Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces

ÜNVER, H.Akın

Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces

H.Akın ÜNVER (Asst. Prof., Ph.D., Kadir Has University, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Department of International Relations,)

Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi

5 1

Yıl: 2017 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 26 Sayfa Aralığı: 45 - 83 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 29-07-2022

Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces

Öz:

Bu makale, Irak-Şam İslam Devleti (IŞİD/DAEŞ), Halkçı Koruma Birlikleri (YPG), Luhanks Halk Cumhuriyeti ve Donbas Halk Cumhuriyeti örgütlerine odaklanarak, devlet zafiyeti alanlarında milis idaresi konusunu irdelemektedir. Bu örgütlerin uzun vadeli yerel sorunları ne şekilde seferber ettikleri ve çerçevelendirdikleri, ve bu sorunlar üzerinden devlet otoritesine nasıl meydan okudukları da metodik bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Bunu yaparken makale, bu örgütlerin çatışma bölgelerine yayılmaları öncesinde ve sonrasında uyguladıkları idari pratikler, yönetim modelleri ve neden belli bölgeleri önceliklendirdiklerini de açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Neticesinde bu makale, silahlı devlet-dışı örgütlerin kendilerine bağlılığın düşük olduğu ve kaynak üretiminin yüksek olduğu alanlarda ve örgütün hükümranlık kurmaya çalıştığı alan geniş bir coğrafya ise idare ve yönetişimde daha başarılı olmaya çalıştığını öne sürmektedir. Bu değişkenler üzerinden, bu dört örgütün alan hâkimiyetinin ne kadar sürdürülebilir olacağını, bu örgütler askerî yollarla yenilgiye uğratılır veya anlaşma yoluyla silahsızlandırılırsa arta kalan bölgelerin geri kazanımı konusuna nasıl yaklaşılabileceği anlaşılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Siyasi Bilimler Uluslararası İlişkiler

Devlet Otoritesi Boşluğu Durumlarında Milis İdaresi: Yönetilemeyen Alanlarda Meşruiyet Rekabeti Modelleri

Öz:

This article makes an empirical exposition of militancy governance under state failure by focusing on ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria), YPG (People's Protection Units), Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic. Specifically, the article discusses how these groups mobilize different types of grievances and frame their propaganda to exert control over areas where states are weakened. Furthermore, how these groups engage in early modes of pre- and post-territorial control, form governance practices and prioritize particular areas for better administration are also elaborated in detail. Ultimately, the paper argues that Violent Non-State Actors (VNSAs) perform better in areas of low loyalty and high resource-generation and if its territorial ambitions are maximalist (expansionist). Through these variables, we are better able to judge how sustainable these groups will be in their respective territories and how should states approach local governance once these groups are defeated.

Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Siyasi Bilimler Uluslararası İlişkiler

