Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration
Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 53 - 60 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 İndeks Tarihi: 19-12-2019
Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration
Öz: This paper deals with the analysis of the global and per capita NOx and VOC emissions in the U.S. and theevaluation of the effectiveness of a number of environmental policies conducted by the governmentduring the last 50 years. For this purpose we have employed fractional integration techniques, which aremore flexible than other standard approaches based on the dichotomy between stationary I(0) andnonstationary I(1) behavior. Using the I(d) class of models, our results indicate first that the two NOxseries display orders of integration substantially higher than 1, and though the VOC series display smallerorders, the unit root hypothesis cannot be rejected, indicating lack of mean reversion in the four seriesexamined. Including dummy variables for each of the breaks referring to the environmental policies, theresults show that the five policies investigated (at 1965, 1967, 1970, 1977 and 1990) were effective inreducing the number of emissions, being particularly important the one that was adopted in 1970.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Bibliyografik
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| APA | GİL-ALANA L, SOLARİN S (2018). Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. , 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| Chicago | GİL-ALANA Luis A.,SOLARİN Sakiru Adebola Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. (2018): 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| MLA | GİL-ALANA Luis A.,SOLARİN Sakiru Adebola Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. , 2018, ss.53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| AMA | GİL-ALANA L,SOLARİN S Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. . 2018; 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| Vancouver | GİL-ALANA L,SOLARİN S Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. . 2018; 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| IEEE | GİL-ALANA L,SOLARİN S "Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration." , ss.53 - 60, 2018. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| ISNAD | GİL-ALANA, Luis A. - SOLARİN, Sakiru Adebola. "Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration". (2018), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| APA | GİL-ALANA L, SOLARİN S (2018). Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| Chicago | GİL-ALANA Luis A.,SOLARİN Sakiru Adebola Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. Atmospheric Pollution Research 9, no.1 (2018): 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| MLA | GİL-ALANA Luis A.,SOLARİN Sakiru Adebola Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol.9, no.1, 2018, ss.53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| AMA | GİL-ALANA L,SOLARİN S Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 9(1): 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| Vancouver | GİL-ALANA L,SOLARİN S Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 9(1): 53 - 60. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| IEEE | GİL-ALANA L,SOLARİN S "Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration." Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9, ss.53 - 60, 2018. 10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
| ISNAD | GİL-ALANA, Luis A. - SOLARİN, Sakiru Adebola. "Have U.S. environmental policies been effective in the reduction of U.S. emissions? A new approach using fractional integration". Atmospheric Pollution Research 9/1 (2018), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.008 |
