Yıl: 2018 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 81 Sayfa Aralığı: 1 - 27 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 02-07-2020

Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz:
Bu çalışmada, başarı motivasyonunda kültürlerarası cinsiyet farklılıkları incelenmiştir. Toplulukçu toplumlarda dahayüksek düzeylerde cinsiyet farklılığı olduğuna dair yaygın görüşün aksine, cinsiyet farklılıklarının bireyci toplumlarda daha yüksek düzeyde olacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Beş farklı ülkede yapılan çalışma 1, bu öngörüye kısmi destekvermiştir. Ayrıca başarı motivasyonunu, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin cinsiyetten daha iyi yordadığı da tespit edilmiştir. Otuz yedi ülkeden temsili veriler kullanılarak yapılan çalışma 2 ise bireyciliğin, başarı motivasyonunda cinsiyetfarklılıklarının büyüklüğü ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bulgularımız, kadın ve erkeğin bireyci toplumlarda dahafazla farklılaştığını göstererek, gelişen kültürlerarası cinsiyet ve toplumsal cinsiyet alanyazınına katkı sağlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelime:

Sex and Gender Differences in Achievement Motivation across Cultures

Öz:
This study examined cross-cultural sex and gender differences in achievement motivation. In contrast to the common intuition that collectivist societies show greater levels of sex differentiation than individualistic societies, we predicted that sex differences would be greater in individualistic countries. Study 1 found partial support for this prediction across five countries. Also, this study demonstrated that regardless of the country’s level of individualism, gender roles are better predictors of achievement motivation than sex. Using representative data from 37 countries, Study 2 found individualism to be related to greater sex differences in achievement motivation. The findings of these two studies contributed to the growing cross-cultural literature on sex and gender demonstrating that men and women seem to differ more in individualist societies.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. IL: Rand McNally.
  • Baumeister, R. F. ve Sommer, K. L. (1997). What do men want? Gender differences and two spheres of belongingness: Comment on Cross and Madson (1997). Psychological Bulletin, 122, 38–44.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162.
  • Bengston, V. L., Biblarz T. J. ve Roberts, R. E. L. (2002). How families still matter: A longitudinal study of youth in two generations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Best, D. ve Williams, J. (1997). Sex, gender, and culture. J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall ve C. Kagitçibasi (Ed.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology içinde (2. Baskı, Cilt 3, s. 163–212). Boston: Allyn ve Bacon.
  • Best, D. ve Williams, J. (1998). Masculinity and femininity in the self and ideal self-descriptions of university students in 14 countries. G. Hofstede (Ed.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures içinde (s. 106–116). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Best, D. L. ve Williams, J. E. (2001). Gender and culture.The handbook of culture and psychology, 195–219.
  • Biaggio, A. M. (1978). Achievement motivation of Brazilian students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 186–196.
  • Blau, F. D. ve Kahn, L. M. (2000). Gender differences in pay. Journal of Economic Perspective, 14, 75–99.
  • Botha, E. (1971). The achievement motive in three cultures. Journal of Social Psychology, 85, 163– 170.
  • Brockner, J., Ackerman, G., Greenberg, J., Gelfand, M. J., Francesco, Anne M., … Shapiro, D. (2001). Culture and procedural justice: The influence of power distance on reactions to voice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 300–315.
  • Buss, D. M., Abbott, M., Angleitner, A. ve Asherian, A. (1990). International preferences in selecting mates: A study of 37 cultures. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 21, 5–47.
  • Byrne, Z. S., Mueller-Hanson, R. A., Cardador, J. M., Thornton, G. C. III, Schuler, H., Frintrup, A. ve Fox, S. (2004). Measuring achievement motivation: Tests of equivalency for English, German, and Israeli versions of the achievement motivation inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 203–217.
  • Carr, P. G. ve Mednick, M. T. (1988). Sex role socialization and the development of achievement motivation in black preschool children. Sex Roles, 18, 169–180.
  • Cassidy, T. (2000). Social background, achievement motivation, optimism and health: A longitudinal study. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 13, 399– 412.
  • Cassidy, T. ve Lynn, R. (1989). A multifactorial approach to achievement motivation: The development of a comprehensive measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 62, 301–312.
  • Costa Jr, P., Terracciano, A. ve McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322–331.
  • Cross, S. E. ve Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: Self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 5–37.
  • Dion, K. K. ve Dion, K. L. (1993). Individualistic and collectivistic perspectives on gender and the cultural context of love and intimacy. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 53–53.
  • Eagly, A. H. ve Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754.
  • Eccles, J. S. (1994). Understanding women’s educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 585–609.
  • Elizur, D. (1986). Achievement motive and sport performance. Applied Psychology, 35(2), 209–224.
  • Entwisle, D. R. ve Baker, D. P. (1983). Gender and young children’s expectations for performance in arithmetic. Developmental Psychology, 19, 200– 209.
