatrics, 128(2), 263–270. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011- 0023
- Karim, Z. A., Alshbool, F. Z., Vemana, H. P., Adhami, N., Dhall, S., Espinosa, E. V., ... Khasawneh, F. T. (2015). Third-hand smoke: Impact on hemosta- sis and thrombogenesis. Journal of Cardiovascu- lar Pharmacology, 66(2), 177–182. doi: 10.1097/ FJC.0000000000000260
- Kiowski, W., Linder, L., Stoschitzky, K., Pfisterer, M., Burckhardt, D., Burkart, F., & Bühler, F. R. (1994). Diminished vascular response to inhibition of en- dothelium-derived nitric oxide and enhanced va- soconstriction to exogenously administered endo- thelin-1 in clinically healthy smokers. Circulation, 90(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.1.27
- Kitamura, T., Obara, H., Takashima, Y., Takahashi, K., Inaoka, K., Nagai, M., ... Sugiura, Y. (2013). World Health Assembly agendas and trends of interna- tional health issues for the last 43 years: analysis of World Health Assembly agendas between 1970 and 2012. Health Policy, 110(2-3), 198–206. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.12.008
- Knuutinen, A., Kallioinen, M., Vähäkangas, K., & Oi- karinen,A.(2002).Smokingandskin:Astudyofthe physical qualities and histology of skin in smokers and non-smokers. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 82(1), 36–40. doi: 10.1080/000155502753600867
- Lee, J., & Cooke, J. P. (2011). The role of nicotine in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Atherosclero- sis, 215(2), 281–283. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclero- sis.2011.01.003
- Li, J. S., Peat, J. K., Xuan, W., & Berry, G. (1999). Meta-analysis on the association between En- vironmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract infection in early childhood. Pediatric Pulm- onology, 27(1), 5–13. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099- 0496(199901)27:1<5::aid-ppul3>3.0.co;2-5
- Li, L., Hughes, L., & Arnot, J. A. (2021). Addressing uncertainty in mouthing-mediated ingestion of chemicals on indoor surfaces, objects, and dust. Environment International, 146, 106266. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106266
- Lidón-Moyano, C., Fu, M., Pérez-Ortuño, R., Ball- bè, M., Garcia, E., Martín-Sánchez, J. C., ... Martínez-Sánchez, J. M. (2021). Third-hand ex- posure at homes: Assessment using salivary co- tinine. Environmental Research, 196, 110393. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110393
- Mahabee-Gittens, E. M., Merianos, A. L., & Matt, G. E. (2018). Preliminary evidence that high levels of nicotine on children’s hands may contribute to overall tobacco smoke exposure. Tobacco Con- trol, 27(2), 217–219. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocon- trol-2016-053602
- Martins-Green, M., Adhami, N., Frankos, M., Val- dez, M., Goodwin, B., Lyubovitsky, J., ... Cur- ras-Collazo, M. (2014). Cigarette smoke toxins deposited on surfaces: Implications for human health. PloS one, 9(1), e86391. doi: 10.1371/jour- nal.pone.0086391
- Matt, G. E., Quintana, P. J., Destaillats, H., Gundel, L. A., Sleiman, M., Singer, B. C., ... Hovell, M. F. (2011). Thirdhand tobacco smoke: Emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(9), 1218– 1226. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1103500
- Matt, G. E., Quintana, P. J. E., Hoh, E., Dodder, N. G., Mahabee-Gittens, E. M., Padilla, S., ... Watanabe, K. (2021). Tobacco smoke is a likely source of lead and cadmium in settled house dust. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology: Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS), 63, 126656. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126656
- Moon, S. Y., Kim, T. W., Kim, Y. J., Kim, Y., Kim, S. Y., & Kang, D. (2019). Public facility utility and third- hand smoking exposure without first and sec- ond-hand smoking according to urinary cotinine level. International Journal of Environmental Re- search and Public Health, 16(5), 855. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph16050855
- Mosely, L. H., Finseth, F., & Goody, M. (1978). Nic- otine and its effect on wound healing. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 61(4), 570–575. doi: 10.1097/00006534-197804000-00013.
