Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 6 Sayfa Aralığı: 2087 - 2110 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem

Öz:
This study examined the role of self-esteem as a mediator in the relationships between optimism and psychological resilience on depressive symptoms in university students. A total of 494 undergraduate students, comprising of 253 female and 241 male participated in this study. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 30 (M = 20.85, SD = 1.57). Instruments measuring optimism, psychological resilience, self-esteem and depression were administered to university students from different faculties and departments. Application of a structural equation model to the obtained data resulted in a direct relationship between optimism and psychological resilience with symptoms of depression. In addition, it was determined that self-esteem is a full mediator between psychological resilience and depressive symptoms. The mediator role of self-esteem between optimism and depressive symptoms; however, did not reach statistically significant levels. The findings are discussed within the self-esteem, optimism, and resilience in an individual's mental health context
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Eğitim, Eğitim Araştırmaları
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik
  • Acun-Kapikiran, N. (2011). Focus on positive and negative information as the mediator of the relationship between empathy tendency guilty and psychological well-being in university students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11, 1141-1147.
  • Acun-Kapıkıran, N., Körükçü, Ö., & Kapıkıran, Ş. (2014). Erken ergenlikte anne-baba tutumlarının yaşam doyumu ve depresyonla ilişkisi: Benlik saygısının aracılık rolü [The relation of parental attitudes to life satisfaction and depression in early adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem]. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14, 1237-1252.
  • Adams, K. B., Sanders, S., & Auth, E. A. (2004). Loneliness and depression in independent living retirement communities: Risk and resilience factors. Aging & Mental Health, 8(6), 475-485.
  • Ames, M. E., Rawana, J. S., Gentile, P., & Morgan, A. S. (2015). The protective role of optimism and self-esteem on depressive symptom pathways among Canadian Aboriginal youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 142-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10964-013-0016-4
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  • Aroian, K. J., & Norris, A. E. (2000). Resilience, stress, and depression among Russian immigrants to Israel. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22(1), 54-67. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/01939450022044269
  • Auerbach, R. P., Abela, J. R., Ho, M. H. R., McWhinnie, C. M., & Czajkowska, Z. (2010). A prospective examination of depressive symptomology: Understanding the relationship between negative events, self-esteem, and neuroticism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(4), 438-461.
  • Aydın, G., & Tezer, E. (1991). İyimserlik, sağlık sorunları ve akademik başarı ilişkisi [The relationship between optimism, physical symptoms, and academic achievement]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 7(26), 2-9.
  • Bailey, T. C., Eng, W., Frisch, M. B., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 168-175.
  • Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., & Hutz, C. S. (2014). Optimism, self-esteem and personality: Adaptation and validation of the Brazilian version of the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Psico-USF, 19(3), 523-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-827120140190030
  • Beck, R., Taylor, C., & Robbins, M. (2003). Missing home: Sociotropy and autonomy and their relationship to psychological distress and homesickness in college freshmen. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 16(2), 155-166.
