Yıl: 2017 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 68 Sayfa Aralığı: 1 - 18 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R

Öz:
Background: Most of the studies in academic journals use p values to represent statistical significance. However, this is not a good indicator of practical significance. Although confidence intervals provide information about the precision of point estimation, they are, unfortunately, rarely used. The infrequent use of confidence intervals might be due to estimation difficulties for some statistics. The bootstrap method enables researchers to calculate confidence intervals for any statistics. Bootstrap resampling is an effective method of computing confidence intervals for nearly any estimate, but it is not very commonly used. This may be because this method is not well known or people may think that it is complex to calculate. On the other hand, researchers may not be familiar with R and be unable to write proper codesPurpose: The purpose of this study is to present the steps in the bootstrap resampling method to calculate confidence intervals using R. It is aimed toward guiding graduate students and researchers who wish to implement this method. Computations of bootstrapped confidence interval for mean, median and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were explained with the R syntax step-by-step. Moreover, traditional and bootstrapped confidence intervals and bootstrapped methods were compared in order to guide researchers. Main Argument and Conclusions: With the help of statistical software today it is easy to compute confidence intervals for almost any statistics of interest. In this study R syntax were used as an example so that beginners can use R to compute confidence intervals. Results showed that traditional and bootstrapped confidence intervals have very similar results for normally distributed data sets. Moreover different bootstrapped methods produce different results with skewed data sets. This is because bias corrected and accelerated interval methods are suggested for use with skewed data sets. Implications for Research and Practice: R codes presented in this study guide researchers and graduate students while computing bootstrap confidence intervals. Furthermore findings about the comparison of bootstrap methods help researchers choose the most appropriate bootstrap methods. Results and the main argument of this study may encourage researchers to compute bootstrap confidence intervals in their studies.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Eğitim, Eğitim Araştırmaları
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Angelo Canty and Brian Ripley (2016). boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) Functions. R package version 1.3-18
  • American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
  • Banjanovic, Erin S., and Osborne, Jason W. (2016). Confidence Intervals for Effect Sizes: Applying Bootstrap Resampling. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 21(5).
  • Carpenter, J. and Bithell, J. (2000), Bootstrap confidence intervals: when, which, what? A practical guide for medical statisticians. Statistics in Medicine, 19: 1141–1164.
  • Cooper RJ, Wears RL, Schriger DL (2003) Reporting research results: recommendations for improving communication. Ann Emerg Med. 41:561–4.
  • Chernick, M. R., & Labudde, R. A. (2011). An introduction to bootstrap methods with applications to R. A john Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey.
  • Davison, A. C., & Hinkley, D. V. (1997). Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • DiCiccio, T. J., & Efron, B. (1996). Bootstrap confidence intervals. Statistical science. A Review Journal Of The Institute Of Mathematical Statistics., 11(3), 189-212.
  • Efron, B. (1988). Computer intensive methods in statistical regression. Slam Review. 30 421-449
  • Haukoos, J. S., Roger, Lewis, R. J. (2005). Advanced statistics: Bootstrapped confidence interval for statistics with “difficult” distributions. Academic Emergency Medicine 12(4), 360-354.
  • James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2014). An introduction to statistical learning: with applications in R. Springer, New York. USA
  • M. Marshall, A. Lockwood, C. Bradley, C. Adams, C. Joy, and M. Fenton. (2000).
  • Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomized controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry 176 ( 3 ) 249–252.
  • Reinhart, A., (2015). Statistics done wrong. The woefully complete guide. No Stretch Press. San Francisco, USA.
  • Tavakol, M., Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education. 2:53-55.
  • John T. Willse (2014). CTT: Classical Test Theory Functions. R package version 2.1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=CTT Zar JH. (1999). Biostatistical analysis.4th edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
APA DOĞAN C (2017). Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. , 1 - 18.
Chicago DOĞAN C. Deha Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. (2017): 1 - 18.
MLA DOĞAN C. Deha Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. , 2017, ss.1 - 18.
AMA DOĞAN C Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. . 2017; 1 - 18.
Vancouver DOĞAN C Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. . 2017; 1 - 18.
IEEE DOĞAN C "Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R." , ss.1 - 18, 2017.
ISNAD DOĞAN, C. Deha. "Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R". (2017), 1-18.
APA DOĞAN C (2017). Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17(68), 1 - 18.
Chicago DOĞAN C. Deha Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 17, no.68 (2017): 1 - 18.
MLA DOĞAN C. Deha Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, vol.17, no.68, 2017, ss.1 - 18.
AMA DOĞAN C Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2017; 17(68): 1 - 18.
Vancouver DOĞAN C Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research. 2017; 17(68): 1 - 18.
IEEE DOĞAN C "Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R." Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 17, ss.1 - 18, 2017.
ISNAD DOĞAN, C. Deha. "Applying Bootstrap Resampling to Compute Confidence Intervals for Various Statistics with R". Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 17/68 (2017), 1-18.