Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”

Tolga Zencir, (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye)
Özlem Haskan Avcı (Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye)
KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ
3 1
Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 235 - 254 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761 İndeks Tarihi: 12-09-2023

Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”

Öz:
The current study aims to determine the metaphors expressed by fathers of 0-6 years old children regarding their "becoming a father" experiences and to explore the underlying elements of these metaphors. Thus, the study was carried out with a phenomenological method, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of 90 fathers with children between two months and six years. The data of the research was collected both online and face-to-face. Obtaining data on the experience of "becoming a father" was "becoming a father …. like/similar; Because, …" was obtained by filling in the blanks of the expression. The content analysis method, frequently used in qualitative research methods, was analyzed using the MAXQDA (20.2.2) program. For the reliability of the data, the mean reliability index of the encoders was checked, and the reliability index in this study was obtained as 81%. Fathers stated a total of 96 metaphors, and the metaphors they expressed the most were listed as "being a superhero," "great plane tree," "good news," "school," "rainbow," "being a cloud," "rebirth," "gift." These metaphors are emphasized as positive expressions. According to the analysis of the generated metaphors, a total of 3 themes (Interaction with the Child, Contributing to the Well-Being of the Fathers, and Perceived Fatherhood Duties) were determined. A total of two categories were analyzed in the theme of Interaction with the Child: The learning-teaching process and gamification. There are three categories in the theme of contributing to the father's well-being: Relaxing metaphors and positive life news that are stated as a basic need. Two categories were analyzed in the theme of perceived paternity duties: "Responsibility and Accessibility" and "Being a Role Model."
Anahtar Kelime: Fathers fatherhood metaphor fathering father involvement

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Adler, M. A., & Lenz, K. (2017). Comparative father involvement: the dynamics of gender culture, policy and practice. In M. A. Adler & K. Lenz (Eds.) Father involvement in the early years (pp. 231-252). Policy Press.
  • Akgün, E. (2016). Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının “çocuk” ve “okul öncesi öğretmeni” kavramına ilişkin metaforik algıları. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(4), 1652-1672.
  • Allport, B. S., Johnson, S., Aqil, A., Labrique, A. B., Nelson, T., Angela, K. C., Carabas, Y., & Marcell, A. V. (2018). Promoting father involvement for child and family health. Academic Pediatrics, 18(7), 746-753. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2018.03.011
  • Ammari, T., & Schoenebeck, S. (2015, April). Understanding and supporting fathers and fatherhood on social media sites. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1905-1914).
  • Amodia-Bidakowska, A., Laverty, C., & Ramchandani, P. G. (2020). Father-child play: A systematic review of its frequency, characteristics and potential impact on children’s development. Developmental Review, 57, 100924.
  • Armstrong, S. L., Davis, H. S., & Paulson, E. J. (2011). The subjectivity problem: Improving triangulation approaches in metaphor analysis studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(2), 151-163. doi:10.1177/160940691101000204
  • Ashton-James, C., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. (2013). Parents reap what they sow: Child-centrism and parental well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 635–642.
  • Baldwin, S., Malone, M., Sandall, J., & Bick, D. (2018). Mental health and wellbeing during the transition to fatherhood: a systematic review of first time fathers’ experiences. JBI database of systematic reviews and implementation reports, 16(11), 2118.
  • Bartlett E. E. (2004). The effects of fatherhood on the health of men: A review of the literature. The Journal of Men’s Health & Gender, 1(2–3), 159–169. doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2004.06.004
  • Baxter, J., & Smart, D. (2011). Fathering in Australia among couple families with young children: Research highlights. Family Matters, (88), 15-26.
  • Blanco Castro, V. D. C., Pérez Huenteo, C. A., & Cova Solar, F. M. (2022). Parental well-being of mothers and fathers in Latin America: A systematic review of the literature. Child Care in Practice, 28(3), 411-437.
  • Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education
  • Cabrera, N. J. (2010). Father involvement and public policies. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 517–550). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Cabrera, N. J., Karberg, E., Malin, J. L., & Aldoney, D. (2017). The magic of play: Low-income mothers’ and fathers’ playfulness and children’s emotion regulation and vocabulary skills. Infant Mental Health Journal, 38(6), 757-771.
