Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases

capkin, erhan

doi:10.55730/1300-0144.5723

Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases

Erhan ÇAPKIN (Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Farabi Hastanesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Anabilim Dalı, Trabzon, Türkiye)

Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences

0 0

Yıl: 2023 Cilt: 53 Sayı: 6 Sayfa Aralığı: 1537 - 1551 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5723 İndeks Tarihi: 17-01-2024

Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases

Öz:

Ultrasonography is an imaging technique based on sound waves used for the evaluation of soft tissues. Sound waves have been used for a long time in nonmedical fields, including military defense systems, radar systems, and detection of icebergs. Technological advances resulted in new techniques becoming available for medical imaging, including ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Nowadays, the use of imaging has become a gold standard protocol in the diagnosis of many diseases, and recently developed diagnosis and therapy options provide more efficient treatment of rheumatic diseases. Thus, it has become possible to prevent structural damage and disability in patients with rheumatic disease. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is becoming a preferred imaging technique for rheumatic diseases, as it has many advantages. Among its advantages are being inexpensive, being radiation-free, having a dynamic image capacity, helping to detect disease activity, and helping with early detection and diagnosis of structural damage. This review summarizes the use of ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases.

Anahtar Kelime: Musculoskeletal ultrasonography rheumatoid arthritis spondyloarthropathies crystal arthritis

