Yıl: 2002 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 8 - 15 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri

Öz:
Cinsiyet, aile öyküsü, stresli yaşam olayları, hayal kırıklıkları, aile işlev bozuklukları, yetersiz anne-baba bakımı, erken olumsuz yaşantılar, bağımlı ve obsesif özellikler gibi kişilik özellikleri, güvenli olmayan bağlanma stili, kronik psikiyatrik ve bedensel hastalık, sosyal destek azlığı gibi çeşitli risk etkenleri majör depresyona öncüldürler ve hastalığın sonucunu etkilerler. Bu çalışmanın amacı ayaktan polikliniğe başvuran majör depresyon hastalarında risk etkenlerini araştırmaktır. Veriler 1994-1995 yılları arasında tüm illerde, 500 psikiyatri uzmanının depresyon tanısı koyduğu 2014 hastadan elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada hastalar DSM- III-R, sosyodemografik bilgi formu, yaşam olayları öykü anketi ve Hamilton depresyon skalası ile değerlendirilmiş, verilerin istatistiksel değerlendirmesi SPSS programında ki-kare yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmamızda ailesel yüklülük, 25-44 yaşlar arasında ve kadın olmak risk etkeni olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya katılanların %17.5'i ailede psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü, %35'i ise kendisinde depresyon öyküsü bildirmiştir. Risk etkeni olarak kronik hastalık durumu kadınlarda, ilaç/madde kullanımı erkeklerde daha fazla bildirilmiştir. Depresyon öncesi stresli yaşam olayı bildirimi 1534'tü (%76). Çalışmamızda kadın ve erkek hastalarda yaşam olayı sıklığı ve şiddeti birbirine benzerdi. Kadınlar daha sıklıkla evlilik sorunları ve karşı cinsle ilişki sorunları bildirirken, erkekler daha çok işle ve diğer kişilerarası ilişkilerle ilgili sorunlar bildirmekteydi. Depresyonun ortaya çıkmasında biyolojik yatkınlık, stresli yaşam olayları, cinsiyet, yaş, bedensel hastalık gibi risk etkenleri rol oynamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime: Psikolojik testler Psikiyatrik durum derecelendirme ölçekleri Depresyon, involüsyonal Cinsiyet faktörleri Hayat değiştiren olaylar Risk faktörleri Anketler Depresif bozukluk

Konular: Sosyoloji Kadın Araştırmaları Psikoloji Psikiyatri

Risk factors in depressive disorders

Öz:
Some risk factors such as sex, family history, stressful life events, disappointments, family dysfunction, poor parental care, early adversity, and personality traits such as dependent and obsessive, insecure attachment style, chronic psychiatric or medical dis-eases, lack of social support precede the onset of depression and also affect the outcome of depression. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of risk factors preceding the onset of depression in outpatient psychiatric population. The data were collected from 2014 depressive patients evaluated by approxi-mately 500 psychiatrists, all over Turkey between 1994-1995. In this study depressive patients were evaluated with DSM-III-R Sociodemographic data form, Psychosocial Stress Factors Inventory (according to DSM-III-R) and Hamilton Depression Inventory. Statistical analyses have been carried out by means of standard programmes according to SPSS-PC, using chi-square test. In our study, having a positive family history of mood dis-order, being female and being old between 25-44 age were reported as risk factors. Also, 17.5% of patients declared psychi-atric disease history in family member and 35% of patients reported previous depression. Whereas female patients has more chronic medical illness, male patients has more drug abuse and addiction problems. Reported life events were 1534 (76%). We found similar frequency and severity of life events in depressed females and males. Females mostly reported marital problems, and female to male interpersonal problems, whereas males reported upon job and interpersonal problems. A lot of risk fac-tors such as biologic vulnerability, gender, age, stressful life events, medical illness have an important precipitating role in the genesis of depression.
Anahtar Kelime: Questionnaires Depressive Disorder Psychological Tests Psychiatric Status Rating Scales Depression, Involutional Sex Factors Life Change Events Risk Factors

