Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments

Ozkan, Ebru Yesim; BÜYÜKIŞIK, HASAN BAHA

Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments

Ebru Yeşim ÖZKAN, (Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Hidrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, Türkiye)

HASAN BAHA BÜYÜKIŞIK (Ege Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, Hidrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, Türkiye)

Ekoloji

4 0

Yıl: 2012 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 83 Sayfa Aralığı: 11 - 24 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments

Öz:

Güney Karadeniz sedimentlerinde ağır metal kirliliğinin değerlendirilmesinde endüstriyel öncesi ağır metal konsantrasyon değerlerinin bilinmesi önemlidir. Ağır metaller, elementler ve bileşiklerin sedimentte birikimi üzerine antropojenik faaliyetlerin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, çevre kirliliğinin derecesini değerlendirmek için metal seviyeleri, klorofil bozunma ürünleri, karbonat ve organik karbon seviyelerini araştırmak ve Güney Karadeniz sedimentlerinde bu kirleticilerin orjinini tartışmaktır. Ağır metal, metaloid ve elemnetlerin sonuçları faktör analiz ile değerlendirilmiştir. Faktör analizi sonuçları Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, As, Sr, Cd, Sb, Bi, V, Ca, P, Cr, Mg, Ba, Ti, Zr, Sn, S, Y, Hg, organik karbon, karbonat, ve klorofil bozunma ürünleri arasında pozitif ve/veya negatif korelasyonlar olup, bu metallerin farklı antropojenik ve doğal kaynaklara sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca sediment kirliliği değerlendirilmesinde zenginleşme faktörü ve jeoakümülasyon indeksi de kullanılmıştır. Jeoakümülasyon indeksine göre, Güney Karadeniz'in yüzey sedimentleri Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, As, Sr, Bi, V, Cr, Mg, Zr, Y, Sb, Sn and Ni açısından kirlenmemiş-kısmen kirlenmiş; Hg ve Cd açısından kısmen kirlenmiş ve S ve Mo açısından ise kuvvetlice kirlenmiştir. Sedimentteki toplam birikim konsantrasyonları endüstriyel öncesi background endüstriyel öncesi background (geçmiş) seviyelerinin üzerinde olmasına rağmen, jeoakümülasyon indeksi yüzey sedimentlerinin P, Ba ve Ti açısından kirlenmediğini göstermektedir. Karbon 14 ile yapılan yaş tayininde KD2A ve KD5A istasyonlarında sırasıyla MS 1350-350 ve MS 1000 yılına ait olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu durum bu istasyonların belirli yerlerinde keskin eğim ve dip taşınımından dolayı Güney Karadeniz'de denizaltı heyalanlarının ve türbidite akışlarının ender olmadığını bize göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla denizeo ortamlarda kirliliğe antropojenik katkının derecesini net bir şekilde ortaya koymak için yaş tayini gereksinimi büyük öneme haizdir.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği

Güney Karadeniz sedimentlerinde ağır metal birikiminin jeokimyasal ve istatistiksel yönden değerlendirilmesi

Öz:

The assessment of heavy metal pollution in the sediment of the Southern Black Sea requires knowledge of pre-anthropogenic metal concentrations. The effects of anthropogenic activities on the accumulation of heavy metals, elements, and other compounds in the sediment were examined. The objective of this study is to investigate the levels of metals, organic carbon, carbonate, and chlorophyll degradation products in order to assess the extent of environmental pollution and to discuss the origin of these contaminants in the sediments of the Southern Black Sea. The heavy metals, metalloid, and elements were assessed by factor analysis. The results of the factor analysis have shown positive and/or negative correlations among Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, As, Sr, Cd, Sb, Bi, V, Ca, P, Cr, Mg, Ba, Ti, Zr, Sn, S, Y, Hg, organic carbon, carbonate, and chlorophyll degradation products and has indicated that heavy metals in the sediments of the Southern Black Sea have different anthropogenic and natural sources. Also, a sediment pollution assessment was carried out using the enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index. The Igeo accumulation index shows that the surface sediment of the Southern Black Sea is not contaminated with respect to Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe, As, Sr, Bi, V, Cr, Mg, Zr, Y, Sb, Sn, and Ni, but is moderately contaminated with respect to Hg and Cd, and moderately to strongly polluted with respect to S and Mo. Despite total sedimentary concentrations above their pre-industrial background levels, $I_{geo}$ shows that the surface sediments are unpolluted with respect to P, Ba, and Ti. The $^14C$ age determinations have shown that surface sediments in stations KD2A and KD5A belong to AD 130-350 and AD 1000 respectively, indicating undersea landslides and turbidity fluxes in the Southern Black Sea are not rare because of the sharp slope in the topography of this region and high bottom transportation in certain places. The requirement of age determination is of great importance to assess the extent of the anthropogenic contribution to pollution.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Çevre Mühendisliği