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Bruyn GAW, Schmidt WA. Introductory Guide to Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Rheumatologists. 2nd ed. Netherlands: Bohn Stafle van Loghum Houten; 2011.
2. Donald I, Macvicar J, Brown TG. Investigation of abdominal masses by pulsed ultrasonography. Lancet 1958; 271 (7032): 1188-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91905-6
3. McDonald DG, Leopold GR. Ultrasound B-scanning in the differentiation of Baker’s cyst and thrombophlebitis. British Journal of Radiology 1972; 45 (538): 729-732. https://doi. org/10.1259/0007-1285-45-538-729
4. Wakefield RJ, Balint PV, Szkudlarek M, Filippucci E, Backhaus M et al. OMERACT 7 Special Interest Group. Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology. Journal of Rheumatology 2005; 32 (12): 2485-2487.
5. D’Agostino MA, Terslev L, Aegerter P, Backhaus M, Balint P et al. Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR–OMERACT ultrasound task force – Part 1: definition and development of a standardised, consensus-based scoring system. Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Open 2017; 11 3(1): e000428. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000428
6. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, Burmester GR, Emery P et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2018; 8 (4):18001. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.1
7. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT et al. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2010; 62 (9): 2569-2581. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27584
8. Combe B, Landewe R, Daien CI, Hua C, Aletaha D et al. 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2017; 76 (6): 948-959. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210602
9. Nakagomi D, Ikeda K, Okubo A, Iwamoto T, Sanayama Y et al. Ultrasound can improve the accuracy of the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League against rheumatism classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis to predict the requirement for methotrexate treatment. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2013; 65 (4): 890-898 https://doi. org/10.1002/art.37848
10. Millot F, Clavel G, Etchepare F, Gandjbakhch F, Grados F et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in healthy subjects and ultrasound criteria for early arthritis (the ESPOIR cohort). Journal of Rheumatology 2011; 38(4): 613-620. https://doi. org/10.3899/jrheum.100379
11. Keen HI, Brown AK, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG. MRI and musculoskeletal ultrasonography as diagnostic tools in early arthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 2005; 31 (4): 699-714 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2005.07.002
12. Szkudlarek M, Klarlund M, Narvestad E, Court-Payen M, Strandberg C et al. Ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography and clinical examination. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2006; 8(2): R52. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar1904
13. Scheel AK, Hermann KG, Ohrndorf S, Werner C, Schirmer C et al. Prospective 7 year follow up imaging study comparing radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis finger joints. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006; 65 (5): 595-600 https://doi.org/10.1136/ ard.2005.041814
14. Naredo E, Collado P, Cruz A, Palop MJ, Cabero F et al. Longitudinal power Doppler ultrasonographic assessment of joint inflammatory activity in early rheumatoid arthritis: predictive value in disease activity and radiologic progression. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2007; 57 (1): 116-124. https://doi. org/10.1002/art.22461
15. D’Agostino MA, Boers M, Wakefield RJ, Berner Hammer H, Vittecoq O et al. Exploring a new ultrasound score as a clinical predictive tool in patients with rheumatoid arthritis starting abatacept: results from the APPRAISE study. Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Open 2016; 2 (1): e000237. https:// doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000237
16. Naredo E, Valor L, De la Torre I, Montoro M, Bello N et al. Predictive value of Doppler ultrasound-detected synovitis in relation to failed tapering of biologic therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54 (8): 1408-1414. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kev006
17. Backhaus M, Kamradt T, Sandrock D, Loreck D, Fritz J et al. Arthritis of the finger joints: a comprehensive approach comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Arthritis and Rheumatology 1999; 42 (6): 1232-1245. https:// doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1232::AID- ANR21>3.0.CO;2-3
18. Salaffi F, Gutierrez M, Carotti M. Ultrasound versus conventional radiography in the assessment of bone erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2014; 32 (1 Suppl 80): 85-90.
19. Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Conaghan PG, O’Connor P, McGonagle D et al. The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2000; 43 (12): 2762-2770. https:// doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2762::AID- ANR16>3.0.CO;2-%23
20. Filippucci E, Farina A, Carotti M, Salaffi F, Grassi W. Grey scale and power Doppler sonographic changes induced by intra- articular steroid injection treatment. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004; 63 (6): 740-743. https://doi.org/10.1136/ ard.2003.007971
21. Hau M, Kneitz C, Tony HP, Keberle M, Jahns R et al. High resolution ultrasound detects a decrease in pannus vascularisation of small finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor (etanercept). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2002; 61 (1): 55-58 https://doi. org/10.1136/ard.61.1.55
22. Iagnocco A, Perella C, Naredo E, Meenagh G, Ceccarelli F. Etanercept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: clinical follow-up over one year by ultrasonography. Clinical Rheumatology 2008; 27 (4): 491-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10067-007-0738-3
23. Iagnocco A, Finucci A, Ceccarelli F, Perricone C, Iorgoveanu V, Valesini G. Power Doppler ultrasound monitoring of response to anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015, 54 (10): 1890-1896. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kev211