  • Benetti, C., & Kambouropoulos, N. (2006). Affect-regulated indirect effects of trait anxiety and trait resilience on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(2), 341-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.015
  • Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
  • Block, J., & Robins, R. W. (1993). A longitudinal study of consistency and change in self-esteem from early adolescence to early adulthood. Child Development, 64(3), 909-923. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02951.x
  • Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
  • Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Swann, W. B. (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2(3), 169-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860309029
  • Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 102-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.82.1.102
  • Bryan, A., Aikena, L., & West, S. G. (2004). HIV/STD risk among incarcerated adolescents: Optimism about the future and self-esteem as predictors of condom use self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 912-936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004. tb02577.x
  • Chang, E. C. (1998). Dispositional optimism and primary and secondary appraisal of stressor: Controlling for confounding influences and relations to coping and psychological and physical adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 1109-1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.1109
  • Chang, E. C., & D'Zurilla, T. J. (1996). Relations between problem orientation and optimism, pessimism, and trait affectivity: A construct validation study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(2), 185-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(95)00046-1
  • Cheng, H., & Furnham A. (2003). Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(6), 921-942. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8
  • Christopher, M. S., & Gilbert, B. D. (2010). Incremental validity of components of mindfulness in the prediction of satisfaction with life and depression. Current Psychology, 29(1), 10-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-009-9067-9
  • Cohen, L., de Moor, C., & Amato, R. J. (2001). Optimism and depressive symptomatology in patients enrolled in a phase- I cancer clinical trial. Cancer, 91(10), 1949-1955. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(20010515)91:10_____1949::AID-CNCR1218>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015952
  • Cuhadaroglu, F. (1986). Self-esteem in adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Devine, D., Forehand, R., Morse, E. Simon, P. Clark, L., & Kernis, M. (2000). HIV infection in inner-city African American women: The role of optimism in predicting depressive symptomatology. International Journal of Rehabilitation and Health, 5(3), 141-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012910320397
  • Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343-363. http://dx.doi. org/10.1023/A:1021637011732
  • Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 534-542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534
  • Eraslan, Ö. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik sağlamlık ile depresif belirtiler ve yaşam memnuniyeti arasındaki ilişkilerde benlik saygısı, pozitif dünya görüşü ve umudun aracılık rolünün sınanması [The investigation of the mediator role of positive views of self, world and future on the relationship of psychological resilience with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction in university students] (Master's thesis, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Eryilmaz, A., & Atak, H. (2011). Investigation of starting romantic intimacy in emerging adulthood in terms of self-esteem, gender and gender roles. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 11, 595-600.
  • Eskin, M., Ertekin, K., Harlak, H., & Dereboy, Ç. (2008). Prevalence of and factors related to depression in high school students. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 19(4), 382-389.
  • Felten, B. S. (2000). Resilience in a multicultural sample of community-dwelling women older than age 85. Clinical Nursing Research, 9(2), 102-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0002- 9432.77.4.534
  • Felten, B. S., & Hall, J. M. (2001). Conceptualizing resilience in women older than 85: Overcoming adversity from illness or loss. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 27(11), 46-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-20011101-11
  • Fontaine, K. R., & Jones, L. C. (1997). Self-esteem, optimism, and postpartum depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 59-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097- 4679(199701)53:1_____59::AID-JCLP8>3.0.CO;2-Q
  • Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115
  • Fuhrer, M. J., Rintala, D. H., Hart, K. A., Clearman, R., & Young, M. E. (1992). Relationship of life satisfaction to impairment, disability, and handicap among persons with spinal cord injury living in the community. Achieves Physical Medical Rehabilitation, 73(6), 552-557.
  • Gilligan, R. (2001). Promoting resilience: A resource guide on working with children in the care system. London, UK: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering.
  • Giltay, E. J., Zitman, F. G., & Kromhout, D. (2006). Dispositional optimism and the risk of depressive symptoms during 15 years of follow-up: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 91(1), 45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.027
  • Hau, K. T., & Marsh, H. W. (2004). The use of item parcels in structural equation modelling: Non-normal data and small sample sizes. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 57(2), 327-351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.2004.tb00142.x
  • He, F., Cao, R., Feng, Z., Guan, H., & Peng, J. (2013). The impacts of dispositional optimism and psychological resilience on the subjective well-being of burn patients: A structural equation modelling analysis. PloS One, 8(12), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0082939
  • Heinonen, K., Räikkönen, K., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2005). Self-esteem in early and late adolescence predicts dispositional optimism-pessimism in adulthood: A 21-year longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(3), 511-521. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.026
  • Hjemdal, O., Aune, T., Reinfjell, T., Stiles, T. C., & Friborg, O. (2007). Resilience as a predictor of depressive symptoms: A correlational study with young adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(1), 91-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104507071062
  • Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 699-710.
  • Howard, S., & Johnson, B. (2000). What makes the difference? Children and teachers talk about resilient outcomes for children at risk. Educational Studies, 26(3), 321-337. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/030556900 50137 132
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • Hudson, D. B., Elek, S. M., & Campbell-Grossman, C. (2000). Depression, self-esteem, loneliness, and social support among adolescent mothers participating in the new parents project. Adolescence, 35, 445-453.
  • Johnson, M. (2010). Depressive styles, self-esteem structure, and health: A dynamic approach to differential vulnerability in self-criticism and dependency. Individual Differences Research, 8(1), 45-66.