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

Abrahim MS, Parker RJ (2008) Assessment of heavy metal enrihment factors and degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 136: 227-238.
Aksu AE, Yasar D, Uslu O (1998) Assessment of pollution in Izmir Bay- heavy metal and organic compound concentrations in surficial sediments. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Anvironmental Sciences 22: 387-415.
Alloway BJ (1990) Heavy Metals in soils. John Wiley and Sons, Glasgow. Al-Masri MS, Aba A, Khalil H, Al-Hares Z (2002) Sedimentation rates and pollution history of a dried lake: Al-Qteibeh Lake. Science of the Total Environment 293 (1-3): 177-189.
Alp MT, Sen B, Ozbay O (2011) Heavy metal levels in Cladophora glomenato which seasonally occurence in the Lake of Hazar. Ekoloji 20 (78): 13-17.
Altas L, Buyukgungor H (2007) Heavy metal pollution in the Black Sea shore and offshore of Turkey. Environmental Geology 52: 469-476.
Ameh EG, Kolawole MS, Imeokparia EG (2011) Using factor-cluster analysis and enrichment methods to avaluate impact of cement production on stream sediments around Obajana cement factory in kogi state, North Central Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research 2 (1): 76-89.
Anonymous (1979) Principles and guidelines for the discharge of wastes into the marine environment. World Health Organization (WHO), Reginal Office for Europe, Copenhagen.
Atgin RS, El-Agha O, Zararsiz A, Kocatas A, Parlak H, Tuncel G (2000) Investigation of the sediment pollution in Izmir bay: trace elements. Spectrochimica Acta- Part B. 55(7): 1151-1164.
Bakan G, Buyukgungor H (2000) The Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 41: 24-43.
Bakan G, Ozkoc BH (2007) An ecological risk assessment of the impact of heavy metals in surface sediments on biota from the mid-Black Sea coast of Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Studies 64 (1): 45-57.
Bat L, Raffaelli D (1998) Sediment toxicity testing: a bioassay approach using the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 226: 217-239.
Bat L (2005) A review of sediment toxicity bioassays using the amphipods and polychaetes. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 5: 119-139.
Bat L, Gokkurt O, Sezgin M, Ustun F, Sahin F (2009) Evaluation of the Black Sea land based sources of pollution the coastal region of Turkey. The Open Marine Biology Journal 3: 112-124.
Besiktepe S, Lazano CS, Robinson AR (2001) On the summer mesoscale variability of the Black Sea. Journal of Marine Research 59 (4): 475.
Bonnevie NL, Huntley SL, Found BW, Wenning R J (1994) Trace metal contamination in surface sediments from Newark Bay, New Jersey. Science of the Total Environment 144 (1): 1-16.
Boran M, Altinok I (2010) A Review of heavy metals in water, sediment and living organisms in the Black Sea. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 10: 565-572.
Danovaro R (2003) Pollution threats in the Mediterranean Sea: an overview. Chemistry and Ecology 19 (1): 15-32.
Emelyanov EM, Shimkus KM, Kuprin PN (2005) Explanatory notes to the IBCM-SED map series Unconsolidated Sediments of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. In: Hall JK, Krashenninkov VA, Hirsch F, Benjamini C, Flexer A (eds.), Geological Framework of the Levant Vol. II: The Levantine Basin and Israel, Historical Productions-Hall, Jerusalem, 183-214.
Ergül HA, Topçuoglu S, Ölmez E, Kırbaşoğlu Ç (2008) Heavy metals in sinking particles and bottom sediments from the eastern Turkish coast of the Black Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 78: 396-402.
Forstner U, Wittmann GTW (1983) Metal pollution in the aquatic environment. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Gaudette HE, Fligh WR, Tonner L, Folger DW (1974) An inexpensive titration method for the determination of organic carbon in recent sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 44: 249-253.
Gaur VK, Sanjay KG, Pandey SD, Gopal K, Mısra V (2005) Distribution of heavy metals in sediment and water of River Gomti. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 102: 419-433.
Ghrefat H, Yusuf N (2006) Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi Al- Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere 65: 2114-2121.
Goldschmidt VM (1937) The principles of chemical elements in minerals and rocks. Journal of Chemical Society 1: 655-673.
Guo L, Santschi PH (1997a) Composition and cycling of colloids in marine environments. Reviews of Geophysics 35: 17-40.
Guo L, Santschi PH (1997b) Isotopic and elemental characterization of colloidal organic matter from the Chesapeake Bay and Galveston Bay. Marine Chemistry 59: 1-15.
Harikumar PS, Nasir UP, Mujeebu RMP (2009) Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 6 (2): 225-232.
Hart B (1982) Uptake of trace metals by sediments ans suspended particulates : A review. Hydrobiologia 91 (1): 299-313.
Honeyman BD, Santschi PH (1989) A Brownianpumping model for oceanic trace metal scavenging: Evidencefrom Th isotopes. Journal of Marine Research 47: 951-992.
Ivanov L, Beverton RJH (1985) The fisheries resources of the Mediterranean, Part two: Black Sea. General Fisheries Council for the Mediterranean, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
Jonathan MP, Ram-Mohan V (2003) Heavy metals in sediments of the inner shelf off the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46 (2): 258-268.