- Myers, V., Shiloh, S., & Rosen, L. (2018). Parental per- ceptions of children’s exposure to tobacco smoke: Development and validation of a new measure. BMC Public Health, 18, 1031. doi: 10.1186/s12889- 018-5928-1
- Nolan, J., Jenkins, R. A., Kurihara, K., & Schultz, R. C. (1985). The acute effects of cigarette smoke exposure on experimental skin flaps. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 75(4), 544–551. doi: 10.1097/00006534-198504000-00018
- Norman, R. A., & Rappaport, M. (2010). Smoking, obesity/nutrition, sun, and the skin. Preventive Dermatology, 17-20. doi: 10.1007/978-1-84996- 021-2_2
- Northrup, T. F., Jacob, P., 3rd, Benowitz, N. L., Hoh, E., Quintana, P. J., Hovell, M. F., ... Stotts, A. L. (2016). Thirdhand smoke: State of the science and a call for policy expansion. Public Health Reports, 131(2), 233–238. doi: 10.1177/003335491613100206
- Obeng-Gyasi, E., Armijos, R. X., Weigel, M. M., Filip- pelli, G. M., & Sayegh, M. A. (2018). Cardiovas- cular-related outcomes in U.S. adults exposed to lead. International Journal of Environmental Re- search and Public Health, 15(4), 759. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph15040759
- Prokhorov, A. V., Calabro, K. S., & Tamí-Maury, I. (2016). Nicotine and tobacco use prevention among youth and families. Seminars in On- cology Nursing, 32(3), 197–205. doi: 10.1016/j. soncn.2016.05.003
- Pur Özyiğit, S. L., & Kılıçaslan. Z. (2009). Sigara bırakmanın kalp hızı değişkenliği ve koroner akım üzerindeki etkileri. Retrieved from http://nek.is- tanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/45907.pdf
- Rehan, V. K., Sakurai, R., & Torday, J. S. (2011). Third- hand smoke: A new dimension to the effects of cigarette smoke on the developing lung. Ameri- can Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Mo- lecular Physiology, 301(1), L1–L8. doi: 10.1152/ ajplung.00393.2010
- Reis, R., Orak, D., Yilmaz, D., Cimen, H., & Sipahi, H. (2021). Modulation of cigarette smoke ex- tract-induced human bronchial epithelial dam- age by eucalyptol and curcumin. Human & Ex- perimental Toxicology, 40(9), 1445–1462. doi: 10.1177/0960327121997986
- Reis, R., Kolci, K., Ozhan, Y., & Sipahi, H. (2022). Thirdhand smoke exacerbates H 2O2 induced-oxi- dative response in human airway epithelial cells. Society of Toxicology 61st Annual Meeting and Tox- Expo, 343, 27- 31 March 2022, San Diego, USA.
- Richter, P., Pechacek, T., Swahn, M., & Wagman, V. (2008). Reducing levels of toxic chemicals in cig- arette smoke: a new healthy people 2010 objec- tive. Public Health Reports, 123(1), 30–38. doi: 10.1177/003335490812300105
- Roberts, C., Wagler, G., & Carr, M. M. (2017). En- vironmental tobacco smoke: Public perception of risks of exposing children to second- and third-hand tobacco smoke. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 31(1), e7–e13. doi: 10.1016/j.ped- hc.2016.08.008
- Sen, C. K., Gordillo, G. M., Roy, S., Kirsner, R., Lam- bert, L., Hunt, T. K., ... Longaker, M. T. (2009). Human skin wounds: A major and snowballing threat to public health and the economy. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 17(6), 763–771. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00543.x
- Silverstein, P. (1992). Smoking and wound heal- ing. The American Journal of Medicine, 93(1A), 22S–24S. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90623-j
- Snijders, A. M., Zhou, M., Whitehead, T. P., Fitch, B., Pandey, P., Hechmer, A., ... Kogan, S. C. (2021). In utero and early-life exposure to thirdhand smoke causes profound changes to the immune system. Clinical Science, 135(8), 1053–1063. doi: 10.1042/ CS20201498
- Stepanov, I., Yershova, K., Carmella, S., Upadhyaya, P., & Hecht, S. S. (2013). Levels of (S)-N′-nitroso- nornicotine in U.S. tobacco products. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 15(7), 1305–1310. doi: 10.1093/ ntr/nts249
- Umetsu, D. T., McIntire, J. J., Akbari, O., Macaubas, C., & DeKruyff, R. H. (2002). Asthma: An epi- demic of dysregulated immunity. Nature Immu- nology, 3(8), 715–720. doi: 10.1038/ni0802-715
- Vani, G., Anbarasi, K., & Shyamaladevi, C.S. (2015). Bacoside A: Role in cigarette smoking induced changes in brain. Evidence-Based Complementary And Alternative Medicine (ECAM), 2015, 286137. doi: 10.1155/2015/286137
- Wannamethee, S. G., Shaper, A. G., Perry, I. J., & Brit- ish Regional Heart Study. (2001). Smoking as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes in mid- dle-aged men. Diabetes Care, 24(9), 1590–1595. doi: 10.2337/diacare.24.9.1590