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL (Version 8.71). Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
  • Judd, F., Cockram, A., Davis, J., Fahey, A., Hodgins, G., Jackson, H., & Scopelliti, J. (2003). First year of practice visits for the rural depression anxiety research and treatment general practice program. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 11(4), 175-180. http://dx.doi. org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2003.00509.x
  • Kamkar, K., Doyle, A. B., & Markiewicz, D. (2012). Insecure attachment to parents and depressive symptoms in early adolescence: Mediating roles of attributions and self- esteem. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(2), 3-18.
  • Kapikiran, S. (2012). Achievement goal orientations and self handicapping as mediator and moderator of the relationship between intrinsic achievement motivation and negative automatic thoughts in adolescence students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12, 705-711.
  • Kapıkıran, Ş. (2013). Loneliness and life satisfaction in Turkish early adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem and social support. Social Indicators Research, 111(2), 617-632.
  • Karaırmak, Ö., & Çetinkaya, R. S. (2011). Benlik saygısının ve denetim odağının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerine etkisi: Duyguların aracı rolü [The effect of self-esteem and locus of control on resilience]. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 30-41.
  • Karaırmak, Ö. (2007). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psychological resilience among disaster survivors: A model testing study (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Kaya, N. G. (2007). The role of self-esteem, hope and external factors in predicting resilience among regional boarding elementary school students (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/ UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Koronczai, B., Kökönyei, G., Urbán, R., Kun, B., Pápay, O., Nagygyörgy, K., ... & Demetrovics, Z. (2013). The mediating effect of self-esteem, depression and anxiety between satisfaction with body appearance and problematic internet use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(4), 259-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/ 00952990. 2013.803111
  • Koruklu, N. (2015). Personality and social problem-solving: The mediating role of selfesteem. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15, 481-487.
  • Lai, J. C., Evans, P. D., Ng, S. H., Chong, A. M., Siu, O. T., Chan, C. L., ... & Chan, C. C. (2005). Optimism, positive affectivity, and salivary cortisol. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10(4), 467-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/135910705X26083
  • LaMontagne, L. L., Hepworth, J. T., Salisbury, M. H., & Riley, L. P. (2003). Optimism, anxiety, and coping in parents of children hospitalized for spinal surgery. Applied Nursing Research, 16(4), 228-235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(03)00052-1
  • Lee, V, Cohen, S. R., Edgar, L., Laizner, A. M., & Gagnon, A. J. (2006). Meaning-making intervention during breast or colorectal cancer treatment improves self-esteem, optimism, and self-efficacy. Social Science Medical, 62(12), 3133-3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. socscimed.2005.11.041
  • Lee, A., & Hankin, B. L. (2009). Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low selfesteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(2), 219-231. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/15374410802698396
  • Lee, H., & Williams, R. A. (2013). Effects of parental alcoholism, sense of belonging, and resilience on depressive symptoms: A path model. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(3), 265-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/ 10826084. 2012.754899.
  • Leung, B. W. C., Moneta, G. B., & McBride-Chang, C. (2005). Think positively and feel positively: Optimism and life satisfaction in late life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 61(4), 335-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/FQTB-EBAJ-H9WPLMYA
  • Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
  • Beck, R., Taylor, C., & Robbins, M. (2003). Missing home: Sociotropy and autonomy and their relationship to psychological distress and homesickness in college freshmen. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 16(2), 155-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y
  • Makikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2004). Self-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(6), 556-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2004.02.001
  • Marciano, P. L., & Kazdin, A. N. (1994). Self-esteem, depression, hopelessness, and suicidal intent among psychiatrically disturbed in patient children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 23(2), 151-160.
