Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı
Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 51 Sayı: 2 Sayfa Aralığı: 95 - 103 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 İndeks Tarihi: 13-09-2023
Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı
Öz: Sürdürülebilirlik küresel kalkınmada temel strateji olup bu doğrultuda besin sistemlerinin dönüşümü gerekmektedir. Besin sistemi sadece besinin nasıl elde edildiğini değil, besinin ilişkili olduğu tüm süreçlerin ve unsurların yanı sıra ortaya çıkardığı sonuçları da kapsamakta olup sürdürülebilirliği hedeflenmektedir. Besin sistemlerinin sürdürülebilir olması; ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel temellere dayanması ve herkese besin güvencesi imkânı sağlayabilmesine bağlıdır. Mevcut besin sisteminde gizli maliyetlerin dikkate alınmaması besin sistemlerinin sürdürülebilirliğini etkilemektedir. Besinin piyasa değerine yansıtılmayan bu maliyetler dışsallaştırmaları ifade etmektedir. Çevresel, sağlık, sosyal ve ekonomik olarak kategorize edilebilen bu dışsallaştırmalar negatif de olsa pozitif de olsa sonuçta bir kesimin tercihleri ve bunların sonuçları başkalarını hatta sonraki nesilleri etkilemektedir. Besinin gerçek maliyeti yaklaşımı, dışsallaştırmalardan gelen gizli maliyetlerin değerlendirilerek pazar değerine yansıtılmasını sonuçta besinin gerçek fiyatını hedeflemektedir. Mevcut ekonomiler tüketicilerin besinleri gizli maliyetleri dâhil olmadan iki hatta üç kata kadar daha ucuz alabildiği fakat farkında olmadan başta vergilerle olmak üzere bu maliyetleri kendisinin ödediği düzene dayanmaktadır. Besinin fiyatı gerçek değerini yansıtmamakta olup toplumda farkındalığın oluşmasını engellemekte, sürdürülebilir olmayan, sağlıksız ve satın alınabilirliği düşük besinlerin üretimini teşvik etmektedir. Fakat hem gerçek maliyet muhasebesinde dışsallaştırmaların değerlendirilmesinde problemler hem de bu maliyetle belirlenecek besinin gerçek fiyatının tüketici ve üretici açısından potansiyel riskleri mevcuttur. Bu derlemede sürdürülebilir kalkınmada beslenme ve besin sistemlerinin rolüyle beraber besin sisteminin dönüşümünde besinin gerçek maliyeti ve fiyatı teorilerinin açıklanması amaçlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: Nutrition Role in Sustainable Development and the True Price of Food
Öz: Sustainability is the key strategy in global development, and in line with this, the transformation of food systems are one of the starting points. The concept of a food system encompasses not only the acquisition of food but also the interconnected processes, elements, and consequences associated with it, and it is essential for it to be sustainable. Sustainable food systems depend on economic, social, and environmental foundations, as well as their ability to provide food security for all. However, the current food systems do not take into account hidden costs of food, which significantly impact its sustainability. These hidden costs, known as externalities, are the environmental, health, social, and economic impacts that are not reflected in the market value of food. Whether negative or positive these externalities, the choices’ consequences of some affect others and even the next generations. The true cost of food approach aims to evaluate the hidden costs from externalities and reflect on the market value of food, ultimately targeting the true price of food. The true cost of food approach aimed to evaluate the hidden costs and reflect on the market value of food. In current economies, consumers can get food two or even three times cheaper but unwittingly pay hidden costs especially by taxes. The price of the food does not reflect its true value and consequently hinders the development of societal awareness and promoting the production of unsustainable and unhealthy food. However, implementing true cost accounting and determining the true price of food based on these costs present challenges and potential risks for both consumers and producers. This review aims to explain the role of nutrition and food systems in sustainable development, as well as to elucidate the theories of the true cost and price of food in the transformation of the food system.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- 1. Kuhlman T, Farrington J. What is Sustainability. Sustainability. 2010;2(11):3436-8.
- 2. Kumar S, Kumar N, Vivekadhish S. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Addressing unfinished agenda and strengthening sustainable development and partnership. Indian J Community Med. 2016;41(1):1-4.
- 3. Woodbridge M. From MDGs to SDGs: What are the Sustainable Development Goals: Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI); 2015. ICLEI Briefing Sheet - Urban Issues 01. Available at: https://www.local2030.org/library/251/From-MDGs-to-SDGs-What-are-the-Sustainable-Development-Goals.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 4. United Nations General Assembly. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. United Nations; 2015. Available at: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 5. Food and Agriculture Organization. Sustainable Development Goals. Available at: https://www.fao.org/sustainable-development-goals/goals Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 6. Kumar S. Health in international development agenda: present, past and future. Indian J Community Med. 2013;38(3):129-31.
- 7. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. Food security and nutrition and sustainable agriculture. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/foodagriculture Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 8. United Nations General Assembly. SDC Indicators. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 9. Grosso G, Mateo A, Rangelov N, Buzeti T, Birt C. Nutrition in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. Eur J Public Health. 2020;30(Suppl 1):i19-i23.
- 10. United Nations Independent Group of Scientists Appointed by the Secretary-General. Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now – Science for Achieving Sustainable Development. New York: UN; 2019. Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 11. Ericksen PJ. Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research. Glob Environ Change. 2008;18(1):234-45.
- 12. The United Nations Secretary Geneal’s High Level Task Force on Global Food and Nutrition Security. All Food Systems Are Sustainable; 2015. Compendium Final Report Zero Hunger Challenge Working Groups. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/issues/food/taskforce/pdf/HLTF%20-%20ZHC%20Advisory%20Notes.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 13. Food and Agriculture Organization. Sustainable food systems concept and framework. CA2079EN/1/10.18. 2018. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/ca2079en/CA2079EN.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 14. Hendriks S, Groot Ruiz Ad, Acosta MH, Baumers H, Galgani P, Mason-D’Croz D, et al. The true cost and true price of food. The Scientific Group of the UN Food Systems Summit (Draft). UN; 2021. Available at: https://sc-fss2021.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/UNFSS_true_cost_of_food.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 15. Gemmill-Herren B, Baker LE, Daniels PA, editors. True Cost Accounting for Food: Balancing the Scale. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2021.
- 16. Kuminoff NV. Public policy solutions to environmental externalities for agriculture. In: Gardner BL, Summer DA, editors. AEI Agricultural Policy Series: The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond. Washington DC: The AEI Press; 2007.
- 17. Negowetti NE. Exposing the invisible costs of commercial agriculture: Shaping policies with true costs accounting to create sustainable food future. Val U L Rev. 2017;51(2):447-82.
- 18. Stantcheva S. Externalities. Harvard University. Lecture 2017. Available at: https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/stantcheva/files/lecture7.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 19. Filho WL, Wolf F, Salvia AL, Beynaghi A, Shulla K, Koveleva M, et al. Heading towards an unsustainable world: some of the implications of not achieving the SDGs. Discover Sustainability. 2020;1(1).
- 20. Chirico F. The challenges of climate change, migration and conflict in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals: A call to responsible and responsive policy makers. J Health Soc Sci. 2017;2(2):137-42.
- 21. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). The true value of food: A powerful aid to business decision-making. 2021. Available at: https://www.wbcsd.org/contentwbc/download/12974/190792/1 Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 22. Food and Land Use Coalition (FOLU). Growing better: Ten critical transitions to transform food and land use. 2019. Avaliable at: https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 23. Rockefeller Foundation. True cost of food measuring what matters to transform the U.S. Food System. 2021. Avaliable at: https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/True-Cost-of-Food-Full-Report-Final.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 24. Aspenson A. “True” costs for food system reform: An overview of true cost accounting literature and initiatives. Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future; 2020. Available at: https://clf.jhsph.edu/sites/default/files/2020-02/true-cost-for-food-system-reform-2020.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 25. Hamm MW, Riemer O, Ploetz T. True Cost Accounting And Dietary Patterns: An Opportunity For Coherent Food System Policy. Berlin: TMG-Think Tank for Sustainability and WWF; 2021. Available at: https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Landwirtschaft/studie-true-cost-accounting-englisch.pdf Accessed: July 4, 2023.
- 26. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). True cost of food: Unpacking the value of the food system. 2018. Available at: https://docs.wbcsd.org/2018/10/FReSH_True_Cost_Discussion_Paper.pdf Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 27. World Health Organization. Taxes on sugary drinks: Why do it? Geneva: WHO; 2017. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/260253 Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 28. Teng AM, Jones AC, Mizdrak A, Signal L, Genç M, Wilson N. Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on purchases and dietary intake: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2019;20(9):1187-204.
- 29. Hattersley L, Thiebaud A, Fuchs A, Gonima A, Silver L, Mandeville K. Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages : International evidence and experiences. Washington DC: World Bank; 2020. Available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35186 Accessed: Jan 15, 2023.
- 30. Popkin BM, Ng SW. Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: Lessons to date and the future of taxation. PLoS Med. 2021;18(1):e1003412.
- 31. Goiana-da-Silva F, Cruz-E-Silva D, Bartlett O, Vasconcelos J, Morais Nunes A, Ashrafian H, et al. The ethics of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages to improve public health. Front Public Health. 2020;8:110.
- 32. Devisch I. Food taxes: a new holy grail. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2013;1(2):95-7.
- 33. Herforth A, Bai Y, Venkat A, Mahrt K, Ebel A, Masters WA. Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries: Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study No:9. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organziation; 2020. Available at: https://www.fao.org/agrifood-economics/publications/detail/en/c/1364162/ Accessed: May 15, 2023.
- 34. FAO and WHO. Sustainable healthy diets – Guiding principles. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organizationa and World Health Organization; 2019. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241516648 Accessed: May 15, 2023.
- 35. Dikmen D, Inan-Eroğlu E, Göktaş Z, Barut-Uyar B, Karabulut E. Validation of a Turkish version of the food choice questionnaire. Food Qual Prefer. 2016;52:81-6.
| APA | HAYDAROĞLU M, Bilgic P (2023). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. , 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| Chicago | HAYDAROĞLU MEHMET,Bilgic Pelin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. (2023): 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| MLA | HAYDAROĞLU MEHMET,Bilgic Pelin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. , 2023, ss.95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| AMA | HAYDAROĞLU M,Bilgic P Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. . 2023; 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| Vancouver | HAYDAROĞLU M,Bilgic P Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. . 2023; 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| IEEE | HAYDAROĞLU M,Bilgic P "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı." , ss.95 - 103, 2023. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| ISNAD | HAYDAROĞLU, MEHMET - Bilgic, Pelin. "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı". (2023), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| APA | HAYDAROĞLU M, Bilgic P (2023). Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 51(2), 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| Chicago | HAYDAROĞLU MEHMET,Bilgic Pelin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 51, no.2 (2023): 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| MLA | HAYDAROĞLU MEHMET,Bilgic Pelin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, vol.51, no.2, 2023, ss.95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| AMA | HAYDAROĞLU M,Bilgic P Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi. 2023; 51(2): 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| Vancouver | HAYDAROĞLU M,Bilgic P Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı. Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi. 2023; 51(2): 95 - 103. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| IEEE | HAYDAROĞLU M,Bilgic P "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı." Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi, 51, ss.95 - 103, 2023. 10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
| ISNAD | HAYDAROĞLU, MEHMET - Bilgic, Pelin. "Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Beslenme ve Besinin Gerçek Fiyatı". Beslenme ve Diyet Dergisi 51/2 (2023), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.33076/2023.BDD.1722 |