Kemp WM, Sampou PA, Garber J, Tuttle J, Boynton WR (1992) Seasonal depletion of oxygen from bottom waters of Chesapeake Bay: relative roles of benthic and planktonic respiration and physical exchange processes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 85: 137-152.
Kruopiene J (2007) Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Nemunas River (Lithuania). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 16 (5): 715-722.
Lorenzen CJ (1971) Chlorophyll-degradation products in sediments of Black Sea. WoodsHole Oceanographic Institution Collected Reprints, Contribution No. 2828: 426-428.
Martin DF (1972) Marine Chemistry, Vol. 1. Analytical Methods. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.
Mee LD (1992) The Black Sea in Crisis: A Need for Concerted International Action. Ambio 21: 278-286.
Moore F, Attar A (2011) Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals in deposited sediments from runoff and industrial effluents. In: Baby S, Dan Y (eds), Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology IPCBEE Vol: 6, 26-28 February 2011, Singapore, 215-219.
Murray JW, Jannasch HW, Honjo S, Anderson RF, Reeburgh WS, Top Z, Friedrich GE, Codispotil A, Izdar E (1989) Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea. Nature 338 (6214): 411-413.
Müller G (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in the sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal 2: 108-118.
Müller G, Stoffers P (1974) Minerology and petrology of Black Sea basin sediments. In: Degens ET, Ross DA (eds), The Black Sea Geology, Chemistry and Biology, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Tulsa, 20: 201-248.
O'Connor DJ, Connolly JP (1980) The effect of concentration of adsorbing solids on the partition coefficient. Water Research 14: 1517-1523.
Özseker K, Erüz C (2011) Heavy Metal (Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn) distribution in sediments from the coast of Trabzon in the Black Sea. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 40 (1): 48-54.
Pekey H (2006) The distribution and sources of heavy metals in Izmit Bay surface sediments affected by a polluted stream. Marine Pollution bulletin 52: 1197-1208.
Perin G, Bonardi M, Fabris R, Simoncini B, Manente S, Tosi L, Scotto S (1997) Heavy metal pollution in central Venice Lagoon bottom sediments: evaluation of the metal bioavailability by geochemical speciation procedure. Environmental Technology 18: 593-604.
Petruk W (1964) Determination of the heavy atom content I chlorite by means of the x-ray diffractometer. American Minerologist 49: 61-71.
Quyang Y, Higman J, Thompson J, O'Toole T, Campbell D (2002) Characterization and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediment from Cedar and Ortega Rivers subbasin. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 54: 19-35.
Sancar Ü (2002) Depositional conditions of the holocene sapropel in the Black Sea. M.Sc Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, Istanbul.
Santschi PH, Lenhart J, Honeyman BD (1997) Heterogeneous processes affecting trace contaminant distribution in estuaries: The role of natural organic matter. Marine Chemistry 58: 99-125.
Secrieru D, Gomoiu MT, Oaie G (2006) Marine environmental assessment of the Northwestern Black Sea area. Geosciences 2006 (Abstract volume): 288-291.
Seshan BRR, Natesan U, Deepthi K (2010) Geochemical and statistical approach for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in core sediments in southeast coast of India. International journal of Environmental Science and Technology 7(2): 291-306.
Spencer KL, MacLeod CL (2002) Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in estuarine sediment cores and implications for the use of sediment quality standards. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6 (6): 989-998.
Stoffers P, Glasby GP, Wilson CJ, Davis KR, Watter P (1986) Heavy metal pollution in Wellington Harbour. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 20: 495-512.
Tuncer G, Karakas T, Gokcay C, Aygun S, Yurteri C, Tuncel G (1998) Land-based sources of pollution along the Black Sea coast of Turkey: concentrations and annual loads to the Black Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36: 409-423.
Troup BN, Bricker OP, Bray JT (1974) Oxidation effect on the analysis of iron in the interstitial water of recent anoxic sediments. Nature 249: 237-239.
Ustun GE (2011) The Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Waters of the Nilufer Stream in Bursa. Ekoloji 20 (81): 61-66.
Wen LS, Santschi PH, Tang D (1997 b) Interactions between radioactively labeled colloids and natural particles: Evidence for Colloidal Pumping. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (14): 2867-2878.
Wen LS, Warnken KW, Santschi PH (2008) The role of organic carbon, iron, and aluminium oxyhydroxides as trace metal carriers in the Trinity River and Trinity River Estuary (Galveston Bay, Texas). Marine Chemistry 112 (1-2): 20-37.
Yasar D, Aksu AE, Uslu O (2001) Anthropogenic pollution in Izmit Bay: Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Anvironmental Sciences 25: 299-313.
Yıldız N, Yener G (2010) Dating of the Sediment Accumulation Rate, Radioactive and Heavy Metal Pollution in the Van Lake. Ekoloji 19 (77): 88-87.
Yılmaz C (2005) Kızılırmak Deltası’nda meydana gelen erozyonun coğrafi analizi. In: O Tüysüz (ed), Türkiye Kuvaterner Sempozyumu,TURQUA-V, İTÜ Avrasya Yer Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2-5 Haziran 2005, İstanbul, 227–234.