Konular: Sosyoloji Kadın Araştırmaları Psikoloji Psikiyatri
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Akiskal HS (1992) Duygudurum bozukluklarının doğası ve çeşitliliğine yeni bir bakış. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 3:163-169.
  • 2. Antony JC, Petronis KR (1991) Suspected risk factors for depression among adults 18-44 years old. Epidemiology, 2:123-132.
  • 3. Bebbington PE (1998) Sex and depression. Psychol Med, 28:1-8.
  • 4. Berksun OE, Ünal S, Göğüs AK (1991) Psikiyatrik rahatsızlıklar ve presipitan faktör olarak yaşam olayları. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2:141-145.
  • 5. Broadhead WE, Clapp-Channing NE, Finch JN ve ark. (1989) Effects of medical illness and somatic symptoms on treatment of depression in a family medicine residency practice. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 11:194-200.
  • 6. Bruce ML, Hoff RA (1994) Social and health risk factors for first-onset major depressive disorder in a community sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 29:165-170.
  • 7. Craig TJ, Van Natta PA (1979) Influence of demographic characterization two measures of depressive symptoms: The rela¬tion of prevalence and persistence of symptoms with sex, age, education and marital status. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 36:149-154.
  • 8. Desai HD, Jann MW (2000) Major depression in women: A re¬view of the literature. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash), 40:525-537.
  • 9. Dixon WA, Reid JK (2000) Positive life events as a moderator of stress-related depressive symptoms. J Counseling and Development, 78:343-348.
  • 10. Dohrenwend BP (1975) Sociocultural and social-psychological factors in the genesis of mental disorders. J Health Soc Behav, 16:365. 11. Duffy A (2000) Toward effective early intervention and prevention strategies for major affective disorders: A review of antecedents and risk factors. Can J Psychiatry, 45:340-348.
  • 12. Earls F (1987) Sex differences in psychiatric disorders: Origins and developmental influences. Psychiatr Dev, 1:1-23.
  • 13. Evans D (1997) Depression in patients with comorbid illness increases morbidity and mortality. Modern Medicine, 65:23-27.
  • 14. Farmer AE (1996) The genetics of depressive disorders. Int Review Psychiatry, 8:369-373.
  • 15. Gershon'ES, Hamovit C, Guroff JJ ve ark. (1982) A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar ands normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39:1157-1167.
  • 16. Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Tamplin A ve ark. (2000) First-episode major depression in adolescents: Affective, cognitive and endocrine characteristics of risk status and predictors of onset. Br J Psychiatry, 176:142-149.
  • 17. Heikkinen M, Aro H, Lonnqvist J (1994) Recent life events, social support and suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand, (Suppl) 377:65-72.
  • 18. Hirschfeld MA, Cross CK (1982) Epidemiology of affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 39:35-46.
  • 19. Hwang WC, Myers HF, Takeuchi DT (2000) Psychosocial predictors of first-onset depression in Chinese Americans. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 35:133-145.
  • 20. Ilfeld FW (1977) Current social stressors and symptoms of depressions. Am J Psychiatry, 134:161-166.
  • 21. Kara H, Ağargün MY, Akman N ve ark. (1996) Güvenlik nedeniyle kırsal bölgelerden Van şehir merkezine göç etmek zorunda kalan göçmenlerde depresyon yaygınlığı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 12:165-170.
  • 22. Kendler KS, Walters EE, Neale MC ve ark. (1995) The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 52:374-383.
  • 23. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA (1998) Stressful life events and major depression: Risk period, long-term contextual threat, and diagnostic specificity. J Nerv Ment Dis, 186:661-669.
  • 24. Kessler RC, Price RH, Wortman CB (1985) Social factors in psy-chopathology: Stress, social support and coping processes. Ann Rev Psychol, 36:531-572.
  • 25. Kraemer HC, Kazdin AE, Offord DR ve ark. (1997) Coming to terms with the terms of risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54:337-343.
  • 26. Küey L, Küey Y (1988) Depresyon ve kadın: Gözden geçirme. 24. Ulusal Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Kongresi, Ankara.
  • 27. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Carpenter LL ve ark. (1989) Family history in recurrent depression. J Affect Disord, 17:113-119.
  • 28. Levenson JL, Hamer R, Silverman JJ ve ark. (1987) Psychopathology in medical inpatients and its relationship to length of hospital stay. Int J Psychiaty Med, 16:231-237.
  • 29. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR (1998) Major depressive disorder in older adolescents: Prevalence, risk factors, and clinical implications. Clin Psychol Rev, 18:765-794. 30. Lightsey OR (1997) Stress buffers and dysphoria: A prospec tive study. J Cogn Psychother, 11:263-277.
