Yıl: 2016 Cilt: 46 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 997 - 1003 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions

Öz:
Background/aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of conscious sedation with 40% nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2 O/O2 ) on cognitive functions. Materials and methods: Forty dental patients referred to the sedation unit at Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery received a combination of 40% N2 O/O2inhalation for conscious sedation. Psychometric tests were applied three times: before sedation, during sedation, and at the end of the recovery, for assessing cognitive functions. Results: The results of this study showed that the 40% N2 O/O2 combination impaired cognitive functions during the conscious sedation. Recovery of most of the cognitive functions occurred 15 min after sedation. However, in addition to the persistence of hypnotic effectsand sensations of isolation during the recovery period, motor loss value showed more cognitive impairment 15 min after sedation than before the sedation period, and, thus, the ability to execute fine motor skills was not totally recovered by then. Conclusion: The results of this study could be crucial for informing patients about avoiding attentive activities soon after conscious sedation via 40% N2 O/O2 .
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Cerrahi
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • 1. Allen M, Thompson S. An equivalence study comparing nitrous oxide and oxygen with low-dose sevoflurane and oxygen as inhalation sedation agents in dentistry for adults. Br Dent J 2014; 217: E18.
  • 2. Craig DC, Wildsmith JAW. Conscious sedation for dentistry: an update. Br Dent J 2007; 203: 603-631.
  • 3. Yokoe C, Hanamoto H, Boku A, Sugimura M, Morimoto Y, Kudo C, Niwa H. The effect of nitrous oxide inhalation on the hypotensive response to propofol: a randomized controlled trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118: 166-173.
  • 4. Hulland SA, Freilich MM, Sàndor GK. Nitrous oxide-oxygen or oral midazolam for pediatric outpatient sedation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002; 93: 643-646.
  • 5. Ogle OE, Hertz MB. Anxiety control in the dental patient. Dent Clin North Am 2012; 56: 1-16.
  • 6. Girdler NM, Hill CM, Wilson KE. Clinical Sedation in Dentistry. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: WileyBlackwell; 2009.
  • 7. Berge TI. Acceptance and side effects of nitrous oxide oxygen sedation for oral surgical procedures. Acta Odontol Scand 1999; 57: 201-206.
  • 8. Hennequin M, Collado V, Faulks D, Koscielny S, Onody P, Nicolas E. A clinical trial of efficacy and safety of inhalation sedation with a 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen premix (Kalinox™) in general practice. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 16: 633-642.
  • 9. Hierons RJ, Dorman ML, Wilson K, Averley P, Girdler N. Investigation of inhalational conscious sedation as a tool for reducing anxiety in adults undergoing exodontia. Br Dent J 2012; 213: E9.
  • 10. Vetter TR, McGwin Jr G. Comparing apples to oranges: just say no to N2 O? Anesth Analg 2013; 116: 959-961.
  • 11. Lockwood AJ, Yang YF. Nitrous oxide inhalation anaesthesia in the presence of intraocular gas can cause irreversible blindness. Br Dent J 2008; 204: 247-248.
  • 12. Corah NL. Development of a dental anxiety scale. J Den Res 1969; 48: 596.
  • 13. Dailey YM, Humphris GM, Lennon MA. The use of dental anxiety questionnaires: a survey of a group of UK dental practitioners. Br Dent J 2001; 190: 450-453.
  • 14. Munro CA, Longmire CF, Drye LT, Martin BK, Frangakis CE, Meinert CL, Mintzer JE, Porsteinsson AP, Rabins PV, Rosenberg PB et al. Cognitive outcomes after sertaline treatment in patients with depression of Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 20: 1036-1044.
  • 15. Kaufman AS, Lichtenberger EO. Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence. 3rd ed. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: Wiley; 2006.
  • 16. Tiplady B, Bowness E, Stien L, Drummond G. Selective effects of clonidine and temazepam on attention and memory. J Psychopharmacol 2005; 19: 259-265.
  • 17. Johnson BL, Nelson JK. Practical Measurements for Evaluation in Physical Education. 4th ed. Minneapolis, MN, USA: Burgess Publishing; 1986.
  • 18. Reitan RM, Wolfson D. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation. Tucson, AZ, USA: Neoropsychology Press; 1985.
  • 19. Skelly M, Craig D. Sedation for dental procedures. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005; 6: 255-257.
  • 20. Block RI, Ghoneim MM, Hinrichs JV, Kumar V, Pathak D. Effects of a subanaesthetic concentration of nitrous oxide on memory and subjective experience: Influence of assessment procedures and types of stimuli. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 1988; 3: 257-265.
  • 21. Armstrong PJ, Morton C, Sinclair W, Tiplady B. Effects of nitrous oxide on psychological performance. A doseresponse study using inhalation of concentrations up to 15%. Psychopharmacology 1995; 117: 486-490.
