Objective: In this experimental study, it was aimed to assess the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) on bacterial translocation in a rat model of colitis.Material and Methods: The rats were randomly assigned into control, colitis and EPO-treated groups (n= 8 in each group). Saline solution (NS) was administered to control rats via rectal route. A trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and ethanol mixture (TNBS-E) was used to induce colitis in the experiment groups. No treatment was administered to colitis group after induction. Starting at one day after induction of colitis with TNBS-E, EPO (1000 IU/kg) was administered subcutaneously for three days to the rats in the EPO-treated group. Colonic inflammation was assessed by gross and microscopic exami-nation on day five. Blood samples were obtained to evaluate bacterial translocation while hepatic, mesenteric tissue samples and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) samples were collected for tissue culture. Tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) and endotoxin levels in the sera were studied.Results: Significant gross and microscopic differences were found in the comparison between colitis and EPO-treated groups (p< 0.05). MPO level was significantly lower when compared to the colitis group (p< 0.05). Serum TNF-α and plasma endotoxin levels were significantly lower in the EPO-treated group than the colitis group (p< 0.05). Bacterial translocation was lower in the liver, spleen, MLNs and systemic blood in the EPO-treated group when compared to the colitis group (p< 0.05).Conclusion: In TNBS-E-induced rat model of colitis, EPO significantly decreased inflammation and bacterial translocation based on histopathological, biochemical and microbiological parameters.