  • 31. Lindeman S, Hâmâlâinen J, Isometsâ E ve ark. (2000) The 12-month prevalence and risk factors for major depressive episode in Finland: Representative sample of 5993 adults. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 102:178-184.
  • 32. Maguire GP, Julir DL, Hawton KE (1974) Psychiatric morbidity and referral of two general medical wards. Br Med J, 1:268-270.
  • 33. Mazer M (1974) People in predicament: A study in psychiatric and psychosocial epidemiology. Soc Psychiatry, 9:85-90.
  • 34. Merikangas KR, Prusoff BA, Weissman MM (1988) Parental concordance for affective disorders: Psychopathology in off¬spring. J Affect Disord, 15:279-290.
  • 35. Moldin SO, Scheftner WA, Rice JP ve ark. (1993) Association between major depressive disorder and physical illness. Psychol Med, 23:755-761.
  • 36. Nezu A, Ronan GF (1988) Social problem solving as a moderator of stress-related depressive symptoms: A prospective analysis. J Counsel Psychology, 35:134-138.
  • 37. Nielsen AC, Williams TA (1980) Depression in ambulatory medical patients: Prevalence by self-report questionnaire and recognition by nonpsychiatric physicians. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 37:999-1004.
  • 38. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Guilleminault C ve ark. (1999) The prevalence of depressive disorders in the United Kingdom. Biol Psychiatry, 1 ;45(3) :300-307.
  • 39. Patten SB (2000) The specificity of epidemiological correlates of major depression. Compr Psychiatry, 41:92-96.
  • 40. Petersen AC, Sarigiani PA, Kennedy RE (1991) Adolescent depression: Why more girls. J Youth Adolesc, 20:247-271.
  • 41. Piccinelli M, Wilkinson G (2000) Gender differences in depres¬sion: Critical review. Br J Psychiatry, 177:486-492.
  • 42. Sakamoto S, Kambara M (1998) A longitudinal study of the relationship between attributional style, life events, and depression in Japanese undergraduates. J Soc Psychol, 138:229-240.
  • 43. Sarımurat N (1993) Psikiyatri polikliniğine başvuran evli kadınlar ve ortak özellikleri. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 30:302-308.
  • 44. Swindle RW Jr, Cronkite RC, Moos RH (1998) Risk factors for sustained nonremission of depressive symptoms: A 4-year fol¬low-up. J Nerv Ment Dis, 186:462-469.
  • 45. Uhlenhuth EH, Paykel ES (1973) Symptom intensity and life events. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 28:473-477.
  • 46. Upmanyu W, Upmanyu S, Lester D (2000) Depressive symp¬toms among U.S. and Indian college students: The effects of gender and gender role. J Soc Psychol, 140:669-672.
  • 47. Ünal S, Özcan ME (2000) Depresyonda hazırlayıcı, ortaya çıkarıcı ve koruyucu etkenler. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 1:41-48.
  • 48. Weissman MM, Klerman GL (1977) Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 34:98-111.
APA Unal S, KÜEY L, GÜLEÇ C, BEKAROĞLU M, EVLİCE Y, Kırlı S (2002). Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. , 8 - 15.
Chicago Unal Suheyla,KÜEY Levent,GÜLEÇ Cengiz,BEKAROĞLU Mehmet,EVLİCE Yunus Emre,Kırlı Selçuk Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. (2002): 8 - 15.
MLA Unal Suheyla,KÜEY Levent,GÜLEÇ Cengiz,BEKAROĞLU Mehmet,EVLİCE Yunus Emre,Kırlı Selçuk Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. , 2002, ss.8 - 15.
AMA Unal S,KÜEY L,GÜLEÇ C,BEKAROĞLU M,EVLİCE Y,Kırlı S Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. . 2002; 8 - 15.
Vancouver Unal S,KÜEY L,GÜLEÇ C,BEKAROĞLU M,EVLİCE Y,Kırlı S Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. . 2002; 8 - 15.
IEEE Unal S,KÜEY L,GÜLEÇ C,BEKAROĞLU M,EVLİCE Y,Kırlı S "Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri." , ss.8 - 15, 2002.
ISNAD Unal, Suheyla vd. "Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri". (2002), 8-15.
APA Unal S, KÜEY L, GÜLEÇ C, BEKAROĞLU M, EVLİCE Y, Kırlı S (2002). Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5(1), 8 - 15.
Chicago Unal Suheyla,KÜEY Levent,GÜLEÇ Cengiz,BEKAROĞLU Mehmet,EVLİCE Yunus Emre,Kırlı Selçuk Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 5, no.1 (2002): 8 - 15.
MLA Unal Suheyla,KÜEY Levent,GÜLEÇ Cengiz,BEKAROĞLU Mehmet,EVLİCE Yunus Emre,Kırlı Selçuk Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, vol.5, no.1, 2002, ss.8 - 15.
AMA Unal S,KÜEY L,GÜLEÇ C,BEKAROĞLU M,EVLİCE Y,Kırlı S Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2002; 5(1): 8 - 15.
Vancouver Unal S,KÜEY L,GÜLEÇ C,BEKAROĞLU M,EVLİCE Y,Kırlı S Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2002; 5(1): 8 - 15.
IEEE Unal S,KÜEY L,GÜLEÇ C,BEKAROĞLU M,EVLİCE Y,Kırlı S "Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri." Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5, ss.8 - 15, 2002.
ISNAD Unal, Suheyla vd. "Depresif bozukluklarda risk etkenleri". Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 5/1 (2002), 8-15.