Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?
Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 649 - 669 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.20409/berj.2019.191 İndeks Tarihi: 21-01-2020
Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?
Öz: Bu çalışmanın amacı 2000’li yılların ortalarından itibaren Türkiye’de ücreteşitsizliklerinin gelişimini ortaya koymak ve bu süreçte üniversite eğitiminde yaşanandikkat çekici artışların ücretler üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu çerçevede 2007-2017dönemi Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi verileri kullanılarak, En Küçük Kareler ve Kantil (dilim)regresyon yöntemleriyle analiz yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel bulguları: (i) en yüksekücrete sahip %10’luk dilim ile en düşük ücretli %10’luk dilim arasındaki ücret farkı (90-10oranı) azalmıştır, (ii) asgari ücrette yaşanan artışlar alt gelir gruplarının gelirlerini üstgelir gruplarına yaklaştırmıştır, (iii) üniversite eğitimindeki niceliksel artışlar üniversiteeğitiminin ücretler üzerindeki etkisini azaltmaya başlamıştır. Son bulgu, Türkiye'deüniversite mezunları açısından son yıllarda nicelik konusunda çok önemli artışlarolmasına karşın, nitelik konusunda önemli sorunların varlığına işaret etmektedir. Ayrıcaeğitimli işgücü talebindeki artış, işgücü arzının gerisinde kalmış ve bu durum üniversitemezunlarının ücretleri üzerinde negatif bir baskıyı beraberinde getirmiştir. Çalışmanınbulguları Türkiye ekonomisinde yapısal dönüşüme yönelik geliştirilecek politikalaraçısından oldukça önemlidir.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Has the Effect of University Education on Wages Been Decreasing in Turkey?
Öz: The main aim of this study is to present general development of wage inequalities in Turkey in the period from the second half of 2000s, and analyze the effects of significant rise of university education on wages. In this framework, Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile regression methods are conducted by using Household Labor Force surveys of Turkstat from 2007-2017 period. The primary findings of the study are: (i) the between the top ten percentile and the bottom ten percentile (90-10 wage ratio) decreases, (ii) The increases in the minimum wages converge lower wage groups the top, (iii) Quantitative increases in the university education lowers the effect of university education on wages. The last finding indicates that problems exist in qualitative side of university education despite increases in the quantitative side. Besides, the increases in the demand for educated labor fall behind those in supply inducing a negative pressure on wages of educated labor force. The findings of the study are very important for the policies aimed at structural transformation of Turkish economy.
Anahtar Kelime: Konular:
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Acemoglu, D. (1998). Why do new technologies complement skills? Directed technical change and wage inequality.
- Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(4), 1055-1089. Acemoglu, D. (1999). Patterns of skill premia. NBER Working Paper No: 7018.
- Acemoglu, D. (2000). Technical change, inequality, and the labor market. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 7800.
- Acemoglu, D. (2003). Cross‐country inequality trends. The Economic Journal, 113(485), F121-F149.
- Anderson, E. (2005). Openness and inequality in developing countries: A review of theory and recent evidence. World Development, 33(7), 1045-1063.
- Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011). Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings. Handbook of Labor Economics, 4, 1043-1171.
- Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion. Princeton University Press.
- Artuç, E., & McLaren, J. (2012). Trade policy and wage inequality: A structural analysis with occupational and sectoral mobility. National Bureau of Economic Research, No, w18503.
- Ayhan, F. (2018). Türkiye ekonomisinde ihracat, ithalat ve istihdam düzeyi ilişkisinin uygulamalı analizi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(2), 115-135.
- Autor, D. H., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2008). Trends in US wage inequality: Revising the revisionists. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(2), 300-323.
- Bakis, O., & Polat, S. (2015). Wage inequality in Turkey, 2002–10. Economics of Transition, 23(1), 169-212.
- Bakis, O., Davutyan, N., Levent, H., & Polat, S. (2013). Quantile estimates for social returns to education in Turkey: 2006– 2009. Middle East Development Journal, 5(3), 1350017-1,
- Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to eduacation. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, Available at SSRN: http://ssrn,com/abstract=1496221
- Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1979). An equilibrium theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility. The Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), 1153-1189.