24. Iagnocco A, Filippucci E, Perella C, Ceccarelli F, Cassarà E. Clinical and ultrasonographic monitoring of response to adalimumab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 2008; 35 (1): 35-40.
25. Muñoz-Fernández S, Otón-Sánchez T, Carmona L, Calvo-Alén J, Escudero A et al. Use of prognostic factors of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice and perception of their predictive capacity before and after exposure to evidence. Rheumatology International 2018; 38 (12): 2289-2296. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00296-018-4152-8
26. Taylor PC, Steuer A, Gruber J, Cosgrove DO, Blomley MJ. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2004; 50 (4): 1107-1116. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20123
27. Brown AK, Conaghan PG, Karim Z, Quinn MA, Ikeda K et al. An explanation for the apparent dissociation between clinical remission and continued structural deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2008; 58 (10): 2958-2967. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23945
28. Wakefield RJ, Green MJ, Marzo-Ortega H, Conaghan PG, Gibbon WW et al. Should oligoarthritis be reclassified? Ultrasound reveals a high prevalence of subclinical disease. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004; 63(4):382-385. https:// doi.org/10.1136/ 2003.007062
29. Dougados M, Jousse-Joulin S, Mistretta F, d’Agostino MA, Backhaus M, Bentin J et al. Evaluation of several ultrasonography scoring systems for synovitis and comparison to clinical examination: results from a prospective multicentre study of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 May;69(5):828-33. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.115493
30. Terslev L, Naredo E, Aegerter P, Wakefield RJ, Backhaus M et al. Scoring ultrasound synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: a EULAR–OMERACT ultrasound taskforce – Part 2: reliability and application to multiple joints of a standardized, consensus- based scoring system. Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases Open 2017; 3 (1): e000427. https://doi.org/10.1136/ rmdopen-2016-000427
31. Dougados M, Jousse-Joulin S, Mistretta F, D’Agostino MA, Backhaus M et al. Evaluation of several ultrasonography scoring systems for synovitis and comparison to clinical examination: results from a prospective multicentre study of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2010; 69 (5): 828- 833. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.115493
32. Scheel AK, Hermann KG, Kahler E, Pasewaldt D, Fritz J et al. A novel ultrasonographic synovitis scoring system suitable for analyzing finger joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2005; 52 (3): 733-743. https://doi. org/10.1002/art.20939
33. Naredo E, Gamero F, Bonilla G, Uson J, Carmona L et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis: comparison of extended versus reduced joint evaluation. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2005; 23 (6): 881-884.
34. Backhaus M, Ohrndorf S, Kellner H, Strunk J, Backhaus TM et al. Evaluation of a novel 7-joint ultrasound score in daily rheumatologic practice: a pilot project. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2009; 61 (9): 1194-1201. https://doi.org/10.1002/ art.24646
35. Backhaus TM, Ohrndorf S, Kellner H, Strunk J, Hartung W et al. The US7 score is sensitive to change in a large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis over 12 months of therapy. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2013; 72 (7): 1163-1169. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201397
36. Karkucak M, Cilesizoglu N, Capkin E, Can I, Batmaz I et al. Education and visual information improves effectiveness of ultrasound-guided local injections on shoulder pain and associated anxiety level: a randomized controlled study. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2016; 95 (1): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000305
37. Ucuncu F, Capkin E, Karkucak M, Ozden G, Cakirbay H et al. A comparison of the effectiveness of landmark-guided injections and ultrasonography guided injections for shoulder pain. Clinical Journal of Pain 2009; 25 (9): 786-789. https://doi. org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181acb0e4
38. Nordberg LB, Lillegraven S, Aga AB, Sexton J, Lie E. The impact of ultrasound on the use and efficacy of intraarticular glucocorticoid injections in early rheumatoid arthritis: secondary analyses from a randomized trial examining the benefit of ultrasound in a clinical tight control regimen. Arthritis and Rheumatology 2018; 70 (8): 1192-1199. https:// doi.org/10.1002/art.40494
39. Ammitzbøll-Danielsen M, Østergaard M, Fana V, Glinatsi D, Naredo E et al. Intramuscular versus ultrasound-guided intratenosynovial glucocorticoid injection for tenosynovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, controlled study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2017; 76 (4): 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209840
40. Hartung W, Ehrenstein B, Härle P, Fleck M, Weigand T. Ultrasound-guided joint injections in patients with rheumatic diseases. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 2011; 70 (6): 455-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-011-0837-z
41. Gutierrez M, Di Matteo A, Rosemffet M, Cazenave T, Rodriguez- Gil G et al. Short-term efficacy to conventional blind injection versus ultrasound-guided injection of local corticosteroids in tenosynovitis in patients with inflammatory chronic arthritis: a randomized comparative study. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83 (2): 161-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.04.017
42. Nguyen H, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Gandjbakhch F, Constantin A, Foltz V et al. Prevalence of ultrasound-detected residual synovitis and risk of relapse and structural progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients in clinical remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53 (11): 2110-2118. https://doi. org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu217