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

BRECHER, Micheal and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, 2000, A Study of Crisis, Michigan University Press.
GURVAL, Robert Alan, 1998, Actium and Augustus: the Politics and Emotions of Civil War, University of Michigan Press.
JOSSELIN, Daphne and William Wallace, 2001, Non-State Actors in World Politics, Springer.
KALYVAS, Stathsis N, 2006, The Logic of Violence in Civil War, Cambridge University Press.
KILCULLEN, David, 2015, Out of the Mountains: The Coming Age of the Urban Guerrilla, Oxford University Press.
NACOS, Brigitte, 2016, Mass-Mediated Terrorism: Mainstream and Digital Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism, Rowman & Littlefield.
RISSE-KAPPEN, Thomas, 1995. Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions, Cambridge University Press.
ROTHBERG, Robert I, 2003, "The Failure and Collapse of NationStates" in Robert Rothberg (ed.) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Princeton University Press.
SCHLICHTE, Klaus, 2009. In the Shadow of Violence: The Politics of Armed Groups, University of Chicago Press.
TALMON, Yonina, 1972, Family and Community in the Kibbutz, Harvard University Press.
Weber, Max, 1921, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Articles and Book Chapters
AFANASIEV, Mikhail Mikhailovich, Olga Anatolievna Tkacheva, Irina Anatolievna Getmanova, Lyudmila Aleksandrovna Tsurak, Olga
Andreevna Pavlenko, 2015, "Eastern Donbass Resources as Improvement Factor in the Fuel and Energy Competitiveness Sector of Russia", Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (3 S6), p. 329.
AL-TAMIMI, Aymenn, 2015, "The Evolution in Islamic State Administration: The Documentary Evidence", Perspectives on Terrorism, 9(4).
BLOMBERG, Brock, Rozlyn C. Engel, and Reid Sawyer, 2010, "On the Duration and Sustainability of Transnational Terrorist Organizations", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 54 (2), pp. 303-330.
BOYD-BARRETT, Oliver, 2017, "Ukraine, Mainstream Media and Conflict Propaganda", Journalism Studies, 18 (8), pp. 1016-1034.
BUNKER, Robert, 2014, "Global Security Upheaval: Armed Nonstate Groups Usurping State Stability Functions", Small Wars & Insurgencies, 25 (5-6), pp. 1065-1067.
CARTER, David B., 2012, "A Blessing or a Curse? State Support for Terrorist Groups", International Organization, 66 (1), pp. 129-151.
CEDERMAN, Lars-Erik, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, Julian Wucherpfennig, 2017, "Predicting the Decline of Ethnic Civil War: Was Gurr Right and for the Right Reasons?", Journal of Peace Research, 54 (2), pp. 262-274.
CLARKE, Renfrey, 2016, "The Donbass in 2014: Ultra-Right Threats, Working-Class Revolt, and Russian Policy Responses", International Critical Thought, 6 (4), pp. 534-555.
COLAS, Brandon, 2016, "What Does Dabiq Do? ISIS Hermeneutics and Organizational Fractures within Dabiq Magazine", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 40 (3), pp. 173-190.
COLLIER, Paul and Nicholas Sambanis, 2002, "Understanding Civil War: a New Agenda", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46 (1), pp.3-12.
CORDIER, Bruno de, 2017, "Ukraine's Vendée War? A Look at the 'Resistance Identity' of the Donbass Insurgency", Russian Analytical Digest, (198), pp. 2-6.
DAHLMAN, Carl T. and Sanan Moradi, 2017, "Partition and National Fragmentation of Kurdistan", Scaling Identities: Nationalism and Territoriality, (edited by Guntram H. Herb and David H. Kaplan), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 223.
DAVIS, Diane E., 2009, "Non-State Armed Actors, New Imagined Communities, and Shifting Patterns of Sovereignty and Insecurity in the Modern World", Contemporary Security Policy, 30 (2), pp. 221-245.
FARWELL, James P., 2014, "The Media Strategy of ISIS", Survival, 56 (6), pp. 49-55.
FEARON, James D. and David Laitin, 2003, "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War", American Political Science Review, 97 (1), pp. 75-90.
FREEDMAN, Lawrence, 2014, "Ukraine and the Art of Limited War", Survival, 56 (6), pp. 7-38.
GLEDITSCH, Nils Petter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Havard Strand, 2002, "Armed Conflict 1946-2001: A New Dataset", Journal Of Peace Research, 39 (5), pp. 615-637.