  • Cherry, K. E., & Gerstein, E. D. (2021). Fathering and masculine norms: Implications for the socialization of children's emotion regulation. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 13(2), 149-163.
  • Coltrane, S. (2004). Paradoxes, Contradictions, and Dilemmas. Handbook of contemporary families: Considering the past, contemplating the future. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 224-243.
  • Creswell, J. W. 2003. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Cummings, E. M., Merrilees, C. E., & George, M. W. (2010). Fathers, marriages, and families. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 154–176). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Diniz, E., Brandao, T., Monteiro, L., & Verissimo, M. (2021). Father involvement during early childhood: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 13(1), 77-99.
  • Erdem, N. (2014). Freud’un Kuramında Baba İşlevi [Father function in Freud’s theory]. In M. I. Ertüzün (ed.) Baba işlevi [Father function] (pp. 15-29). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, A. P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child–father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16 year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11(3), 301-337.
  • Guba, E. G. (1981). ERIC/ECTJ annual review paper: Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational communication and technology, 75-91.
  • Hauari, H., & Hollingworth, K. (2009). Understanding fathering: Masculinity, diversity and change.
  • Huerta, M. C., Adema, W., Baxter, J., Han, W.-J., Lausten, M., Lee, R., & Waldfogel, J. (2014). Fathers’ leave and fathers’ involvement: Evidence from four OECD countries. European Journal of Social Security, 16(4), 308–346. doi:10.1177/138826271401600403
  • Huttunen, J., & Eerola, P. (2019). Finland. In M. A. Adler ve K. Lenz (eds.) Father involvement in the early years (pp. 29-60). Policy Press.
  • Jeynes, W. H. (2007). The relationship between parental involvement and urban secondary school student academic achievement: a meta-analysis. Urban Educ. 42, 82–110. doi:10.1177/0042085906293818
  • Johnson, F. (2022). Intergenerational Transmission of fatherhood norms: Investigating the entanglements between fatherhood, masculinity, and memory [Unpublished master's thesis]. Utrecht University.
  • Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications. Kuzucu, Y. (2011). Değişen babalık rolü ve çocuk gelişimine etkisi [The changing role of fathers and its impact on child development]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 79-89.
  • Kuzucu, Y., & Özdemir, Y. (2013). Predicting adolescent mental health in terms of mother and father involvement. Egitim ve Bilim, 38(168).
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive science, 4(2), 195-208.
  • Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2005). Metaforlar: Hayat, anlam ve dil [Metaphors: Life, meaning, and language]. İstanbul: Paradigma Yayıncılık.
  • Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., Charnov, E. L., & Levine, J. A. (1985). Paternal behavior in humans. American zoologist, 25(3) 883-894.
  • Lamb, M. E. (1997). The development of father–infant relationships.
  • Lamb, M.E. (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th Ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Lemay C. A., Cashman S. B., Elfenbein D. S., & Felice M. E. (2010). A qualitative study of the meaning of fatherhood among young urban fathers. Public Health Nursing, 27(3), 221–231. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2010.00847.x
  • May, C., & Fletcher, R. (2013). Preparing fathers for the transition to parenthood: Recommendations for the content of antenatal education. Midwifery, 29(5), 474-478. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2012.03.005
  • Masciadrelli, B. P., Pleck, J. H., & Stueve, J. L. (2006). Fathers’ role model perceptions: Themes and linkages with involvement. Men and Masculinities, 9(1), 23-34.
  • Maume, D. J. (2011). Reconsidering the temporal increase in fathers’ time with children. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 32(3), 411-423.
  • McBride, B. A., Dyer, W. J., and Laxman, D. J. (2013). Father involvement and student achievement: variations based on demographic contexts. Early Child Dev. Care 183, 810–826. doi: 10.1080/03004430.2012.725275
  • Mercan, Z., & Tezel Şahin, F. (2017). The father’s role and the father's role perception in different cultures. International Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 2(2), 1-10.