  • Martin, A. (2002). Motivation and academic resilience: Developing a model for student enhancement. Australian Journal of Education, 46(1), 34-49. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/000494410204600104
  • Martyn-Nemeth,P., Penckofer, S., Gulanick, M., Velsor-Friedrich, B., & Bryant, F. B. (2009). The relationships among self-esteem, stress, coping, eating behavior, and depressive mood in adolescents. Research in Nursing & Health, 32(1), 96-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ nur.20304
  • Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., & Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: Associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(1), 39-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9066-5
  • Myers, L., & Reynolds, D. (2000). How optimistic are repressors? The relationship between repressive coping, controllability, self-esteem and comparative optimism for health related events. Psychology and Health, 15(5), 677-687. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/08870440008405479
  • Neiss, M. B., Stevenson, J., Legrand, L. N., Iacono, W. G., & Sedikides, C. (2009). Self- esteem, negative emotionality, and depression as a common temperamental core: A study of mid-adolescent twin girls. Journal of Personality, 77(2), 327-346. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00549.x
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504-511. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504
  • Ong, A. D., Bergeman, C. S., Bisconti, T. L., & Wallace, K. A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 730-749.
  • Parmaksız, İ., & Avşaroğlu, S. (2012). Examining the teacher candidates' levels of optimism and styles of coping with stress according to their self-esteem levels. Elementary Education Online, 11(2), 543-555.
  • Patton, W., Bartrum, D. A., & Creed, P. A. (2004). Gender differences for optimism, self- esteem, expectations and goals in predicting career planning and exploration in adolescents. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 4(2-3), 193-209. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10775-005-1745-z
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (1984). Causal explanations as a risk factor for depression: Theory and evidence. Psychological Review, 91(3), 347-374. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.347
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), 745-751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.20558
  • Puskar, K. R., Sereika, S. M., Lamb, J., Tusaie-Mumford, K., & McGuinness, T. (1999). Optimism and its relationship to depression, coping, anger, and life events in rural adolescents. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20(2), 115-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016128499248709
  • Robins, R. W., Trzesniewski, K. H., Tracy, J. L., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2002). Global self-esteem across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 17(3), 423-434. http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.423
  • Roy, A., Sarchiapone, M., & Carli, V. (2007). Low resilience in suicide attempters. Archives of Suicide Research, 11(3), 265-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811110701403916
  • Russell, D. W., Kahn, J. H., Spoth, R., & Altmaier, E. M. (1998). Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(1), 18-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.1.18
  • Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(3), 316-331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x
  • Rydén, A., Karlsson, J., Sullivan, M., Torgerson, J. S., & Taft, C. (2003). Coping and distress: What happens after intervention? A 2-year follow-up from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(3), 435-442.
  • Sarıkaya, A. (2015). 14-18 yaş arası ergenlerin benlik saygısı ve psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki [The correlation between self-esteem level and pyschological resilience of adolescents aged 14-18, Master's Thesis] (Master's thesis, İstanbul Bilim University, İstanbul, Turkey). Retrieved from https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
  • Sart, Z. H., Börkan, B., Erkman, F., & Serbest, S. (2016). Resilience as a mediator between parental acceptance-rejection and depressive symptoms among University students in Turkey. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 195-209.
  • Sass, D. A., & Smith, P. L. (2006). The Effects of parceling unidimensional scales on structural parameter estimates in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(4), 566-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1304_4
  • Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192
  • Savi-Çakar, F. (2014). Otomatik düşüncelerin umutsuzluk üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi: Benlik saygısının aracılık rolü [The effect of automatic thoughts on hopelessness: Role of self-esteem as a mediator]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14, 1-16.
  • Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219-247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
  • Schneider, S. L. (2001). In search of realistic optimism: Meaning, knowledge, and warm fuzziness. American Psychologist, 56(3), 250-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X. 56.3.250
  • Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Öğrenilmiş iyimserlik [Learned optimism] (S. K. Akbaş, Trans.) Ankara, Turkey: HYB Yayınları.
  • Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13(1982), 290-312.
  • Steele, A., & Wade, T. D. (2004). The contribution of optimism and quality of life to depression in an acute coronary syndrome population. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 3(3), 231-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2004.06.003
  • Subica, A. M., Claypoole, K. H., & Wylie, A. M. (2012). PTSD'S mediation of the relationships between trauma, depression, substance abuse, mental health, and physical health in individuals with severe mental illness: evaluating a comprehensive model. Schizophrenia Research, 136(1), 104-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.018
  • Symister, P., & Friend, R. (2003). The influence of social support and problematic support on optimism and depression in chronic illness: A prospective study evaluating self-esteem as a mediator. Health Psychology, 22(2), 123-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133. 22.2.123
  • Şahan-Yılmaz, B., & Duy, B. (2013). Psiko-eğitim uygulamasının kız öğrencilerin benlik saygısı ve akılcı olmayan inançları üzerine etkisi [Effectiveness of a psycho-education programe on self-esteem and irrational beliefs of female college students]. Turkish Psychological Counseling & Guidance Journal, 4(39), 68-81.
