This study was performed in order to establish the prevalence of N. caninum in dogs and cattle in the province of Kars, between March, 2008 and June, 2009. To identify the risk factors epidemiologically, a cross sectional study was made between villages known to have imported cattle breeds and villages with only indigenous cattle. Twelve villages were randomly selected as representative of the study area; six of the villages had imported cattle breeds (Group 1), while the remaining six did not (Group 2). Commercial kits (competitive inhibition ELISA, CI-ELISA for cattle, IFAT for dogs) were used to identify antibodies to N. caninum. Faecal Direct Smear and Sheather's Sugar Flotation techniques were used for the examination of dog faecal samples. The data were evaluated by the chi square test. The CI-ELISA test revealed that the seroprevalence of N. caninum in Kars Province was 7.2% in a total of 1100 cattle from both groups of villages; 9.2% in 600 cattle from Group 1 villages and 4.8% in 500 cattle from Group 2 villages. The seroprevalence in dogs as determined by IFAT was 25.2% in a total of 210 dogs while it was 30.7% in 101 dogs from Group 1 villages, it was 20.2% in 109 dogs from Group 2. In both cattle and dogs, the differences in seroprevalence between in the Group 1 and 2 villages were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). Seroprevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher in older animals, both cattle and dogs, than in younger animals. Faecal examination revealed N. caninum-like oocysts in 10 (8.0%) out of a total of 125 dogs examined. These results indicate that postnatal infections develop in dogs and cattle in Kars Province, and that dogs are a potential risk factor in neosporosis in cattle. Moreover, as a result of the higher levels of seroprevalence found in dogs and cattle in the villages which have imported cattle breeds, these villages have been identified as a risk group.