On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies

DAL PARLAR, Emel

On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies

Emel DAL PARLAR (Marmara Üniversitesi, Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)

Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs

9 0

Yıl: 2014 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 107 - 136 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies

Öz:

Acknowledging Turkey as a rising/emerging middle power , occupying a middle ground between traditional (or Western) middle powers and non-traditional middle powers, this paper aims to reassess Turkey s changing power and position in the complex power hierarchies and the changing architecture of global governance through its preferences, capabilities and strategies by using a comparative analysis. It then briefly resumes its findings to assess the driving factors, conditions and specific characteristics explaining Turkey s contribution to global governance compared to a cluster of eight selected countries composed of the five BRICS countries, labeled as non-traditional middle powers, and Canada, Australia and South Korea, as traditional middle powers. Finally, it looks at Turkey s contribution to global governance at the institutional level, with a special focus on Turkey s 2015 G20 presidency as a test case for understanding its global governance activism. In the final analysis, this study underlines that Turkey s ambitious agenda for its G20 presidency gives clear signals of its future preferences and middle power activism in less hierarchical G20-type forums in which developed and developing countries are equally represented and middle power countries are allowed more manoeuvring capacity.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Uluslararası İlişkiler

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1 Hongying Wang and Erik French, Middle Range Powers in Global Governance, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 6 ( 2013), pp. 985-999.
2 Gonca Oğuz Gök, Tracing the Shift in Turkeys Normative Approach towards International Order through the debates in the UN, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Winter 2004), p. 83.
3 Zeynep Alantar, Türk Dış Politikasında Milletler Cemiyeti Dönemi, in Faruk Sönmezoğlu (ed.), Türk Dış Politikasının Analizi, İstanbul, Der Yayınları, 2004, pp. 112-113.
4 Emel Parlar Dal, Arap Ayaklanmaları Ekseninde Türk dış politikasındaki Dönüşüm ve Liberal Uluslararası Düzen, in Özden Zeynep Oktav & Helin Sarı (eds.), Türk Dış Politikasında Değişim: Fırsatlar, Riskler ve Krizler, İstanbul, Nobel Yayınları, 2015, pp.85-113.
5 Despite the existence of powerful external and internal role expectations about the Turkish model of a secular democracy, the effects of the worst financial crisis of Turkish history in 1994, the aggravation of the Kurdish conflict in the country and Turkeys failure to persuade the Turkic leaders to create a Turkic political and economic union did not translate into a wider role for Turkey both at the regional and global levels. See, Emel Parlar Dal & Emre Erşen, Reassessing the Turkish Model in the Post-Cold War Era: A Role Theory Perspective, Turkish Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (June 2014), pp. 6-10.
6 Ibid.
7 Emel Parlar Dal, A Normative Theory Approach to Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy through the Cosmopolitanism-Communitarianism Divide, International Journal, Vol. 70, No. 3 (August 2015).
8 Ibid.
9 Wang and French, Middle Range Powers in Global Governance, pp. 985-999.
10 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, New York, McGraw Hill, 1979.
11 Wang and French, Middle Range Powers in Global Governance, pp. 889-990.
12 Ibid., p. 990.
13 A. F. Cooper, R. A. Higgott and K. R. Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order, Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press, 1993.
14 Robert Cox, Middlepowermanship, Japan and Future World Order, International Journal, Vol. 44 (1988), pp. 823-862; Cooper, Higgott and Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order.
15 Eduard Jordaan, The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 165-181.
16 Wang and French, Middle Range Powers in Global Governance, p. 990.
17 Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane, Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Boston MA, Little Brown, 1977.
18 Eduard Jordaan, The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and Traditional Middle Powers, p. 176.
19 Ibid.
20 Wang and French, Middle Range Powers in Global Governance, p. 992.
21 Ibid., p. 992.
22 Jordaan, The Concept of a Middle Power in International Relations, pp. 176-177.
23 Robert Keohane, International Institutions: Two Approaches, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 32, No.4 (1988), pp. 379-396.
24 CINC The Composite Index of National Capability (CINC) is a statistical measure of national power created by J. David Singer for the Correlates of War project in 1963. It uses an average of percentages of world totals in six different components. The components represent demographic, economic, and military strength. More recent studies tend to use the (CINC) score, which focuses on measures that are more salient to the perception of true state power beyond GDP.
25 The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) attempts to quantify the impact of a number of key factors which contribute to create the conditions for competitiveness, with particular focus on the macroeconomic environment, the quality of the countrys institutions, and the state of the countrys technology and supporting infrastructure.
26 Robert W. Cox and Timoty Sinclair, Approaches to the World Order, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Press (1996), p.243; Cooper, Higgott and Nossal, Relocating Middle Powers, p. 169.
27 Andrew F.Hart and Bruce D. Jones, How do Rising Powers Rise?, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 52, No. 6 (2011), p. 65.
28 Melo Caballero-Anthony, Nontraditional Security and Multilateralism in Asia, in Michael J. Green and Bates Gill (eds.), Asias New Multilateralism: Cooperation, Competition, and the Search for Community, New York, Columbia University Press, 2009, pp. 306-328. 29 Hart and Jones, How do Rising Powers Rise?, p. 66.
30 Ibid., p. 64.
31 Jordaan, The Concept of Middle Power in International Relations, p. 169.
32 Tarık Oğuzlu and Emel Parlar Dal, Decoding Turkeys Rise: Introduction, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, (December 2013), p. 630; see also, Paul Kubicek, Emel Parlar Dal and Tarık Oğuzlu ( eds.), Turkeys Rise as an Emerging Power, London, Routledge ( December 2014), p. 2-4.
33 Ibid., p. 4.
34 Gökhan Bacık, Turkey and the BRICs: Can Turkey join the BRICs?, Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4 (December 2013), p. 767.
35 Erdoğan G-20 zirvesinde konuştu, Haber 7, at http://www.haber7.com/siyaset/ haber/1070366-erdogan-g-20-zirvesinde-konustu (last visited 10 April 2015).
36 Erdogan supports a Turkish Lira Zone alternative to Eurozone, Turkish Press, at http:// www.turkishpress.com/news/382862/ (last visited 10 April 2015).
37 Erdoğan: IMF neden altınla yardım yapmıyor, Hurriyet, 9November 2012; Erdoğandan IMFye altınla borçlanma önerisi, Radikal, 4 May 2015.
38 After BRIC comes MIST, the Acronym Turkey would Certainly Welcome, The Guardian, 1 February 2011; Zachary Fillingham, Turkey in the MIST, Geopoliticalmonitor.com, at http://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/turkey-in-the-mist-4675/. (last visited 5 January 2015).
39 Hüseyin Bağcı, The Role of Turkey as a New Player in the G20 System, pp. 147-150.
40 Ziya Öniş, Multiple Faces of the New Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique, Insight Turkey, Vol. 13, No. 1 (2011), p. 55.
41 Colin I. Bradford Jr. and Jonannes F. Linn, The G20 Summit Its Significance for World and for Turkey, Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi Kriz Özel Sayısı, (2009), p. 64, at http:// www.mfa.gov.tr/data/Kutuphane/yayinlar/EkonomikSorunlarDergisi/EconomicCrisis/ johannesflinn.pdf (last visited 23 February 2015).
42 Dries Legase and Yusuf Kaçar, Turkeys Profile in the G20: Emerging Economy, Middle Power and Bridge-builder, Studia Diplomatica, Vol. 63, No. 2 (2010), pp. 133, 138.
43 Sadık Ünay, Turkeys Expanding G20 Agenda, The New Turkey, 25 November 2014.
44 Sadık Ünay, Turkeys Middle Power Diplomacy in the G-20, The New Turkey, 28 October 2014.
45 The 2014 G20 Brisbane summit was the ninth meeting of the G20 heads of government. It was held in Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland, Australia, on 1516 November 2014.
46 Tristram Sainsbury, Turkey Sets its G20 Agenda for 2015, The Interpreter, 14 November 2014.
47 Turkey Assumes G20 Presidency, Pledges to Fight Inequality, Hürriyet Daily News, 1 December 2014.
48 Turkish G20 Presidency Priorities for 2015, G20 Information Center, University of Toronto, at http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2015/141201-turkish-priorities.html (last visited 3 January 2015).
49 Turkey PM calls for a more inclusive G20, Euronews, at http://www.euronews. com/2014/11/14/turkey-pm-calls-for-a-more-inclusive-g20/(last visited 28 December 2014).
50 Turkey sets its G20 agenda for 2015, at http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/11/14/ Turkey-sets-its-G20-agenda-for-2015.aspx?COLLCC=300778678& (last visited 7 December 2014); Sadık Ünay, Turkeys expanding G20 Agenda, The New Turkey, 25 November 2014.
51 Ünay, Turkeys expanding G20 Agenda.
52 Murat Yeşiltaş, Turkeys Quest for a New International Order: The Discourse of Civilization and the Politics of Restoration, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 43-76
53 Emel Parlar Dal, The transformation of Turkeys relations with the Middle East: Illusion or Awakening?, Turkish Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2 (June 2012), pp. 245-267.
54 Erdoğan slams UN system depending on 5 SC members, Anadolu Ajansı, at http://www. aa.com.tr/en/turkey/231566--erdogan-slams-un-system-depending-on-5-sc-members (last visited 25 February 2015); What is the use of UN?, Doğan Haber Ajansı, at http://www. dha.com.tr/what-is-the-use-of-un_529579.html (last visited 25 February 2015)