  • Mihelic, M., Morawska, A., & Filus, A. (2018b). Mihelic, M., Morawska, A., & Filus, A. (2018). Does a perinatal parenting intervention work for fathers? A randomized controlled trial. Infant Mental Health Journal, 39(6), 687-698. doi:10.1002/imhj.21748
  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
  • Mitnick, D. M., Heyman, R. E., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2009). Change in relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 848–852. doi:10.1037/a0017004
  • Moretti, F., van Vliet, L., Bensing, J., Deledda, G., Mazzi, M., Rimondini, M., ... & Fletcher, I. (2011). A standardized approach to qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions from different countries. Patient education and counseling, 82(3), 420-428. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.005
  • Moser, K. S. (2000, June). Metaphor analysis in psychology—Method, theory, and fields of application. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol. 1, No. 2).
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publication
  • Petts, R. J., & Knoester, C. (2018). Paternity leave taking and father engagement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(5), 1144-1162. doi:10.1111/jomf.12494
  • Pilkington, P. D., Milne, L. C., Cairns, K. E., Lewis, J., & Whelan, T. A. (2015). Modifiable partner factors associated with perinatal depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 178, 165-180.
  • Plantin, L., Olykoya, A., & Ny, P. (2011). Positive health outcomes of fathers’ involvement in pregnancy and childbirth paternal support: a scope study literature review. Fathering: A Journal of Theory, Research, and Practice about Men as Fathers, 9(1), 87-102. doi:10.3149/fth.0901.87
  • Pleck, J. H. (2007). Why could father involvement benefit children? Theoretical perspectives. Applied development science, 11(4), 196-202.
  • Pleck, J. H., & Stueve, J. L. (2001). Time and paternal involvement. In K. Daly (Ed.) Minding the time in family experience: Emerging perspectives and issues (pp. 205-226). Elsevier Science.
  • Ranson, G. 2012. Men, paid employment, and family responsibilities: conceptualizing the working father. Gender, Work & Organization, 19(6), 741-761.
  • Robinson, E. L., StGeorge, J., & Freeman, E. E. (2021). A systematic review of father–child play interactions and the impacts on child development. Children, 8(5), 389. doi:10.3390/children8050389
  • Rollè, L., Gullotta, G., Trombetta, T., Curti, L., Gerino, E., Brustia, P., & Caldarera, A. M. (2019). Father involvement and cognitive development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2405.
  • Rose, P., Beeby, J., & Parker, D. (1995). Academic rigour in the lived experience of researchers using phenomenological methods in nursing in nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 21(6), 1123-1129.
  • Saban, A. (2008). Okula ilişkin metaforlar [Metaphor in school]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi [Educational Administration: Theory and Practice], 55 (55), 459-496.
  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Fagan, J. (2020). The evolution of fathering research in the 21st century: Persistent challenges, new directions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 175–197. doi:10.1111/jomf.12645
  • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Shafer, K., Olofson, E. L., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2021). Fathers’ parenting and coparenting behavior in dual-earner families: Contributions of traditional masculinity, father nurturing role beliefs, and maternal gate closing. Psychology of Men & Masculinities.
  • Shafer, K., Petts, R. J., & Scheibling, C. (2021). Variation in masculinities and fathering behaviors: A cross-national comparison of the United States and Canada. Sex Roles, 84(7), 439-453.
  • Shuell, T. J. (1990). Teaching and learning as problem solving. Theory into practice, 29(2), 102-108.
  • Sımsıkı, H., & Şendil, G. (2014). Baba katilim ölçeği'nin (BAKÖ) geliştirilmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(49), 104-123.
  • Spiteri, G., Borg Xuereb, R., Kaner, E. (2022). Preparation for Parenthood. In B. Xuereb, R., Jomeen, J. (eds) Perspectives on midwifery and parenthood (pp.15-26). Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17285-4_2
  • Stgeorge, J., & Freeman, E. (2017). Measurement of father–child rough and tumble play and its relations to child behavior. Infant mental health journal, 38(6), 709-725. doi:10.1002/imhj.21676
  • Thomas, E., & Magilvy, J. K. (2011). Qualitative rigor or research validity in qualitative research. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16(2), 151–155. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2011.00283.x
  • Tikotzky, L., Sadeh, A., Volkovich, E., Manber, R., Meiri, G., & Shahar, G. (2015). VII. Infant sleep development from 3 to 6 months postpartum: Links with maternal sleep and paternal involvement. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 80(1), 107-124. doi:10.1111/mono.12147
  • Uzun, H.. (2020). Babalik Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (20), 551-568.