43. Haavardsholm EA, Aga AB, Olsen IC, Lillegraven S, Hammer HB et al. Ultrasound in management of rheumatoid arthritis: ARCTIC randomised controlled strategy trial. British Medical Journal 2016; 354: i4205. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4205
44. Paulshus Sundlisæter N, Aga AB, Olsen IC, Hammer HB, Uhlig T et al. Clinical and ultrasound remission after 6 months of treat-to- target therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: associations to future good radiographic and physical outcomes. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2018; 77 (10): 1421-1425. https://doi.org/10.1136/ annrheumdis-2017-212830
45. Colebatch AN, Edwards CJ, Østergaard M, van der Heijde D, Balint PV et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging of the joints in the clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2013; 72 (6): 804-814. https://doi. org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-203158
46. Braun J, Baraliakos X, Buehring B, Kiltz U, Fruth M. Imaging of axial spondyloarthritis. New aspects and differential diagnoses. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2018; 36 Suppl 114 (5): 35-42.
47. Mandl P, Navarro-Compán V, Terslev L, Aegerter P, van der Heijde D et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in the diagnosis and management of spondyloarthritis in clinical practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2015; 74 (7): 1327-1339. https:// doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206971
48. Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, De Angelis R, Filosa G, Kane D et al. A sonographic spectrum of psoriatic arthritis: “the five targets”. Clinical Rheumatology 2010; 29 (2): 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10067-009-1292-y
49. Lehtinen A, Taavitsainen M, Leirisalo-Repo M. Sonographic analysis of enthesopathy in the lower extremities of patients with spondylarthropathy. Clinical Experimental Rheumatology 1994; 12: 143-148.
50. Schett G, Lories RJ, D’Agostino MA, Elewaut D, Kirkham B et al. Enthesitis: from pathophysiology to treatment. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 2017; 13 (12): 731-741. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrrheum.2017.188
51. D’Agostino MA. Enthesitis detection by ultrasound: where are we now? Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2018; 36 Suppl 114 (5): 127-130.
52. Naredo E, Möller I, de Miguel E, Batlle-Gualda E, Acebes C et al. High prevalence of ultrasonographic synovitis and enthesopathy in patients with psoriasis without psoriatic arthritis: a prospective case- control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 50 (10): 1838-1848. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker078
53. Zabotti A, Bandinelli F, Batticciotto A, Scirè CA, Iagnocco A et al. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography for psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis patients: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56 (9): 1518-1532. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ kex179
54. Balint PV, Terslev L, Aegerter P, Bruyn GAW et al. Reliability of a consensus-based ultrasound definition and scoring for enthesitis in spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: an OMERACT US initiative. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2018; 77 (12): 1730-1735. https://doi.org/10.1136/ annrheumdis-2018-213609
55. Christiansen SN, Østergaard M, Terslev L. Ultrasonography in gout: utility in diagnosis and monitoring. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2018; 36 Suppl 114 (5): 61-67.
56. Grassi W, Meenagh G, Pascual E, Filippucci E. “Crystal clear”-sonographic assessment of gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2006; 36 (3): 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. semarthrit.2006.08.001
57. Terslev L, Gutierrez M, Christensen R, Balint PV, Bruyn GA et al. Assessing elementary lesions in gout by ultrasound: results of an OMERACT patient-based agreement and reliability exercise. Journal of Rheumatology 2015; 42 (11): 2149-2154. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150366
58. Neogi T, Jansen TL, Dalbeth N, Fransen J, Schumacher HR et al. 2015 gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2015; 74 (10): 1789-1798. https://doi.org/10.1136/ annrheumdis-2015-208237
59. Gutierrez M, Schmidt WA, Thiele RG, Keen HI, Kaeley GS et al. International consensus for ultrasound lesions in gout: results of Delphi process and web-reliability exercise. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 54 (10): 1797-1805. https://doi.org/10.1093/ rheumatology/kev112
60. Ottaviani S, Richette P, Allard A, Ora J, Bardin T. Ultrasonography in gout: a case-control study. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2012; 30 (4): 499-504.
61. Thiele RG, Schlesinger N. Diagnosis of gout by ultrasound. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007; 46 (7): 1116-1121. https://doi. org/10.1093/rheumatology/kem058
62. Wright SA, Filippucci E, McVeigh C, Grey A, McCarron M et al. High-resolution ultrasonography of the first metatarsal phalangeal joint in gout: a controlled study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007; 66 (7): 859-864. https://doi. org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2006.062802
63. Dalbeth N, Clark B, Gregory K, Gamble G, Sheehan T et al. Mechanisms of bone erosion in gout: a quantitative analysis using plain radiography and computed tomography. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2009; 68 (8): 1290-1295. https://doi. org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2008.094201
64. Peiteado D, Villalba A, Martin-Mola E, Balsa A, Demiguel E. Ultrasound sensitivity to changes in gout: a longitudinal study after two years of treatment. Clinical Experimental Rheumatology 2017; 35 (5):746-751.
65. Filippucci E, Ciappetti A, Grassi W. Sonographic monitoring of gout. Reumatismo 2003; 55 (3): 184-186. https://doi. org/10.4081/reumatismo.2003.184
66. Sofka CM, Adler RS, Cordasco FA. Ultrasound diagnosis of chondrocalcinosis in the knee. Skeletal Radiology 2002; 31(1): 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002560100434
