Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 47 - 53 Metin Dili: Türkçe DOI: 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563 İndeks Tarihi: 26-02-2020

Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler

Öz:
Erkeklerde en sık görülen solid tümör olan prostat kanserinin taramasında günümüzde halen en sık belirteç olarak prostat spesifik antijen (PSA) kullanılmaktadır. PSA, prostata spesifik olmasına rağmen, prostat kanseri için spesifitesi düşüktür ve yanlış negatiflik oranı yüksektir. PSA bazlı taramalar ile hastalığa özgü mortalite son yıllarda azalmış ancak bu bazı hastaların fazladan tanı almasına, gereksiz biyopsilere ve tedaviye maruz kalmasına neden olmuştur. Bu gibi sorunları giderilmesi amacıyla son yıllarda prostat kanserine spesifik ve erken tanı olanağı sunabilen biyomarkerler geliştirilmiştir. Bu derlemede prostat kanseri tanı ve taraması için kullanımda olan biyomarkerlar ve görüntüleme yöntemleri güncel literatür eşliğinde değerlendirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Tıbbi Araştırmalar Deneysel Üroloji ve Nefroloji Onkoloji

Auxiliary tests in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Öz:
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most commonly used marker in the screening of prostate cancer which is the most common solid tumor in men. Although PSA is specific for prostate, its specificity for prostate cancer is low and its false negative rate is high. With PSA-based screening, disease-specific mortality has declined in recent years, but this has led some patients to receive overdiagnosis, unnecessary biopsies and treatment. In recent years, new biomarkers have been developed that can provide specific and early diagnosis of prostate cancer to resolve these problems. In this review, the biomarkers and imaging methods used for the diagnosis and screening of prostate cancer will be evaluated in the light of the current literature.
Anahtar Kelime:

Konular: Tıbbi Araştırmalar Deneysel Üroloji ve Nefroloji Onkoloji
Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Arnold M, Karim-Kos HE, Coebergh JW, et al. Recent trends in incidence of five common cancers in 26 European countries since 1988: Analysis of the European Cancer Observatory. Eur J Cancer. 2015;51:1164-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.09.002
  • Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136:359-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
  • Stamey TA, Yang N, Hay AR, et al. Prostate-specific antigen as a serum marker for adenocarcinoma of the prostate. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:909-16. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198710083171501
  • Barry MJ, Simmons LH. Prevention of Prostate Cancer Morbidity and Mortality: Primary Prevention and Early Detection. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101:787-806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.03.009
  • Hendriks R, van Oort I, Schalken J. Blood-based and urinary prostate cancer biomarkers: a review and comparison of novel biomarkers for detection and treatment decisions. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2017;20:12-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2016.59
  • Salman J, Schoots IG, Carlsson S, et al. Prostate specific antigen as a tumor marker in prostate cancer: biochemical and clinical aspects. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;867:93-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_7
  • Kehinde E, Sheikh M, Mojimoniyi O, et al. High serum prostate-specific antigen levels in the absence of prostate cancer in Middle‐Eastern men: the clinician’s dilemma. BJU Int. 2003;91:618-22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04199.x
  • Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1156-61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199104253241702
  • Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ornstein DK. Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2.6 to 4.0 ng/ mL and benign prostate examination: enhancement of specificity with free PSA measurements. Jama. 1997;277:1452-5. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03540420048028
  • Crawford ED, Moul JW, Rove KO, et al. Prostate‐specific antigen 1.5-4.0 ng/mL: a diagnostic challenge and danger zone. BJU Int. 2011;108:1743-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10224.x
  • Wagenlehner FM, Van Oostrum E, et al. Infective complications after prostate biopsy: outcome of the Global Prevalence Study of Infections in Urology (GPIU) 2010 and 2011, a prospective multinational multicentre prostate biopsy study. Eur Urol. 2013;63:521-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.06.003
  • Resnick MJ, Lacchetti C, Bergman J, et al. Prostate cancer survivorship care guideline: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1078-85. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.2557
  • Çaliskan S. Diagnostic efficacy of free prostate-specific antigen/total prostate-specific antigen ratio for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in low concentration (≤4 ng/ml) and intermediate levels of total prostate-specific antigen (4.01-10.0 ng/ml). J Cancer Res Ther. 2017;13:279. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.183177
  • Faria EF, Carvalhal GF, dos Reis RB, et al. Use of low free to total PSA ratio in prostate cancer screening: detection rates, clinical and pathological findings in Brazilian men with serum PSA levels< 4.0 ng/mL. BJU Int. 2012;110:653-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11398.x
