Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale

CANDANSAYAR, SELÇUK; DALGAR, Ilker; Kaya Yertutanol, Fatma Duygu; baysak, erkan

Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale

Erkan BAYSAK, (Bandırma Devlet Hastanesi, Psikiyatri Kliniği, Balıkesir, Türkiye)

FATMA DUYGU KAYA YERTUTANOL, (Üsküdar Üniversitesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)

Ilker DALGAR, (Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Psikoloji Bölümü, Ankara, Türkiye)

Selçuk CANDANSAYAR (Gazi Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, Türkiye)

Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni

7 2

Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 21 - 31 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale

Öz:

Objective: Online game addiction also referred to as internet gaming disorder, a clinical condition that is not well-established, is not listed in psychiatric classification systems due to lack of adequate studies but expected to be added to the manual in near future. In Turkey neither a scale nor a study is present to evaluate online game addiction/ addicts. We aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of "The Game Addiction Scale" that was developed by Lemmens in 2009 as an instrument to assess online game addiction in an online game players sample in Turkey and examine the game addiction levels in these players.Methods: For this purpose 726 "Travian" (a massively multiplayer online game) players were evaluated with the Young's Internet Addiction Test and the Lemmens's Game Addiction Scale to find out their game addiction levels. Individual properties of the participants reflecting their internet use and gaming habits were also examined. The study was performed using SurveyMonkey within three months between March 1 and May 31, 2013.Results: Both 21-item (Cronbach's ?=0.96) and 7-item versions (Cronbach's ?=0.88) of the Game Addiction Scale were found to be valid and reliable. Also using the monothetic format 11.1% of the participants was found to be online game addicts.Conclusion: Our findings indicates that there is a considerably high percentage of game addiction within this online gamers sample compared to other countries. Further studies with online gamers and general population are needed to see the whole picture in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Farmakoloji ve Eczacılık

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

1. Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior 1998;1(3):237-44. [CrossRef]
2. Theodor teWildt B. Internet Dependency: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Therapy. In Virtual Worlds and Criminality: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. p.61-78.
3. APA. Diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV-TR. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
4. APA. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
5. WHO. ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th revision ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
6. Lemmens JS, Valkenburg PM, Peter J. Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology 2009;12(1):77-95. [CrossRef]
7. Pezoa-Jares RE, Espinoza-Luna IL, Vasquez-Medina JA. Internet Addiction: a review. J Addict Res Ther 2012;S06:004.
8. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: a review of empirical research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2012;1(1):3-22. [CrossRef]
9. ESA. 2013 Sales, Demographic and Usage Data. Essential Facts About the Computer and Video Game Industry. 2013: Available from: http://www.isfe.eu/sites/isfe.eu/files/attachments/esa_ef_2013.pdf.
10. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.Retrieved March 16, 2014, from [database on the Internet]. n.d. Available from: http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travian.
11. Klimmt C, Schmid H, Orthmann J. Exploring the enjoyment of playing browser games. Cyberpsychol Behav 2009;12(2):231-4. [CrossRef]
12. Koker S. The comparison of life satisfaction levels of problematic and non-problematic adolescents. (Unpublished thesis), Ankara: Ankara University Institute of Social Sciences, 1991. (Turkish)
13. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 1985;49(1):71-5. [CrossRef]
14. Yee N. The demographics, motivations, and derived experiences of users of massively multi-user online graphical environments. Presence: teleoperators and virtual environments - Special issue: Virtual heritage 2006;15(3):309-29. [CrossRef]
15. Cuhadaroglu F. Self-esteem among adolescents (Unpublished thesis), Ankara: Hacettepe University, 1986. (Turkish)
16. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.
17. Eker D, Arkar H. Factorial structure, validity, and reliability of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Turkish Journal of Psychology 1995;10(34):45-55. (Turkish)
18. Young KS, editor Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. 104th annual meeting of the American Psychological Association; Toronto, Canada, 1996.
19. APA. Diagnostic criteria from DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
20. Keser H, Esgi N, Kocadag T, Bulu S. Validity and reliability study of the internet addiction test. Mevlana International Journal of Education 2013;3(4):207-22. [CrossRef]
21. Roe K, Muijs D. Children and computer games: a profile of the heavy user. European Journal of Communication 1998;13:181-200. [CrossRef]
22. Jöreskog KG, Sörbom D. LISREL 8.80 for Windows [Computer Software]. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc., 2006.
23. Sumer N. Structural Equation Modeling: Fundamentals and applications. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları 2000;3(6):49-74. (Turkish)
24. Hu L-T, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 1999;6(1):1-55. [CrossRef]
25. Charlton JP, Danforth ID. Distinguishing addiction and high engagement in the context of online game playing. Computers in Human Behavior 2007;23(3):1531-48. [CrossRef]
26. Hussain Z, Griffiths MD, Baguley T. Online gaming addiction: classification, prediction and associated risk factors. Addiction Research & Theory 2012;20(5):359-71. [CrossRef]
27. Achab S, Nicolier M, Mauny F, Monnin J, Trojak B, Vandel P, et al. Massively multiplayer online role-playing games: comparing characteristics of addict vs non-addict online recruited gamers in a French adult population. BMC Psychiatry 2011;11:144. [CrossRef]

APA	baysak e, Kaya Yertutanol F, DALGAR I, CANDANSAYAR S (2016). Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. , 21 - 31.
Chicago	baysak erkan,Kaya Yertutanol Fatma Duygu,DALGAR Ilker,CANDANSAYAR SELÇUK Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. (2016): 21 - 31.
MLA	baysak erkan,Kaya Yertutanol Fatma Duygu,DALGAR Ilker,CANDANSAYAR SELÇUK Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. , 2016, ss.21 - 31.
AMA	baysak e,Kaya Yertutanol F,DALGAR I,CANDANSAYAR S Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. . 2016; 21 - 31.
Vancouver	baysak e,Kaya Yertutanol F,DALGAR I,CANDANSAYAR S Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. . 2016; 21 - 31.
IEEE	baysak e,Kaya Yertutanol F,DALGAR I,CANDANSAYAR S "Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale." , ss.21 - 31, 2016.
ISNAD	baysak, erkan vd. "Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale". (2016), 21-31.

APA	baysak e, Kaya Yertutanol F, DALGAR I, CANDANSAYAR S (2016). Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 26(1), 21 - 31.
Chicago	baysak erkan,Kaya Yertutanol Fatma Duygu,DALGAR Ilker,CANDANSAYAR SELÇUK Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 26, no.1 (2016): 21 - 31.
MLA	baysak erkan,Kaya Yertutanol Fatma Duygu,DALGAR Ilker,CANDANSAYAR SELÇUK Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, vol.26, no.1, 2016, ss.21 - 31.
AMA	baysak e,Kaya Yertutanol F,DALGAR I,CANDANSAYAR S Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni. 2016; 26(1): 21 - 31.
Vancouver	baysak e,Kaya Yertutanol F,DALGAR I,CANDANSAYAR S Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni. 2016; 26(1): 21 - 31.
IEEE	baysak e,Kaya Yertutanol F,DALGAR I,CANDANSAYAR S "Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale." Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 26, ss.21 - 31, 2016.
ISNAD	baysak, erkan vd. "Online Game Addiction in a Sample from Turkey: Development and Validation of the Turkish Version of Game Addiction Scale". Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni 26/1 (2016), 21-31.