Yıl: 2017 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 46 - 56 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

An overview and management of osteoporosis

Öz:
Osteoporosis -related to various factors including menopause and aging- is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease, which is characterized by increased bone fragility. Although it is seen in all age groups, gender, and races, it is more common in Caucasians (white race), older people, and women. With an aging population and longer life span, osteoporosis is increasingly becoming a global epidemic. Currently, it has been estimated that more than 200 million people are suffering from osteoporosis. According to recent statistics from the International Osteoporosis Foundation, worldwide, 1 in 3 women over the age of 50 years and 1 in 5 men will experience osteoporotic fractures in their lifetime. Every fracture is a sign of another impending one. Osteoporosis has no clinical manifestations until there is a fracture. Fractures cause important morbidity; in men, in particular, they can cause mortality. Moreover, osteoporosis results in a decreased quality of life, increased disability-adjusted life span, and big financial burden to health insurance systems of countries that are responsible for the care of such patients. With an early diagnosis of this disease before fractures occur and by assessing the bone mineral density and with early treatment, osteoporosis can be prevented. Therefore, increasing awareness among doctors, which, in turn, facilitates increase awareness of the normal populace, will be effective in preventing this epidemic
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Romatoloji
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001; 285: 785-95.
  • 2. Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25: 2359-81. [CrossRef]
  • 3. Cooper C, Campion G, Melton LJ 3rd. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int 1992; 2: 285-9. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Reginster JY, Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone 2006; 38 (Suppl 1): S4-9. [CrossRef]
  • 5. Wright NC, Looker AC, Saag KG, Curtis JR, Delzell ES, Randall S, et al. The recent prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass in the United States based on bone mineral density at the femoral neck or lumbar spine. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29: 2520-6. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Camacho PM, Greenspan SL, Harris ST, Hodgson SF, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Pract 2010; 16 (Suppl 3): 1-37. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Tuzun S, Eskiyurt N, Akarirmak U, Saridogan M, Senocak M, Johansson H, et al. Incidence of hip fracture and prevalence of osteoporosis in Turkey: the FRACTURK study. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23: 949-55. [CrossRef]
  • 8. Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Seeman E, Offord KP, Dunn WL, Mazess RB, et al. Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging. Differences between the postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis syndromes. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 716-23. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Hannan MT, Felson DT, Dawson-Hughes B, Tucker KL, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, et al. Risk factors for longitudinal bone loss in elderly men and women: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 2000; 15: 710-20. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Compston J, Bowring C, Cooper A, Cooper C, Davies C, Francis R, et al. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013. Maturitas 2013; 75: 392-6. [CrossRef]
  • 11. Cooper C, Melton LJ 3rd. Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1992; 3: 224-9. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Melton LJ 3rd, Achenbach SJ, Atkinson EJ, Therneau TM, Amin S. Long-term mortality following fractures at different skeletal sites: a population-based cohort study. Osteoporos Int 2013; 24: 1689-96. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, Atkinson S, Brown JP, Feldman S, et al. 2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ 2010; 182: 1864-73. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Stone KL, Cauley JA, et al. Frailty and risk of falls, fracture, and mortality in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62: 744-51. [CrossRef]
  • 15. Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, Johansson H, Oden A, Delmas P, et al. A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 2004; 35: 375-82. [CrossRef]
  • 16. Siminoski K, Warshawski RS, Jen H, Lee K. The accuracy of historical height loss for the detection of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 290-6. [CrossRef]
  • 17. Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, Johansson H, De Laet C, Brown J, et al. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18: 1033-46. [CrossRef]
  • 18. D'Amelio P, Isaia GC. Male Osteoporosis in the Elderly. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015: 907689. [CrossRef]
  • 19. De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, Johanson H, Johnell O, Delmas P, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 1330-8. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Fox KM, Cummings SR, Powell-Threets K, Stone K. Family history and risk of osteoporotic fracture. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Osteoporos Int 1998; 8: 557-62. [CrossRef]
  • 21. Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman JA, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 155-62. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1-231. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Eisman JA, et al. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16: 737-42. [CrossRef]
  • 24. Sarkis KS, Salvador MB, Pinheiro MM, Silva RG, Zerbini CA, Martini LA. Association between osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis in women: a cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J 2009; 127: 216-22. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59: 148-57. [CrossRef]
  • 26. Kanis JA on behalf of the World Health Organization Scientific Group (2007) Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report. World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, UK. 2007.
  • 27. Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality--the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2250-61. [CrossRef]
  • 28. Schousboe JT SJ, Bilezikian JP, Baim S. Executive Summary of the 2013 ISCD Position Development Conference on Bone Densitometry. J Clin Densitom 2013; 16: 455-66. [CrossRef]
  • 29. Nelson HD, Haney EM, Chou R, Dana T, Fu R, Bougatsos C. Screening for osteoporosis: systematic review to update the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Evidence Synthesis No. 77. AHRQ Publication No. 10-05145-EF-1. Rockville, Maryland: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, July 2010.