- Behrman, J. R., Gaviria, A., & Székely, M. (2001). Intergenerational mobility in Latin America. Economia, 2(1), 1-31.
- Bound, J., & Johnson, G. (1992). Changes in the structure of wages in the 1980s: An evaluation of alternative perspectives. American Economic Review, 82(3), 201-32.
- Cameron, A., C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2010). Microeconometrics using stata (Vol. 2). College Station, TX: Stata press.
- Card, D., & DiNardo, J. E. (2002). Skill biased technological change and rising wage inequality: Some problems and puzzles. Journal of Labor Economics, 20(4), 733-783.
- Chusseau, N., Dumont, M., & Hellier, J. (2008). Explaining rising inequality: Skill‐biased technical change and north– south trade. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(3), 409-457.
- Corak, M. (2013). Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(3), 79-102.
- Çiftçi, C., & Çağlar, A. (2014). Ailelerin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin ögrenci basarısı üzerindeki etkisi: Fakirlik kader midir? International Journal of Human Sciences, 11, 155-175.
- De Gregorio, J., & Lee, J. W. (2002). Education and income inequality: New evidence from cross-country data. Review of Income and Wealth, 48, 395-416.
- Elgin, C., & Kuzubas, T. U. (2012). Wage-productivity gap in Turkish manufacturing sector. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 27(316), 09-31.
- Freeman, R. B. (2007). Labor market institutions around the world. NBER Working Paper No, w13242.
- Freeman, R. B. (2009). Labor regulations, unions, and social protection in developing countries: Market distortions or efficient institutions. NBER Working Paper No, w14789.
- Gasparini, L., & Lustig, A. L. (2011). The rise and fall of income inequality in Latin America. Tulane Economics Working Paper Series, Working Paper 1110.
- Ghosh, A., & Sen, P. (2012). Privatization in a small open economy with imperfect competition. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 14(3), 441-471.
- Goldin, C., & Katz, L., F. (1996). Technology, skill, and the wage structure: insights from the past. The American Economic Review, 86(2), 252-257.
- Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Taber, C. (1998). Explaining rising wage inequality: Explorations with a dynamic general equilibrium model of labor earnings with heterogeneous agents. Review of Economic Dynamics, 1(1), 1-58.
- Helpman, E., Itskhoki, O., & Redding, S. (2010). Inequality and unemployment in a global economy. Econometrica, 78(4), 1239-1283.
- Johnson, G. E. (1997). Changes in earnings inequality: the role of demand shifts. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2), 41-54.
- Katz, L. F., & Autor, D. H. (1999). Changes in the wage structure and earnings inequality. Handbook of Labor Economics, 3, 1463-1555.
- Katz, L. F. (2000). Technological change, computerization, and the wage structure (pp, 217-244). MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
- Keifman, S. N., & Maurizio, R. (2012). Changes in labour market conditions and policies: Their impact on wage inequality during the last decade. WIDER Working Paper, No, 2012/14.
- Koeniger, W., & Leonardi, M. (2007). Capital deepening and wage differentials: Germany versus US. Economic Policy, 22(49), 72-116.
- Koeniger, W., Leonardi, M., & Nunziata, L. (2007). Labor market institutions and wage inequality. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 60(3), 340-356.
- Kristal, T., & Cohen, Y. (2015). What do computers really do? Computerization, fading pay-setting institutions and rising wage inequality. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 42, 33-47.
- Lemieux, T. (2006). Increasing residual wage inequality: Composition effects, noisy data, or rising demand for skill? The American Economic Review, 96(3), 461-498.
- Lemieux, T., MacLeod, W. B., & Parent, D. (2007). Performance pay and wage inequality. IZA Discussion Papers, No, 2850.
- Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (1996). With what skills are computers a complement? The American Economic Review, 86(2), 258-262.
- Machin, S., & McNally, S. (2007). Tertiary education systems and labour markets. OECD, Education and Training Policy Division.
- Mincer, J. A. (1974). Schooling, experience and earnings. Columbia University Press.
- Meschi, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2009). Trade and income inequality in developing countries. World Development, 37(2), 287-302.