GOLDBERG, Jonah, 2015, "US Mandates ISIS Embed Deeper into Civilian Populations", National Review, [http://www.nationalreview. com/corner/ 420230/us-mandates-isis-embed-deeper-civilian-populations-jonah-goldberg]
HEGGHAMMER, Thomas, 2011, "The Rise of Muslim Foreign Fighters: Islam and the Globalization of Jihad", International Security, 35 (3), pp. 53-94.
HEGGHAMMER, Thomas, 2013, "Should I Stay or Should I Go? Explaining Variation in Western Jihadists' Choice between Domestic and Foreign Fighting", American Political Science Review, 107 (1), pp. 1-15.
HOLMQVIST, Caroline, 2005, "Engaging Armed Non-State Actors in Post-Conflict Settings", Security Governance in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, Münster: LIT Verlag, pp. 45-68.
HOLZSCHEITER, Anna, 2005, "Discourse as Capability: Non-State Actors' Capital in Global Governance", Millennium, 33 (3), pp. 723-746.
IDLER, Annette Iris and James J.F. Forest, 2015, "Behavioral Patterns Among (Violent) Non-State Actors: A Study of Complementary Governance", Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 4 (1).
SANIN, Fransisco Gutierrez and Elisabeth Jean Wood, 2014, "Ideology in Civil War: Instrumental Adoption and Beyond", Journal of Peace Research, 51 (2), pp. 213-226.
KLAUSEN, Jytte, 2015, "Tweeting the Jihad: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq", Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38 (1), pp. 1-22.
KORF, Benedikt, 2005, "Rethinking the Greed-Grievance Nexus: Property Rights and the Political Economy of War in Sri Lanka", Journal of Peace Research, 42 (2), pp. 201-217.
KUZIO, Taras, 2015, "Competing Nationalisms, Euromaidan, and the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict", Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 15 (1), pp. 157-169.
LARUELLE, Marlene, 2016, "The Three Colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian Nationalist Mythmaking of the Ukrainian Crisis", PostSoviet Affairs, 32 (1), pp. 55-74.
LAWSON, Fred H., 2014. "Syria's Mutating Civil War and its Impact on Turkey, Iraq and Iran", International Affairs, 90 (6), pp. 1351-1365.
MATSUZATO, Kimitaka, 2017, "The Donbass War: Outbreak and Deadlock" Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 25 (2), pp. 175-201.
MATVEEVA, Anna, 2016, "No Moscow Stooges: Identity Polarization and Guerrilla Movements in Donbass", Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16 (1), pp. 25-50.
MCCAULEY, Clark, 2016, "What Comes After ISIS? A Peace Proposal", Perspectives on Terrorism, 10 (4).
OSIANDER, Andreas, 2001, "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth", International Organization, 55 (02), pp. 251-287.
ÖZEN, Hayriye, 2015, "Latent Dynamics of Movement Formation: The Kurdish Case in Turkey (1940s-1960s)", Current Sociology, 63 (1), pp. 57-74.
PODDER, Sukanya, 2013, "Non-State Armed Groups and Stability: Reconsidering Legitimacy and Inclusion". Contemporary Security Policy, 34 (1), pp. 16-39.
RAEYMAEKERS, Timothy, Ken Menkhaus, and Koen Vlassenroot, 2017, "State and Non-State Regulation in African Protracted Crises: Governance without Government?", Afrika focus, 21 (2).
ROBINSON, Paul, 2016, "Russia's Role in the War in Donbass, and the Threat to European security", European Politics and Society, 17 (4), pp. 506-521.
ROSS, Micheal L., 2004, "How do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases", International organization, 58 (1), pp. 35-67.
SARİGİL, Zeki and Ömer Fazlıoğlu, 2014, "Exploring the Roots and Dynamics of Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism in Turkey", Nations and Nationalism, 20 (3), pp. 436-458.
SERBINENKO, Iryna, 2016, "Presumptive Taxation in Ukraine Assessment of Previous and Current Systems from the Fiscal Perspective", International Journal, 4 (2), pp. 56-78.
TREVISANI, Tommaso, 2007, "After the Kolkhoz: Rural Elites in Competition", Central Asian Survey, 26 (1), pp. 85-104.
ÜNVER, Hamid Akın, 2016, "Schrödinger's Kurds: Transnational Kurdish Geopolitics in the Age of Shifting Borders" Journal of International Affairs, 69 (2).