APA	Ozkan E, BÜYÜKIŞIK H (2012). Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. , 11 - 24.
Chicago	Ozkan Ebru Yesim,BÜYÜKIŞIK HASAN BAHA Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. (2012): 11 - 24.
MLA	Ozkan Ebru Yesim,BÜYÜKIŞIK HASAN BAHA Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. , 2012, ss.11 - 24.
AMA	Ozkan E,BÜYÜKIŞIK H Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. . 2012; 11 - 24.
Vancouver	Ozkan E,BÜYÜKIŞIK H Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. . 2012; 11 - 24.
IEEE	Ozkan E,BÜYÜKIŞIK H "Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments." , ss.11 - 24, 2012.
ISNAD	Ozkan, Ebru Yesim - BÜYÜKIŞIK, HASAN BAHA. "Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments". (2012), 11-24.

APA	Ozkan E, BÜYÜKIŞIK H (2012). Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji, 21(83), 11 - 24.
Chicago	Ozkan Ebru Yesim,BÜYÜKIŞIK HASAN BAHA Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji 21, no.83 (2012): 11 - 24.
MLA	Ozkan Ebru Yesim,BÜYÜKIŞIK HASAN BAHA Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji, vol.21, no.83, 2012, ss.11 - 24.
AMA	Ozkan E,BÜYÜKIŞIK H Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji. 2012; 21(83): 11 - 24.
Vancouver	Ozkan E,BÜYÜKIŞIK H Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments. Ekoloji. 2012; 21(83): 11 - 24.
IEEE	Ozkan E,BÜYÜKIŞIK H "Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments." Ekoloji, 21, ss.11 - 24, 2012.
ISNAD	Ozkan, Ebru Yesim - BÜYÜKIŞIK, HASAN BAHA. "Geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal accumulation in the Southern Black Sea sediments". Ekoloji 21/83 (2012), 11-24.