- Meschi, E., Taymaz, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2011). Trade, technology and skills: Evidence from Turkish microdata. Labour Economics, 18, S60-S70.
- Oyvat, C. (2010). Globalization, wage shares and income distribution in Turkey. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4, 123-138.
- Pan, L. (2014). The impacts of education investment on skilled–unskilled wage inequality and economic development in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 39, 174-181.
- Polat, S. (2016). Some economic consequences of higher education expansion in Turkey. University Library of Munich, Germany.
- Peters, H. E. (1992). Patterns of intergenerational mobility in income and earnings. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(3), 456-466.
- Siebert, H. (1997). Labor market rigidities: At the root of unemployment in Europe. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(3), 37-54.
- Spitz, A. (2004). Are skill requirements in the workplace rising? Distinguishing between skill-biased technological change and over-education. Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Discussion Paper No, 04-33x Mannheim.
- Sturn, S., & Van Treeck, T. (2013). The role of income inequality as a cause of the great recession and global imbalances. Ed. M. Lavoie ve E. Stockhammer, Wage-led Growth: An Equitable Strategy for Economic Recovery (ss. 125-152), Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Tansel, A., & Bircan-Bodur, F. (2012). Wage inequality and returns to education in Turkey: A quantile regression analysis. Review of Development Economics, 16(1), 107-121.
- Ulucan, H. (2017). Domestic violence and female’s labor market conditions in Turkey: An analysis of cross sectional data. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(5(Özel Sayı)), 113-124.
- Ulucan, H., & Çiftçi, C. (2014). Does the return of education change in respect to sectoral employment? Empirical evidence from Turkey. Turkish Economic Association 4, International Conference on Economics, Antalya.
- Wang, M. C., Fang, C. R., & Huang, L. H. (2009). International knowledge spillovers and wage inequality in developing countries. Economic Modelling, 26(6), 1208-1214.
- Western, B., & Rosenfeld, J. (2011). Unions, norms, and the rise in US wage inequality. American Sociological Review, 76(4), 513-537.
- Wood, A. (1997). Openness and wage inequality in developing countries: The Latin American challenge to East Asian conventional wisdom. The World Bank Economic Review, 11(1), 33-57. YÖK (2018). www.yok.gov.tr
- Zhu, S. C., & Trefler, D. (2005). Trade and inequality in developing countries: A general equilibrium analysis. Journal of international Economics, 65(1), 21-48.
| APA | ulucan h, ÇİFTÇİ C (2019). Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. , 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| Chicago | ulucan hakan,ÇİFTÇİ CEMİL Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. (2019): 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| MLA | ulucan hakan,ÇİFTÇİ CEMİL Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. , 2019, ss.649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| AMA | ulucan h,ÇİFTÇİ C Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. . 2019; 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| Vancouver | ulucan h,ÇİFTÇİ C Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. . 2019; 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| IEEE | ulucan h,ÇİFTÇİ C "Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?." , ss.649 - 669, 2019. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| ISNAD | ulucan, hakan - ÇİFTÇİ, CEMİL. "Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?". (2019), 649-669. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| APA | ulucan h, ÇİFTÇİ C (2019). Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(3), 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| Chicago | ulucan hakan,ÇİFTÇİ CEMİL Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. Business and Economics Research Journal 10, no.3 (2019): 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| MLA | ulucan hakan,ÇİFTÇİ CEMİL Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. Business and Economics Research Journal, vol.10, no.3, 2019, ss.649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| AMA | ulucan h,ÇİFTÇİ C Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. Business and Economics Research Journal. 2019; 10(3): 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| Vancouver | ulucan h,ÇİFTÇİ C Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?. Business and Economics Research Journal. 2019; 10(3): 649 - 669. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| IEEE | ulucan h,ÇİFTÇİ C "Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?." Business and Economics Research Journal, 10, ss.649 - 669, 2019. 10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
| ISNAD | ulucan, hakan - ÇİFTÇİ, CEMİL. "Türkiye’de Üniversite Eğitiminin Ücretler Üzerindeki Etkisi Azalıyor mu?". Business and Economics Research Journal 10/3 (2019), 649-669. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2019.191 |