67. Gutierrez M, Di Geso L, Salaffi F, Carotti M, Girolimetti R et al. Ultrasound detection of cartilage calcification at knee level in calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Arthritis Care Research (Hoboken) 2014; 66 (1): 69-73. https://doi. org/10.1002/acr.22190
68. Filippou G, Frediani B, Gallo A, Menza L, Falsetti P et al. A “new” technique for the diagnosis of chondrocalcinosis of the knee: sensitivity and specificity of high-frequency ultrasonography. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007; 66 (8): 1126-1128. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2007.069344
69. Filippou G, Scirè CA, Adinolfi A, Damjanov NS, Carrara G et al. Identification of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) by ultrasound: reliability of the OMERACT definitions in an extended set of joints – an international multiobserver study by the OMERACT Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease Ultrasound Subtask Force. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2018; 77 (8): 1194-1199. https://doi.org/10.1136/ annrheumdis-2017-212542
70. Vele P, Simon SP, Damian L, Felea I, Muntean L et al. Clinical and ultrasound findings in patients with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. Medical Ultrasonography 2018; 20 (2): 159-163. https://doi.org/10.11152/mu-1193
71. Scheel AK, Matteson EL, Dasgupta B, Bruyn GA, Ohrndorf S et al. Reliability exercise for the polymyalgia rheumatica classification criteria study: the oranjewoud ultrasound substudy. International Journal of Rheumatology 2009; 738931. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/738931
72. Dasgupta B, Cimmino MA, Maradit-Kremers H, Schmidt WA, Schirmer M et al. 2012 provisional classification criteria for polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2012; 71 (4): 484- 492. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200329
73. Iagnocco A, Naredo E. Ultrasound of the osteoarthritic joint. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2017; 35 (3): 527- 534.
74. Sakellariou G, Conaghan PG, Zhang W, Bijlsma JW, Boyesen P et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in the clinical management of peripheral joint osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2017; 76 (9):1484-1494. https://doi. org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210815
75. Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Duftner C, Besson FL, Bley TA et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2018; 77 (5): 636-643. https://doi.org/10.1136/ annrheumdis-2017-212649
76. Schmidt WA, Blockmans D. Use of ultrasonography and positron emission tomography in the diagnosis and assessment of large- vessel vasculitis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2005; 17 (1): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.bor.0000147282.02411.c6
77. Goules AV, Tzioufas AG. Imaging: diagnostic value of ultrasonography in Sjogren’s syndrome. Nature Reviews Rheumatology 2014; 10 (8): 450-452. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nrrheum.2014.86
78. Ch’ng SS, Roddy J, Keen HI. A systematic review of ultrasonography as an outcome measure of skin involvement in systemic sclerosis. International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 2013; 16 (3): 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756- 185X.12106
79. Peluso G, Bosello SL, Gremese E, Mirone L, Di Gregorio F et al. Detection of bone erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis: 3D ultrasonography versus computed tomography. Clinical Rheumatology 2015; 34 (7): 1181-1186. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10067-015-2938-6
80. Gutierrez M, Okano T, Reginato AM, Cazenave T, Ventura-Rios L et al. New ultrasound modalities in rheumatology. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 2015; 21 (8): 427-434. https://doi. org/10.1097/RHU.0000000000000319
81. Scheel AK, Schmidt WA, Hermann KG, Bruyn GA, D’Agostino MA et al. Interobserver reliability of rheumatologists performing musculoskeletal ultrasonography: results from a EULAR “Train the trainers” course. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2005; 64 (7): 1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1136/ ard.2004.030387

APA	capkin e (2023). Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. , 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
Chicago	capkin erhan Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. (2023): 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
MLA	capkin erhan Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. , 2023, ss.1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
AMA	capkin e Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. . 2023; 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
Vancouver	capkin e Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. . 2023; 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
IEEE	capkin e "Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases." , ss.1537 - 1551, 2023. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
ISNAD	capkin, erhan. "Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases". (2023), 1537-1551. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.5723

APA	capkin e (2023). Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 53(6), 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
Chicago	capkin erhan Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 53, no.6 (2023): 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
MLA	capkin erhan Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, vol.53, no.6, 2023, ss.1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
AMA	capkin e Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2023; 53(6): 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
Vancouver	capkin e Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2023; 53(6): 1537 - 1551. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
IEEE	capkin e "Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases." Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 53, ss.1537 - 1551, 2023. 10.55730/1300-0144.5723
ISNAD	capkin, erhan. "Musculoskeletal ultrasonography in rheumatic diseases". Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 53/6 (2023), 1537-1551. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0144.5723