The detection of human resources and financial facilities play an important role for states. The Ottoman state has kept an eye on two spheres in his conquest even from the very early beginning of the state and in his domestic and international policies along with the settlement regime. The Ottoman state held census, land registers and taxation in order to get benefit from the increasing surplus of the revenues. The land registers had not been applied on every part of Ottoman lands except in the fields of newly conquered lands in 16th century. However, the local land registers had been applied until the 16th century. Nevertheless the census records in the modern aspect were held in 16th century. In this period (of 19th century) those programs of centralization and recruitment have forced the state to detect the imperial sources of human and fiscal areas. In the census record notebooks can be obtained very important information about the population structure of where the census was held. In this study the structure of population of Ayandon district in the sub-province (sandzjack) of the Kastamonu province is aimed to scrutinize. Therefore, Muslim and non-Muslim census records, the numbers of households, profile remarks, ages, their names along with their knick names have all been detected. Moreover, it is possible to see people’s excuses (that hinders the individuals from the military performances), military status and the domestic movement of migrations. Cizye taxes taken from non-Muslims are specified. Women are not recorded as in the 1841 cencus population. Muslims, as well as other people’s age groups show more or less similar distribution, the most of the population is made up of children. The population decreases when the age increases