  • 30. Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Strom O, Borgstrom F, Oden A. Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX--assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporos Int 2008; 19: 1395-408. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Vasikaran S, Eastell R, Bruyere O, Foldes AJ, Garnero P, Griesmacher A, et al. Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22: 391-420. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Tannenbaum C, Clark J, Schwartzman K, Wallenstein S, Lapinski R, Meier D, et al. Yield of laboratory testing to identify secondary contributors to osteoporosis in otherwise healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 4431-7. [CrossRef]
  • 33. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. Available from: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/ doi: 10.17226/13050. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Moyer VA. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158: 691-6. [CrossRef]
  • 35. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005; 293: 2257-64. [CrossRef]
  • 36. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 291: 1999-2006. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Hallström H, Wolk A, Glynn A, Michaëlsson K. Coffee, tea and caffeine consumption in relation to osteoporotic fracture risk in a cohort of Swedish women. Osteoporos Int 2006; 17: 1055-64. [CrossRef]
  • 38. Rizzoli R, Bianchi ML, Garabédian M, McKay HA, Moreno LA. Maximizing bone mineral mass gain during growth for the prevention of fractures in the adolescents and the elderly. Bone 2010; 46: 294-305. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Tran ZV. Exercise and lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57: M599-604. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, Devlin N. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individu- 55 al-level data. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50: 905-11. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, Tucci JR, Emkey RD, Tonino RP, et al. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1189-99. [CrossRef]
  • 42. Eastell R, Devogelaer JP, Peel NF, Chines AA, Bax DE, Sacco-Gibson N, et al. Prevention of bone loss with risedronate in glucocorticoid-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients. Osteoporos Int 2000; 11: 331-7. [CrossRef]
  • 43. Chesnut CH 3rd, Skag A, Christiansen C, Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Hoiseth A, et al. Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19: 1241-9. [CrossRef]
  • 44. Reid DM, Devogelaer JP, Saag K, Roux C, Lau CS, Reginster JY, et al. Zoledronic acid and risedronate in the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (Horizon): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 373: 1253-63. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Shane E, Burr D, Ebeling PR, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25: 2267-94. [CrossRef]
  • 46. Siris ES, Harris ST, Eastell R, Zanchetta JR, Goemaere S, Diez-Perez A, et al. Skeletal effects of raloxifene after 8 years: results from the continuing outcomes relevant to Evista (Core) study. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20: 1514-24. [CrossRef]
  • 47. Seeman E. Strontium ranelate: vertebral and non-vertebral fracture risk reduction. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006; 18 (Suppl 1): S17-20. [CrossRef]
  • 48. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Summary of opinion (post authorisation): treatment of osteoporosis in men at increased risk of fracture. European Medicines Agency Website. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/ en_GB/document_library/Summary_of_opinion/human/000560/WC500127765.pdf. Published May 24, 2012. Accessed June 12, 2012. - See more at: http://press.endocrine.org/doi/ full/10.1210/jc.2012-3048#sthash.M7MrgBEV. dpuf.
  • 49. Bone HG, Chapurlat R, Brandi ML, Brown JP, Czerwinski E, Krieg MA, et al. The effect of three or six years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from the freedom extension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98: 4483-92. [CrossRef]
  • 50. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, Prince R, Gaich GA, Reginster JY, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1434-41. [CrossRef]
APA Sözen T, Ozisik L, ÇALIK BAŞARAN N (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. , 46 - 56.
Chicago Sözen Tümay,Ozisik Lale,ÇALIK BAŞARAN NURSEL An overview and management of osteoporosis. (2017): 46 - 56.
MLA Sözen Tümay,Ozisik Lale,ÇALIK BAŞARAN NURSEL An overview and management of osteoporosis. , 2017, ss.46 - 56.
AMA Sözen T,Ozisik L,ÇALIK BAŞARAN N An overview and management of osteoporosis. . 2017; 46 - 56.
Vancouver Sözen T,Ozisik L,ÇALIK BAŞARAN N An overview and management of osteoporosis. . 2017; 46 - 56.
IEEE Sözen T,Ozisik L,ÇALIK BAŞARAN N "An overview and management of osteoporosis." , ss.46 - 56, 2017.
ISNAD Sözen, Tümay vd. "An overview and management of osteoporosis". (2017), 46-56.
APA Sözen T, Ozisik L, ÇALIK BAŞARAN N (2017). An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology, 4(1), 46 - 56.
Chicago Sözen Tümay,Ozisik Lale,ÇALIK BAŞARAN NURSEL An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology 4, no.1 (2017): 46 - 56.
MLA Sözen Tümay,Ozisik Lale,ÇALIK BAŞARAN NURSEL An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology, vol.4, no.1, 2017, ss.46 - 56.
AMA Sözen T,Ozisik L,ÇALIK BAŞARAN N An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology. 2017; 4(1): 46 - 56.
Vancouver Sözen T,Ozisik L,ÇALIK BAŞARAN N An overview and management of osteoporosis. European Journal of Rheumatology. 2017; 4(1): 46 - 56.
IEEE Sözen T,Ozisik L,ÇALIK BAŞARAN N "An overview and management of osteoporosis." European Journal of Rheumatology, 4, ss.46 - 56, 2017.
ISNAD Sözen, Tümay vd. "An overview and management of osteoporosis". European Journal of Rheumatology 4/1 (2017), 46-56.