  • European Values Study Group ve World Values Survey Association. European and World Values Surveys Integrated Data file, 1999-2002, RELEASE I [Bilgisayar dosyası]. ICPSR version 2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [yapımcılar], 2004. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [dağıtıcılar], 2005.
  • Feldt, L. S. (1980). A test of the hypothesis that Cronbach alpha-reliability coefficient is the same for 2 tests administered to the same sample. Psychometrica, 45, 99–105.
  • Fibel, B. ve Hale, W. D. (1978). The Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale: A new measure. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 924–931.
  • Findley, M. J. ve Cooper, H. M. (1983). Locus of control and academic achievement: A literature review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 419–427.
  • Gabriel, S. ve Gardner, W. L. (1999). Are there ‘his’ and ‘hers’ types of interdependence? The implications of gender differences in collective versus relational interdependence for affect, behavior, and cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 642–655.
  • Guimond, S., Branscombe, N. R., Brunot, S., Buunk, A. P., Chatard, A., Désert, M., … Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Culture, gender, and the self: Variations and impact of social comparison processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1118–1134.
  • Haidt, J., Koller, S. H. ve Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613–628.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9(1), 42–63.
  • Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2), 75–89.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. CA: Sage Publications.
  • Holloway, S. D., Kashiwagi, K., Hess, R. D. ve Azuma, H. (1986). Causal attributions by Japanese and American mothers and children about performance in mathematics. International Journal of Psychology, 21, 269–286.
  • Jegede, J. O. (1994). Influence of motivation and gender on secondary school students’ academic performance in Nigeria. Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 695–697.
  • Kashima, Y., Yamaguchi, S., Kim, U., Choi, S., Gelfand, M. J. ve Yuki, M. (1995). Culture, gender, and self: A perspective from individualism-collectivism research. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 925–937.
  • Kashima, Y. ve Triandis, H. C. (1986). The selfserving bias in attributions as a coping strategy: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 17, 83–97.
  • Kemmelmeier, M. ve Oyserman, D. (2001). Gendered influence of downward social comparison on current and possible selves. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 129–148.
  • King-Fun Li, A. (1974). Parental attitudes, test anxiety, and achievement motivation: A Hong Kong study. Journal of Social Psychology, 93, 3–11.
  • Kirk, A. K. ve Brown, D. F. (2003). Latent constructs of proximal and distal motivation predicting performance under maximum test conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 40–49.
  • Kitayama, S., Takagi, H. ve Matsumoto, H. (1995). Seikou to shippai no kiin: Nihonteki jiko no bunka shinrigaku [Causal attribution of success and failure: Cultural psychology of the Japanese self]. Japanese Psychological Review, 38, 247–280.
  • Kudo, E. ve Numazaki, M. (2003). Explicit and direct self-serving bias in Japan: Reexamination of selfserving bias for success and failure. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 511–521.
  • Lynn, R. (1991). The secret of miracle economy: Different national attitudes to competitiveness and money. London, UK: Social Affairs Unit.
  • Maqsud, M. ve Coleman, M. F. (1993). The role of parental interaction in achievement motivation. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 859–861.
  • Markus, H. R. ve Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
  • McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A. ve Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York, NY: Appleton.
  • McFarland, C. ve Ross, M. (1982). Impact of causal attributions on affective reactions to success and failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 937–946.
  • Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328–346.
  • Norenzayan, A., Choi, I. ve Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Eastern and Western perceptions of causality for social behavior: Lay theories about personalities and situations. D. A. Prentice ve D. T. Miller (Ed.), Cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict içinde (s. 239–272). New York: Russell Sage.
  • Norušis, M. J. (2003). SPSS 12.0 statistical procedures companion. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
  • Olds, D. E. ve Shaver, P. (1980). Masculinity, femininity, academic performance, and health: Further evidence concerning the androgyny controversy. Journal of Personality, 48, 323–341.
  • Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M. ve Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and metaanalyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 3–72.
  • Pintrich, P. R. ve Zusho, A. (2001). The development of academic self-regulation. A. Wigfield ve J. S. Eccles (Ed.) Development of achievement motivation içinde (s. 249–284). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  • Sachs, J. (2001). A path model for adult learner feedback. Educational Psychology, 21, 267–276.
  • Sagie, A. (1994). Assessing achievement motivation: Construction and application of a new scale using Elizur’s multifaceted approach. The Journal of Psychology, 128(1), 51–61.
  • Salili, F. (1996). Achievement motivation: A crosscultural comparison of British and Chinese students. Educational Psychology, 16, 271–279.
  • Sears, D. (1986). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 515–530.
  • Snibbe, A. C. ve Markus, H. R. (2005). You can’t always get what you want: Educational attainment, agency, and choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 703–720.
  • Snyder, M. ve Cantor, N. (1998). Understanding personality and social behavior. D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske ve G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology içinde (4. baskı., Cilt 1, s. 635–679). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
  • Spector, P. E., Cooper, C. L., Sanchez J. I, , O’Driscoll, M., Sparks, K., Bernin, … Yu, S. (2001). Do national levels of individualism and internal locus of control relate to well-being: An ecological level international study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 815–832.