  • Larsen SB, Brasso K, Iversen P, et al. Baseline prostate-specific antigen measurements and subsequent prostate cancer risk in the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:3041-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.015
  • Erol B, Gulpinar MT, Bozdogan G, et al. The cutoff level of free/total prostate specific antigen (f/t PSA) ratios in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a validation study on a Turkish patient population in different age categories. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2014;30:545-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2014.03.008
  • Carroll PR, Parsons JK, Andriole G, et al. NCCN guidelines insights: prostate cancer early detection, version 2.2016. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016;14:509-19. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2016.0060
  • Mottet N, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur Urol. 2017;71:618-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.003
  • Russo GI, Regis F, Castelli T, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of prostate health index and four-kallikrein panel score in predicting overall and high-grade prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2017;15:429-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2016.12.022
  • Vickers A, Cronin A, Roobol M, et al. Reducing unnecessary biopsy during prostate cancer screening using a fourkallikrein panel: an independent replication. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:2493-8. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.1968
  • Stattin P, Vickers AJ, Sjoberg DD, et al. Improving the specificity of screening for lethal prostate cancer using prostatespecific antigen and a panel of kallikrein markers: a nested case-control study. Eur Urol. 2015;68:207-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.01.009
  • Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Sanda MG, et al. A Multi-Center Study of [-2] Pro-prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in combination with PSA and Free PSA for prostate cancer detection in the 2.0 to 10.0 ng/mL PSA Range. J Urol. 2011;185:1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.12.032
  • Loeb S, Sanda MG, Broyles DL, et al. The prostate health index selectively identifies clinically significant prostate cancer. J Urol. 2015;193:1163-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.10.121
  • Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, Verhaegh GW, et al. DD3:: A New Prostate-specific Gene, Highly Overexpressed in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 1999;59:5975-9.
  • Martignano F, Rossi L, Maugeri A, et al. Urinary RNA-based biomarkers for prostate cancer detection. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;473:96-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2017.08.009
  • Haese A, de la Taille A, Van Poppel H, et al. Clinical utility of the PCA3 urine assay in European men scheduled for repeat biopsy. Eur Urol. 2008;54:1081-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.071
  • Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Carmichael M, Brendler CB. Pathologic and clinical findings to predict tumor extent of nonpalpable (stage t1 c) prostate cancer. Jama. 1994;271:368-74. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03510290050036
  • Albitar M, Ma W, Lund L, et al. Predicting prostate biopsy results using a panel of plasma and urine biomarkers combined in a scoring system. J Cancer. 2016;7:297. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.12771
  • Hessels D, van Gils MP, van Hooij O, et al. Predictive value of PCA3 in urinary sediments in determining clinico‐pathological characteristics of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2010;70:10-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.21032
  • Heidenreich A, Bastian PJ, Bellmunt J, et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent-update 2013. Eur Urol. 2014;65:124-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.046
  • Robert G, Jannink S, Smit F, et al. Rational basis for the combination of PCA3 and TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusion for prostate cancer diagnosis. Prostate. 2013;73:113-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.22546
  • Salagierski M, Schalken JA. Molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer: PCA3 and TMPRSS2: ERG gene fusion. J Urol. 2012;187:795-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.10.133
  • Hessels D, Smit FP, Verhaegh GW, et al. Detection of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts and prostate cancer antigen 3 in urinary sediments may improve diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:5103-8. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-0700
  • Tomlins SA, Day JR, Lonigro RJ, et al. Urine TMPRSS2: ERG plus PCA3 for individualized prostate cancer risk assessment. Eur Urol. 2016;70:45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.04.039
  • Leyten GH, Hessels D, Smit FP, et al. Identification of a candidate gene panel for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:3061-70. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3334
  • Van Neste L, Hendriks RJ, Dijkstra S, Trooskens G, Cornel EB, Jannink SA, et al. Detection of high-grade prostate cancer using a urinary molecular biomarker-based risk score. Eur Urol. 2016;70:740-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.04.012