Vinci, Anthony, 2008, "Anarchy, Failed States, and Armed Groups: Reconsidering Conventional Analysis", International Studies Quarterly, 52 (2), pp. 295-314.
YAVUZ, M. Hakan, 1998, "A Preamble to the Kurdish Question: The Politics of Kurdish Identity", Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 18 (1), pp.9-18.
ZELIN, Aaron Y., 2015, "The Rise and Decline of Ansar al-Sharia in Libya", Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, 18, p. 104. Reports
BERGER, J.M. and Jonathan Morgan, 2015, "The ISIS Twitter Census: Defining and describing the population of ISIS supporters on Twitter", The Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World, 3 (20), pp.4-1. BIEHL, Janet, 2015. "Rojava's Threefold Economy". KurdishQuestion.com, (http://kurdishquestion.com/oldsite/index.php/ kurdistan/west-kurdistan/rojava-s-threefold-economy.html)
CHROMIEC, Jan Jakub, and Nicole Koenig, 2015, "Supporting Ukraine's Difficult Path Towards Reforms", Jacques Delors Institut- Berlin, Policy Paper, (143).
COLES, Isabel, 2015, "Despair, Hardship as Iraq Cuts off Wages in Islamic State Cities", Reuters, [http://www.reuters.com/article/usmideast-crisis-iraq-salaries-idUSKCN0RW0V620151002]
COLLIER, Paul and Anke Hoeffler, 2004, "Greed and Grievance in Civil War", Oxford Economic Papers, 56 (4), pp. 563-595.
DEMİRJİAN, Karoun, 2015, "Congress Wants to Strengthen Financial Sanctions against ISIS". The Washington Post. [https://www.washington post.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/12/24/congress-wants-to-strengthen - financial-sanctions-against-isis/]
EVRAN, Seyit, 2014, "Dr. Yusuf: Rojava's Economic Model is a Communal Model", Fırat News Agency (ANF), [https://rojavareport.wordpress.com/2014/04/14/dr-yusuf-rojavaseconomic-model-is-a-communal-model/] (Access Date: 19 June 2016).
FERNANDEZ, Alberto M., 2015, "Here to Stay and Growing: Combating ISIS Propaganda Networks", The Brookings Project on US Relations with the Islamic World Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings.
GUNES, Cengiz and Robert Lowe, 2015, The Impact of the Syrian War on Kurdish Politics Across the Middle East , Chatham House. HARDING, Luke, 2014, "Inside 'Donetsk People's Republic': Balaclavas, Stalin Flags and Razorwire", The Guardian, [https://www.theguardian. com/ world/2014/apr/19/ukraine-donetsk-pro-russia-militants]
Jones, Sam and Erika Solomon. 2015. "ISIS Inc: Jihadis Fund War Machine but Squeeze Citizens". Financial Times, [http://www.ft.com/ intl/cms/s/2/2ef519a6-a23d-11e5-bc70-7ff6d4fd203a.html#axzz4C2haXZPo]
MASSEY, Colm, 2016, "A New Co-Operative Economy: Democratic Confederalism in Rojava and Bakur", Institute for Solidarity Economics, [http://solidarityeconomics.org/2016/06/07/a-new-co-operative -economy-democratic-confederalism-in-rojava-and-bakur/]

APA	ÜNVER H (2017). Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. , 45 - 83.
Chicago	ÜNVER H.Akın Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. (2017): 45 - 83.
MLA	ÜNVER H.Akın Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. , 2017, ss.45 - 83.
AMA	ÜNVER H Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. . 2017; 45 - 83.
Vancouver	ÜNVER H Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. . 2017; 45 - 83.
IEEE	ÜNVER H "Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces." , ss.45 - 83, 2017.
ISNAD	ÜNVER, H.Akın. "Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces". (2017), 45-83.

APA	ÜNVER H (2017). Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 13(26), 45 - 83.
Chicago	ÜNVER H.Akın Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 13, no.26 (2017): 45 - 83.
MLA	ÜNVER H.Akın Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, vol.13, no.26, 2017, ss.45 - 83.
AMA	ÜNVER H Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi. 2017; 13(26): 45 - 83.
Vancouver	ÜNVER H Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi. 2017; 13(26): 45 - 83.
IEEE	ÜNVER H "Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces." Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 13, ss.45 - 83, 2017.
ISNAD	ÜNVER, H.Akın. "Militancy Governance under State Failure: Models of Legitimacy Contestation in Ungoverned Spaces". Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 13/26 (2017), 45-83.