  • Şahin, N. H., & Durak, A. (1994). Kısa semptom envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması [Brief symptom inventory: Adapted for the Turkish youth]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 44-56.
  • Trunzo, J. J., & Pinto, B. M. (2003). Social support as a mediator of optimism and distress in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(4), 805-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.805
  • Ulusoy, Y., & Duy, B. (2013). Öğrenilmiş iyimserlik psiko-eğitim uygulamasının öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ve akılcı olmayan inançlar üzerindeki etkisi [Effectiveness of a psycho-education programe on learned helplessness and irrational beliefs]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13, 1431-1446.
  • Vaishnavi, S., Connor, K., & Davidson, J. R. (2007). An abbreviated version of the Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: Psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials. Psychiatry Research, 152(2), 293-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.01.006
  • Van der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J., Fournier, M., Grievink, L., Drogendijk, A., & Gersons, B. P. (2007). The association between dispositional optimism and mental health problems among disaster victims and a comparison group: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 102(1), 35-45. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1080/15434610600683742
  • Veselska, Z., Geckova, A. M., Orosova, O., Gajdosova, B., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2009). Self-esteem and resilience: The connection with risky behavior among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 34(3), 287-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh. 2008.11.005
  • Vickers, K. S., & Vogeltanz, N. D. (2000). Dispositional optimism as a predictor of depressive symptoms over time. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(2), 259-272. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0191-8869 (99)00095-1
  • Wei, M., Ku, T. Y., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Liao, K. Y. H. (2008). Moderating effects of three coping strategies and self-esteem on perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms: A minority stress model for Asian international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(4), 451-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012511
  • World Health Organization. (2012). World suicide prevention day 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2014 from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_suicide_prevention_day/ en/
  • Zettle, R. D., Rains, J. C., & Hayes, S. C. (2011). Processes of change in acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive therapy for depression: A mediation reanalysis of Zettle and Rains. Behavior Modification, 35(3), 265-283. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0145445511398344
APA kapikiran s, KAPIKIRAN ACUN N (2016). Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. , 2087 - 2110.
Chicago kapikiran sahin,KAPIKIRAN ACUN Necla Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. (2016): 2087 - 2110.
MLA kapikiran sahin,KAPIKIRAN ACUN Necla Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. , 2016, ss.2087 - 2110.
AMA kapikiran s,KAPIKIRAN ACUN N Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. . 2016; 2087 - 2110.
Vancouver kapikiran s,KAPIKIRAN ACUN N Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. . 2016; 2087 - 2110.
IEEE kapikiran s,KAPIKIRAN ACUN N "Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem." , ss.2087 - 2110, 2016.
ISNAD kapikiran, sahin - KAPIKIRAN ACUN, Necla. "Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem". (2016), 2087-2110.
APA kapikiran s, KAPIKIRAN ACUN N (2016). Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 16(6), 2087 - 2110.
Chicago kapikiran sahin,KAPIKIRAN ACUN Necla Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri 16, no.6 (2016): 2087 - 2110.
MLA kapikiran sahin,KAPIKIRAN ACUN Necla Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, vol.16, no.6, 2016, ss.2087 - 2110.
AMA kapikiran s,KAPIKIRAN ACUN N Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri. 2016; 16(6): 2087 - 2110.
Vancouver kapikiran s,KAPIKIRAN ACUN N Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri. 2016; 16(6): 2087 - 2110.
IEEE kapikiran s,KAPIKIRAN ACUN N "Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem." Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 16, ss.2087 - 2110, 2016.
ISNAD kapikiran, sahin - KAPIKIRAN ACUN, Necla. "Optimism and Psychological Resilience in relation to Depressive Symptoms in University Students: Examining the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem". Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri 16/6 (2016), 2087-2110.