  • 22. Norton JC, Roth GI, Matheny JL, Falace DA, O’Reilly JE. The effect of nitrous oxide and age on psychological and psychomotor performance. Anesth Prog 1984; 31: 64-69.
  • 23. Duarte R, McNeill A, Drummond G, Tiplady B. Comparison of the sedative, cognitive and analgesic effects of nitrous oxide, sevoflurane and ethanol. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100: 203-210.
  • 24. Takarada T, Kawahara M, Irifune M, Endo C, Shimizu Y, Maeoka K, Tanaka C, Katayama S. Clinical recovery time from conscious sedation for dental outpatients. Anesth Prog 2002; 49: 124-127.
  • 25. Thompson JM, Neave N, Moss MC, Scholey AB, Wesnes K, Girdler NM. Cognitive properties of sedation agents: comparison of the effects of nitrous oxide and midazolam on memory and mood. Br Dent J 1999; 187: 557-562.
  • 26. Zacny JP, Sparacino G, Hoffmann P, Martin R, Lichtor JL. The subjective, behavioral and cognitive effects of subanesthetic concentrations of isoflurane and nitrous oxide in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1994; 114: 409-416.
  • 27. Ayer WA, Getter L. Psychomotor responses to nitrous oxideoxygen sedation during dental treatment. Anesth Prog 1974; 21: 71-73.
  • 28. Lichtor JL, Lane BS, Zimmerman MB. Residual sleepiness after N2 O sedation: a randomized control trial [ISRCTN88442975]. BMC Anesthesiol 2004; 4: 5.
  • 29. Jastak JT, Donaldson D. Nitrous oxide. Anesth Prog 1991; 38: 142-153.
  • 30. Faulks D, Hennequin M, Albecker-Grappe S, Manière MC, Tardieu C, Berthet A, Wolikow M, Droz D, Koscielny S, Onody P. Sedation with 50% nitrous oxide/oxygen for outpatient dental treatment in individuals with intellectual disability. Dev Med Child Neurol 2007; 49: 621-625.
  • 31. Abdullah WA, Sheta SA, Nooh NS. Inhaled methoxyflurane (Penthrox) sedation for third molar extraction: a comparison to nitrous oxide sedation. Aust Dent J 2011; 56: 296-301.
  • 32. Berge TI. Nitrous oxide in dental surgery. Best Pract Res Cl Anaesthesiol 2001; 15: 477-489.
APA SAMUR ERGÜVEN S, DELİLBAŞI E, Işık B, Öktem F (2016). The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. , 997 - 1003.
Chicago SAMUR ERGÜVEN Sara,DELİLBAŞI Ertan Ali,Işık Berrin,Öktem Ferhunde The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. (2016): 997 - 1003.
MLA SAMUR ERGÜVEN Sara,DELİLBAŞI Ertan Ali,Işık Berrin,Öktem Ferhunde The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. , 2016, ss.997 - 1003.
AMA SAMUR ERGÜVEN S,DELİLBAŞI E,Işık B,Öktem F The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. . 2016; 997 - 1003.
Vancouver SAMUR ERGÜVEN S,DELİLBAŞI E,Işık B,Öktem F The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. . 2016; 997 - 1003.
IEEE SAMUR ERGÜVEN S,DELİLBAŞI E,Işık B,Öktem F "The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions." , ss.997 - 1003, 2016.
ISNAD SAMUR ERGÜVEN, Sara vd. "The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions". (2016), 997-1003.
APA SAMUR ERGÜVEN S, DELİLBAŞI E, Işık B, Öktem F (2016). The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 46(4), 997 - 1003.
Chicago SAMUR ERGÜVEN Sara,DELİLBAŞI Ertan Ali,Işık Berrin,Öktem Ferhunde The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 46, no.4 (2016): 997 - 1003.
MLA SAMUR ERGÜVEN Sara,DELİLBAŞI Ertan Ali,Işık Berrin,Öktem Ferhunde The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, vol.46, no.4, 2016, ss.997 - 1003.
AMA SAMUR ERGÜVEN S,DELİLBAŞI E,Işık B,Öktem F The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 46(4): 997 - 1003.
Vancouver SAMUR ERGÜVEN S,DELİLBAŞI E,Işık B,Öktem F The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 46(4): 997 - 1003.
IEEE SAMUR ERGÜVEN S,DELİLBAŞI E,Işık B,Öktem F "The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions." Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 46, ss.997 - 1003, 2016.
ISNAD SAMUR ERGÜVEN, Sara vd. "The effects of conscious sedation with nitrous oxide/oxygen on cognitive functions". Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 46/4 (2016), 997-1003.