  • Spence, J. T. (1980). The psychological dimensions of masculinity and femininity and achievement motivation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 340, 88–101.
  • Stein, A. H. ve Bailey, M. M. (1975). The socialization of achievement motivation in females. M. T. S. Mednick, S. S. Tangri ve L. W. Hoffman (Ed.), Women and achievement içinde (s. 151–158). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Spence, J. T. ve Helmreich, R. L. (1979). Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. University of Texas Press.
  • Steinkamp, M. W. ve Maehr, M. L. (1984). Gender differences in motivational orientations toward achievement in school science: A quantitative synthesis. American Educational Research Journal, 21, 39–59.
  • Stewart, A. J. ve Chester, N. L. (1982). The exploration of sex differences in human social motives: Achievement, affiliation, and power. A. J. Stewart (Ed.), Motivation and society içinde (s. 172–218). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Sullivan, M. J. (1991). Measuring global values: The ranking of 162 countries. New York, NY: Greenwood.
  • Torki, M. A. (1985). Achievement motivation in college women in an Arab culture. Psychological Reports, 56, 267–271.
  • Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69, 907–924. United Nations Development Programme (2005). Human development report 2005. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Uz, I. (2015). The index of cultural tightness and looseness among 68 countries. Journal of CrossCultural Psychology, 46(3), 319–335.
  • Veroff, J. (1977). Process vs. impact in men’s and women’s achievement motivation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1, 283–293.
  • Van de Vliert, E. ve Janssen, O. (2002). Competitive societies are happy if the women are less competitive than the men. Cross-Cultural Research, 36, 321– 337.
  • Wan, C. ve Fan, C. (1994). Comparison of personality traits of only and sibling school children in Beijing. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 155, 377–389.
  • Ward, E. A. (1997). Multidimensionality of achievement motivation among employed adults. Journal of Social Psychology, 137, 542–544.
  • Watkins, D., Akande, A., Fleming, J., Ismail, M., Lefner, K., Regmi, M., … Wondimu, H. (1998). Cultural dimensions, gender, and the nature of self-concept: A fourteen-country study. International Journal of Psychology, 33, 17–31.
  • Watkins, D., Cheng, C., Mpofu, E., Olowu, S., SinghSengupta, S. ve Regmi, M. (2003). Gender differences in self-construal: How generalizable are Western findings? Journal of Social Psychology, 143, 501–519.
  • Watkins, D., Yau, J., Fleming, J., Davis-Zinner, N., Tam, A., Juhasz, A. M. ve Walker, A. (1997). Gender differences in the basis and level of adult selfesteem: A cross-cultural perspective. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 40, 265–276.
  • Weiner, B. (1972). Attribution theory, achievement motivation, and the educational process. Review of Educational Research, 42, 203–215.
  • Wigfield, A. ve Eccles, J. S. (1992). The development of achievement task values: A theoretical analysis. Developmental Review, 12, 265–310.
  • Wigfield, A. ve Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 68–81.
  • Williams, J. E. ve Best, D. L. (1990). Measuring sex stereotypes: A multination study. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
APA UZ İ, KEMMELMEİER M, PAKSOY C, KRUMOV K (2018). Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. , 1 - 27.
Chicago UZ İrem,KEMMELMEİER Markus,PAKSOY Cansu,KRUMOV Krum Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. (2018): 1 - 27.
MLA UZ İrem,KEMMELMEİER Markus,PAKSOY Cansu,KRUMOV Krum Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. , 2018, ss.1 - 27.
AMA UZ İ,KEMMELMEİER M,PAKSOY C,KRUMOV K Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. . 2018; 1 - 27.
Vancouver UZ İ,KEMMELMEİER M,PAKSOY C,KRUMOV K Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. . 2018; 1 - 27.
IEEE UZ İ,KEMMELMEİER M,PAKSOY C,KRUMOV K "Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi." , ss.1 - 27, 2018.
ISNAD UZ, İrem vd. "Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi". (2018), 1-27.
APA UZ İ, KEMMELMEİER M, PAKSOY C, KRUMOV K (2018). Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33(81), 1 - 27.
Chicago UZ İrem,KEMMELMEİER Markus,PAKSOY Cansu,KRUMOV Krum Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 33, no.81 (2018): 1 - 27.
MLA UZ İrem,KEMMELMEİER Markus,PAKSOY Cansu,KRUMOV Krum Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, vol.33, no.81, 2018, ss.1 - 27.
AMA UZ İ,KEMMELMEİER M,PAKSOY C,KRUMOV K Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 2018; 33(81): 1 - 27.
Vancouver UZ İ,KEMMELMEİER M,PAKSOY C,KRUMOV K Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi. 2018; 33(81): 1 - 27.
IEEE UZ İ,KEMMELMEİER M,PAKSOY C,KRUMOV K "Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi." Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 33, ss.1 - 27, 2018.
ISNAD UZ, İrem vd. "Kültürlerarası Bağlamda Cinsiyet ve Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Başarı Motivasyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi". Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 33/81 (2018), 1-27.