- Winickoff, J. P., Friebely, J., Tanski, S. E., Sherrod, C., Matt, G. E., Hovell, M. F., & McMillen, R. C. (2009). Beliefs about the health effects of “third- hand” smoke and home smoking bans. Pediatrics, 123(1), e74–e79. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-2184
- Yaprak, E., Yolcubal, Sinanoğlu, A., Doğrul-Demiray, A., Guzeldemir-Akcakanat, E., & Marakoğlu, I. (2017). High levels of heavy metal accumulation in dental calculus of smokers: A pilot İnductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry study. Jour- nal of Periodontal Research, 52(1), 83–88. doi: 10.1111/jre.12371
- Yazdanparast, T., Hassanzadeh, H., Nasrollahi, S. A., Seyedmehdi, S. M., Jamaati, H., Naimian, A., ... Firooz, A. (2019). Cigarettes smoking and skin: A comparison study of the biophysical properties of skin in smokers and non-smokers. Tanaffos, 18(2), 163–168. Retrieved from: https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/32440305/
- Yolton, K., Dietrich, K., Auinger, P., Lanphear, B. P., & Hornung, R. (2005). Exposure to environmen- tal tobacco smoke and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(1), 98–103. doi: 10.1289/ ehp.7210
- Yu, M., Mukai, K., Tsai, M., & Galli, S. J. (2018). Third- hand smoke component can exacerbate a mouse asthma model through mast cells. Journal of Aller- gy and Clinical Immunology, 142(5), 1618-1627.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.04.001
- Zeng, X., Xu, X., Qin, Q., Ye, K., Wu, W., & Huo, X. (2018). Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool chil- dren. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 41(1), 309–321. doi: 10.1007/s10653-018-0114-z
- Zong, D., Liu, X., Li, J., Ouyang, R., & Chen, P. (2019). The role of cigarette smoke-induced epigenetic al- terations in inflammation. Epigenetics and Chro- matin, 12(1), 65. doi: 10.1186/s13072-019-0311-8
| APA | KOLCİ K, Garipkus S, Reis R (2023). Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. , 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| Chicago | KOLCİ KÜBRA,Garipkus Sena,Reis Rengin Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. (2023): 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| MLA | KOLCİ KÜBRA,Garipkus Sena,Reis Rengin Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. , 2023, ss.303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| AMA | KOLCİ K,Garipkus S,Reis R Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. . 2023; 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| Vancouver | KOLCİ K,Garipkus S,Reis R Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. . 2023; 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| IEEE | KOLCİ K,Garipkus S,Reis R "Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies." , ss.303 - 318, 2023. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| ISNAD | KOLCİ, KÜBRA vd. "Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies". (2023), 303-318. https://doi.org/10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| APA | KOLCİ K, Garipkus S, Reis R (2023). Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 48(2), 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| Chicago | KOLCİ KÜBRA,Garipkus Sena,Reis Rengin Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48, no.2 (2023): 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| MLA | KOLCİ KÜBRA,Garipkus Sena,Reis Rengin Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.48, no.2, 2023, ss.303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| AMA | KOLCİ K,Garipkus S,Reis R Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 48(2): 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| Vancouver | KOLCİ K,Garipkus S,Reis R Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies. FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023; 48(2): 303 - 318. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| IEEE | KOLCİ K,Garipkus S,Reis R "Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies." FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 48, ss.303 - 318, 2023. 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
| ISNAD | KOLCİ, KÜBRA vd. "Thirdhand Smoke Exposure and Its Toxicological Impacts: A Review on Target Organ-Based Studies". FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 48/2 (2023), 303-318. https://doi.org/10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1144926 |