  • Uzun, H., & Baran, G. (2015). Çocuk ebeveyn ilişki ölçeği’nin okul öncesi dönemde çocuğu olan babalar için geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslararası Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(3), 30-40.
  • Uzun, H., & Baran, G. (2019). Babaların okul öncesi dönemdeki çocuklarıyla ilişkisinin bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1), 47-60.
  • Uzun, H., & Baran, G. (2022). Do Fathers Effects the Social Skills of Preschool Children: An Experimental Study. Participatory Educational Research, 9(5), 222-242.
  • Varghese, C., & Wachen, J. (2016). The determinants of father involvement and connection to children’s literacy and language outcomes: a review of literature. Marriage Fam. Rev 52, 331–359. doi:10.1080/01494929.2015.10 99587
  • Venning, A., Herd, M. C., Smith, D. P., Lawn, S. J., Mohammadi, L., Glover, F., ... & Quartermain, V. (2020). “I felt like less than a shadow in the room”: Systematic review of the experiences and needs of new fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(1), 135–155. doi:10.1037/men0000269n
  • Vidaurreta, M., Lopez Dicastillo, O., Serrano Monzó, I., Belintxon, M., Bermejo Martins, E., & Mujika, A. (2022). Placing myself in a new normalized life: The process of becoming a first time father. A grounded theory study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 24(1), 152-162.
  • Volling, B. L., & Palkovitz, R. (2021). Fathering: New perspectives, paradigms, and possibilities. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(3), 427. doi:10.1037/men0000354
  • Wiik, K. A., Bernhardt, E., & Noack, T. (2009). A study of commitment and relationship quality in Sweden and Norway. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71(3), 465-477.
  • Williams, R. A. (2009). Masculinities and fathering. Community, Work & Family, 12(1), 57-73.
  • Wilson, K. R., & Prior, M. R. (2011). Father involvement and child well being. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 47(7), 405-407. doi:10.1111/j.1440- 1754.2010.01770.x
  • Wray, D. (2020). Paternity leave and fathers' responsibility: Evidence from a natural experiment in Canada. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(2), 534-549.
  • Yeung, W. J, Sandberg, J.F., Davis-Kean, P.E. & Hofferth, S.L. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in ıntact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 136–54.
  • Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in the social sciences]. (9th ed.). Ankara:Seçkin Publishing.
APA ZENCIR T, HASKAN AVCI O (2023). Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. , 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
Chicago ZENCIR TOLGA,HASKAN AVCI OZLEM Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. (2023): 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
MLA ZENCIR TOLGA,HASKAN AVCI OZLEM Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. , 2023, ss.235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
AMA ZENCIR T,HASKAN AVCI O Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. . 2023; 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
Vancouver ZENCIR T,HASKAN AVCI O Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. . 2023; 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
IEEE ZENCIR T,HASKAN AVCI O "Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”." , ss.235 - 254, 2023. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
ISNAD ZENCIR, TOLGA - HASKAN AVCI, OZLEM. "Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”". (2023), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
APA ZENCIR T, HASKAN AVCI O (2023). Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ, 10(2), 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
Chicago ZENCIR TOLGA,HASKAN AVCI OZLEM Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ 10, no.2 (2023): 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
MLA ZENCIR TOLGA,HASKAN AVCI OZLEM Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ, vol.10, no.2, 2023, ss.235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
AMA ZENCIR T,HASKAN AVCI O Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ. 2023; 10(2): 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
Vancouver ZENCIR T,HASKAN AVCI O Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”. KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ. 2023; 10(2): 235 - 254. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
IEEE ZENCIR T,HASKAN AVCI O "Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”." KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ, 10, ss.235 - 254, 2023. 10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
ISNAD ZENCIR, TOLGA - HASKAN AVCI, OZLEM. "Examination of The Metaphoric Perceptions of Fathers with Child 0-6 Aged Upon the Experience of “Being a Father”". KAFKAS EĞİTİM ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ 10/2 (2023), 235-254. https://doi.org/10.30900/kafkasegt.1232761
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
24-04-2024 9:6

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları