Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 1167 - 1185 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.35341/afet.1284421 İndeks Tarihi: 18-10-2023

Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü

Öz:
Bu çalışma Karayipler Topluluğu (CARICOM) ve Güney Afrika Kalkınma Topluluğu (SADC) örgütlerinin, COVID-19 (koronavirüs hastalığı) salgınıyla mücadele ve kriz yönetimi süreçlerinde gerçekleştirdikleri faaliyetleri ortaya koymakta ve karşılaştırmalı şekilde analiz etmektedir. COVID-19 salgınına ilişkin kriz yönetim süreçleri, çeşitli düzeyde gerçekleştirilen eylemlerle sürdürülmüştür. Bölgesel düzey, salgınla mücadelenin ele alındığı düzeylerden biridir. Bu hususta bölgesel örgütler, salgına karşı kendi bölgelerinin direncini güçlendirmeye ve salgının toplumlar üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltmaya ilişkin faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur. Bu kapsamda salgın döneminde, üyelik kompozisyonu açısından büyük ölçüde gelişmekte olan devletlerin üye olduğu CARICOM ve SADC, bulundukları bölgelerin ekonomik ve coğrafi açıdan afet ve krizlerle mücadele konusundaki kısıtlarına rağmen, bölgesel düzeyde ortak politikaların belirlenmesi ve toplumların virüse karşı dayanımının artırılmasına ilişkin girişimler gerçekleştirmiştir. Bu bağlamda ‘CARICOM ve SADC, COVID-19 salgını döneminde ne tür faaliyetlerde bulunmuştur’ ve ‘CARICOM ve SADC’nin COVID-19 sağlık krizinin bölgesel düzeyde yönetişimine ilişkin faaliyetlerini belirleyen değişkenler nelerdir’ soruları, sağlıkla ilgili kriz dönemlerinde iki örgütün bölgesel yönetişim bakımından rolünü anlayabilmek açısından anlamlı hâle gelmektedir. Çalışma yukarıda belirtilen sorulara, sağlık ile bölgeselcilik arasındaki ilişki bağlamında yanıt aramaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: Bölgeselcilik COVID-19 Güney Afrika Kalkınma Topluluğu Karayipler Topluluğu

Regional Cooperation in Global Health Crises: The Role CARICOM and SADC in Managing the COVID-19 Outbreak

Öz:
This study comparatively analyzes the activities of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in the fight against the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic and crisis management processes. Crisis management processes regarding the COVID-19 outbreak have been implemented with actions taken at various levels. The regional level is among the levels where the struggle against the pandemic has been handled. In this regard, regional organizations have carried out activities to strengthen the resistance of their regions against the virus and reduce the negative effects of the epidemic on societies. In this context, during the pandemic period, CARICOM and SADC, the members of which are mostly developing states, have attempted to establish common policies at the regional level and promote the resistance of societies against the virus, despite the constraints of their regions in dealing with disasters and crises in economic and geographical terms. In this sense, the questions of ‘what kind of actions have CARICOM and SADC engaged in during the COVID-19 pandemic’ and ‘what are the variables that determine the actions of CARICOM and SADC in the governance of the COVID-19 health crisis at the regional level’ become meaningful to comprehend the role of these organizations in the regional governance related the health-related crises. The study seeks answers to the above-mentioned questions in the context of the relationship between health and regionalism.
Anahtar Kelime: Caribbean Community COVID-19 Regionalism Southern African Development Community

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Amaya A B, De Lombaerde P (2021). Regional cooperation is essential to combatting health emergencies in the Global South. Globalization and Health 17: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00659-7
  • Amaya A B, Rollet V, Kingah S (2015). What’s in a word? Then framing of health at the regional level: ASEAN, EU, SADC and UNASUR. Global Social Policy 15: 229–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018115599816
  • Ateş D (2012). Uluslararası örgütler: Devletlerin örgütlenme mantığı. Dora, Bursa.
  • Ayyıldız Y (ed), (2022). Küresel salgın COVID-19: Birey, toplum ve dünya üzerine etkileri. TireKitap, İstanbul.
  • Bardouille N C (2018). Caribbean regionalisms in a comparative-historical perspective: The making of four regional systems, Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes 43: 171-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/08263663.2018.1456133
  • Birn A-E, Pillay Y, Holtz T H (2009). Textbook of international health: Global health in a dynamic world. 3rd Edition, Oxford University, Oxford.
  • Bishop M L, Girvan N, Shaw T M, Mike S, Kirton R M, Scobie M, Mohammed D, Anatol M (2011). Caribbean Regional Integration. UWI Institute of International Relations, 1-49.
  • Brown G, Susskind D (2020). International cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 36: 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa025
  • Byron J, Martinez J L, Montoute A, Niles K (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 in the Commonwealth Caribbean: key lessons. The Round Table 110: 99-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2021.1875694
  • Çelik H, Demir E (ed), (2021). COVID-19 Salgını: Ülke Deneyimleri, Bölgesel Etkiler ve Küresel Yansımalar. Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Dafuleya G (2020). Social and emergency assistance ex-ante and during COVID-19 in the SADC region. The International Journal of Community and Social Development 2: 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/2516602620936028
  • De Melo D da S N, Papageorgiou M (2021). Regionalism on the Run: ASEAN, EU, AU and MERCOSUR responses mid the Covid-19 Crisis. PACO 14: 57-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1285/i20356609v14i1p57
  • Elbow G S (1997). Regional cooperation in the Caribbean: The Association of Caribbean States. Journal of Geography 96: 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221349708978750
  • Ermağan İ, Efe H (2018). Karayiplerde siyasal ve ekonomik panorama. In: Ermağan İ (ed) Dünya siyasetinde Latin Amerika-2 (Orta Amerika ve Karayipler). Nobel Akademik, Ankara, pp. 145-172.
  • Ferreira G A G, Melo M C (2020). CARICOM: a regionalized response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Cadernos de Regionalismo ODR. 4: 12-22.
  • Fidler D P (2001). The globalization of public health: The first 100 years of international health diplomacy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79: 842-849.
  • Genç F N (2021). Kriz Yönetimi: COVID-19 pandemisi. Nobel Yayın, Ankara.
  • Greer S L, Amaya A B, Jarman H, Legido-Quigley H, McKee M (2022). Regional international organizations and health: A framework for analysis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 47: 63-92. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-9417456
  • Grenade W C, Skeete K-A (2015). Regionalism among small states–challenges and prospects: The case of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Small States Digest 1: 1-34.
  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (2022). In: Danger: UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2022.
  • Joseph J E (2021). The South African Development Community (SADC) and COVID-19: revisiting security community in SADC. EUREKA: Social and Humanities, 5: 69-81. https://doi.org/10.21303/2504- 5571.2021.002047
  • Kirton M (2013). Caribbean regional disaster response and management mechanisms: Prospects and challenges. The Brookings-London School of Economics, 1-32.
  • Landis R C, (2021). Coronavirus and CARICOM: The benefit of a regional university in a coherent pandemic response. In: Campbell Y, Connell J (ed) COVID in the islands: A comparative perspective on the Caribbean and the Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 55-69.
  • Mapuva J, Muyengwa-Mapuva L (2014). The SADC regional bloc: What challenges and prospects for regional integration? Law, Democracy&Development 14: 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ldd.v18i1.2
  • Mariano K, Bressan R, Ferreira G, (2022). Latin American and Caribbean regional organizations facing the COVID-19 pandemic. Contexto Internacional 44: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102- 8529.20224402e20220049
  • Mcinnes C, Lee K, (2012). Global health and international relations. Polity Press, Cambridge.
  • Medinilla A, Byiers B, Apiko P (2020). African regional responses to COVID-19 (No. 272). ECDPM Discussion Paper.
  • Muntschick J (2018a). Extra-Regional trade relations constrain deeper market integration. In: Krapohl S (ed) Regional Integration in the Global South: External influence on economic cooperation in ASEAN, MERCOSUR and SADC. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 179-207.
  • Muntschick J (2018b). The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU): Regionalism and external influence. Palgrave MacMillan, Cham.
  • Murphy M M, Jeyaseelan S M, Howitt C, Greaves N, Harewood H, Quimby K R, Sobers N, Landis R C, Rocke K D., Hambleton I R (2020). COVID-19 containment in the Caribbean: The experience of small island developing states. Research in Globalization 2: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100019
  • Nganje F (2021). Building anticipatory governance in SADC: Post-COVID-19 governance outlook. SAIIA Occasional Paper, 324.
  • Nikogosian H (2020). Regional integration, health policy and global health. Global Policy 11: 508-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12835
  • Oloruntoba S O (2021). Unity is strength: Covid-19 and regionalism in Africa. The International Spectator 56: 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2021.1918479
  • Penfold E (2017). Regionalism in the Southern African Development Community: Integration for better health? PRARI Working Paper, 15–11.
  • Qobo M (2009). Regional integration, trade and conflict in southern Africa. In: Khan S. R. (ed) Regional trade integration and conflict resolution. Routledge, London, New York, pp. 42-62.
  • Riggirozzi P (2017). Regional integration and welfare: Framing and advocating pro-poor norms through southern regionalisms. New Political Economy 22: 661–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2017.1311847
  • Rosenberg J, Strauss I, Isaacs G (2021). COVID-19 impact on SADC labour markets: Evidence from high- frequency data and other sources. African Development Review 33: 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12528
  • Ruano L, Saltalamacchia N (2021). Latin American and Caribbean regionalism during the Covid-19 pandemic: Saved by functionalism? The International Spectator 56: 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2021.1900666
  • Saurombe A (2012). The role of SADC institutions in implementing SADC treaty provisions dealing with regional integration. Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad, 15: 454-485. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/pelj.v15i2.16
  • The Soul Beat Africa Network (2013). SADC HIV and AIDS Cross Border Initiative.
  • Thompson D D P (2012). Leveraging learning to improve disaster management outcomes. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 3: 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-012-0020-4
  • Tür Ö, Salık N (2017). Uluslararası ilişkilerde “küçük devletler”: Gelişimi, tanımı, dış politika ve ittifak davranışları. Uluslararası İlişkiler 14: 3-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.513054
  • Umakanthan S, Bukelo M M, Gajula S S (2022). The Commonwealth Caribbean COVID-19: Regions resilient pathway during pandemic. Front Public Health 10: 1-4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.844333
  • URL 1, https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/list-sids (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 2, https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 3, https://caricom.org/member-states-and-associate-members/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 4, https://data.worldbank.org/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 5, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/countryprofile/generalprofile/en-gb/500/index.html (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 6, https://treaty.caricom.org/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 7, http://www.sice.oas.org/Trade/CCME/Chaguaramastreaty_e.pdf, 1973 (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 8, https://caricom.org/institutions/caribbean-disaster-emergency-management-agency-cdema/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 9, https://caricom.org/institutions/caribbean-agricultural-health-and-food-safety-agency-cahfsa/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 10, https://caricom.org/documents/16429-cch-iv-publication_rev-7_health_sector_development.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 11, https://www.carpha.org/Who-We-Are/About (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 12, https://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/caricom-response-haiti-earthquake-march-5-2010a (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 13, https://carpha.org/Portals/0/Documents/COVID%20Situation%20Reports/Situation%20Report%2001 7%20-%20March%202,%202020.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 14, https://carpha.org/Portals/0/Documents/COVID%20Situation%20Reports/Situation%20Report%2002 1%20-%20March%2011,%202020.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 15, https://carpha.org/Portals/0/Documents/COVID%20Situation%20Reports/Situation%20Report%2000 9%20-%20February%2010,%202020.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 16, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5fedabe5- en.pdf?expires=1680768515&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=F5C136B9CB54BE3F2FE363E6AD9DF6 F1 (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 17, https://www.undrr.org/media/48858/download (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 18, https://caricom.org/news-feature-caribbean-community-successfully-keeps-low-covid-19- infection-rates/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 19, https://caricom.org/caricom-health-ministers-to-hold-emergency-meeting-on-deadly- coronavirus/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 20, https://today.caricom.org/2020/02/26/working-group-established-to-concretise- recommendations-for-a-regional-response-to-covid-19/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 21, https://today.caricom.org/2020/03/01/caricom-heads-ministers-agree-on-cov19-protocol/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 22, https://caricom.org/press-release-re-ninth-special-emergency-meeting-of-the-conference-of- heads-of-government-of-the-caribbean-community-via-videoconference-15-april-2020/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 23, https://caricom.org/caricom-heads-agree-to-regional-travel-bubble-in-response-to-covid19- challenges/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 24, https://caricom.org/st-kitts-and-nevis-prison-is-better-equip-to-prevent-covid-19-caricom- impacs-and-the-united-kingdom-provide-support-to-regional-prisons/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 25, https://caricom.org/secretary-general-praises-strong-caricom-solidarity-in-covid-19-vaccine- sharing/ (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 26, https://www.sadc.int/pages/history-and-treaty (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 27, https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-11/Declaration__Treaty_of_SADC_0.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 28, https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-08/Consolidated_Text_of_the_SADC_Treaty_- _scanned_21_October_2015.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • URL 29, https://www.sadc.int/sites/default/files/2021-11/COVID_19_9th_Report_EN.pdf (Son Erişim: 05.04.2023)
  • Van Niekerk D (2021). Anticipatory governance in SADC: Reducing disaster risk after COVID-19. South African Institute of International Affairs. Occasional Paper 321.
  • Yanacopulos H (2014). The Janus Faces of a Middle Power: South Africa’s emergence in international development. Journal of Southern African Studies 40: 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2013.860715
  • Yardım M, Parlak M (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinin bizi getirdiği nokta: Küresel kamu malı kavramı ve uluslararası yönetişim ve finansmanı konusunda sorunlar. Sağlık ve Toplum Dergisi 30: 133-136.
  • Yılmaz S (2022). Avrupa Birliği’nin Asya’yla ilişkilerinde bölgeler arası bir etkileşim biçimi olarak Asya- Avrupa Diyaloğu. KAÜİİBFD 13: 602-625. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.025
  • Yılmaz S, Reçber K (2023). Karayipler Topluluğu: Hükümetler arası iş birliği yoluyla bölgesel bütünleşme arayışı. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 15: 61-85.
  • Yingi E, Hlungwani P (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and regional integration in Africa: Implications of the responses from ECOWAS and SADC. South African Journal of International Affairs 29: 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2022.2099457
APA Yilmaz S, Belder F (2023). Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. , 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
Chicago Yilmaz Samet,Belder Ferit Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. (2023): 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
MLA Yilmaz Samet,Belder Ferit Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. , 2023, ss.1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
AMA Yilmaz S,Belder F Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. . 2023; 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
Vancouver Yilmaz S,Belder F Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. . 2023; 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
IEEE Yilmaz S,Belder F "Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü." , ss.1167 - 1185, 2023. 10.35341/afet.1284421
ISNAD Yilmaz, Samet - Belder, Ferit. "Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü". (2023), 1167-1185. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1284421
APA Yilmaz S, Belder F (2023). Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 6(3), 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
Chicago Yilmaz Samet,Belder Ferit Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6, no.3 (2023): 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
MLA Yilmaz Samet,Belder Ferit Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, vol.6, no.3, 2023, ss.1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
AMA Yilmaz S,Belder F Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023; 6(3): 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
Vancouver Yilmaz S,Belder F Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2023; 6(3): 1167 - 1185. 10.35341/afet.1284421
IEEE Yilmaz S,Belder F "Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü." Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 6, ss.1167 - 1185, 2023. 10.35341/afet.1284421
ISNAD Yilmaz, Samet - Belder, Ferit. "Küresel Sağlık Krizlerinde Bölgesel İş Birliği: COVID-19 Salgınının Yönetiminde CARICOM ve SADC’nin Rolü". Afet ve Risk Dergisi 6/3 (2023), 1167-1185. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1284421