APA	DAL PARLAR E (2014). On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. , 107 - 136.
Chicago	DAL PARLAR Emel On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. (2014): 107 - 136.
MLA	DAL PARLAR Emel On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. , 2014, ss.107 - 136.
AMA	DAL PARLAR E On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. . 2014; 107 - 136.
Vancouver	DAL PARLAR E On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. . 2014; 107 - 136.
IEEE	DAL PARLAR E "On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies." , ss.107 - 136, 2014.
ISNAD	DAL PARLAR, Emel. "On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies". (2014), 107-136.

APA	DAL PARLAR E (2014). On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 19(4), 107 - 136.
Chicago	DAL PARLAR Emel On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 19, no.4 (2014): 107 - 136.
MLA	DAL PARLAR Emel On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, vol.19, no.4, 2014, ss.107 - 136.
AMA	DAL PARLAR E On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. 2014; 19(4): 107 - 136.
Vancouver	DAL PARLAR E On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs. 2014; 19(4): 107 - 136.
IEEE	DAL PARLAR E "On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies." Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 19, ss.107 - 136, 2014.
ISNAD	DAL PARLAR, Emel. "On Turkey's Trail as a Rising Middle Power in the Network of Global Governance: Preferences, Capabilities, and Strategies". Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 19/4 (2014), 107-136.