  • Nilsson J, Skog J, Nordstrand A, et al. Prostate cancer-derived urine exosomes: a novel approach to biomarkers for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer. 2009;100(10):1603. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605058
  • Stone L. Exosome RNA expression predicts high-grade disease. Nat Rev Urol. 2016;13:298-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2016.78
  • McKiernan J, Donovan MJ, O’Neill V, et al. A novel urine exosome gene expression assay to predict high-grade prostate cancer at initial biopsy. JAMA Oncol. 2016;2:882-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.0097
  • Donovan M, Noerholm M, Bentink S, et al. A molecular signature of PCA3 and ERG exosomal RNA from non-DRE urine is predictive of initial prostate biopsy result. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015;18:370. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2015.40
  • Stewart GD, Van Neste L, Delvenne P, et al. Clinical utility of an epigenetic assay to detect occult prostate cancer in histopathologically negative biopsies: results of the MATLOC study. J Urol. 2013;189:1110-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.219
  • Wallis CJ, Haider MA, Nam RK. Role of mpMRI of the prostate in screening for prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2017;6:464-71. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.04.31
  • Fütterer JJ, Briganti A, De Visschere P, et al. Can clinically significant prostate cancer be detected with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging? A systematic review of the literature. Eurn Urol. 2015;68:1045-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.01.013
  • Pokorny MR, De Rooij M, Duncan E, et al. Prospective study of diagnostic accuracy comparing prostate cancer detection by transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy versus magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with subsequent MR-guided biopsy in men without previous prostate biopsies. Eur Urol. 2014;66:22-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.03.002
  • Ahmed HU, Bosaily AE-S, Brown LC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet. 2017;389:815-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32401-1
  • Hambrock T, Somford DM, Huisman HJ, et al. Relationship between apparent diffusion coefficients at 3.0-T MR imaging and Gleason grade in peripheral zone prostate cancer. Radiology. 2011;259:453-61. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11091409
  • Anastasiadis E, Charman SC, Arumainayagam N, et al. What burden of prostate cancer can radiologists rule out on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging? a sensitivity analysis based on varying the target condition in template prostate mapping biopsies. Urol. 2015;86:544-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2015.05.010
APA Danacioglu Y, EROL B, Caskurlu T (2018). Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. , 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
Chicago Danacioglu Yavuz Onur,EROL Bülent,Caskurlu Turhan Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. (2018): 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
MLA Danacioglu Yavuz Onur,EROL Bülent,Caskurlu Turhan Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. , 2018, ss.47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
AMA Danacioglu Y,EROL B,Caskurlu T Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. . 2018; 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
Vancouver Danacioglu Y,EROL B,Caskurlu T Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. . 2018; 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
IEEE Danacioglu Y,EROL B,Caskurlu T "Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler." , ss.47 - 53, 2018. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
ISNAD Danacioglu, Yavuz Onur vd. "Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler". (2018), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
APA Danacioglu Y, EROL B, Caskurlu T (2018). Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. Medeniyet Medical Journal, 33(1), 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
Chicago Danacioglu Yavuz Onur,EROL Bülent,Caskurlu Turhan Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. Medeniyet Medical Journal 33, no.1 (2018): 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
MLA Danacioglu Yavuz Onur,EROL Bülent,Caskurlu Turhan Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. Medeniyet Medical Journal, vol.33, no.1, 2018, ss.47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
AMA Danacioglu Y,EROL B,Caskurlu T Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. Medeniyet Medical Journal. 2018; 33(1): 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
Vancouver Danacioglu Y,EROL B,Caskurlu T Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler. Medeniyet Medical Journal. 2018; 33(1): 47 - 53. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
IEEE Danacioglu Y,EROL B,Caskurlu T "Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler." Medeniyet Medical Journal, 33, ss.47 - 53, 2018. 10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563
ISNAD Danacioglu, Yavuz Onur vd. "Prostat kanseri tanısında yardımcı testler". Medeniyet Medical Journal 33/1 (2018), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.5222/MMJ.2018.56563