Yıl: 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 15 Sayfa Aralığı: 236 - 253 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06 İndeks Tarihi: 28-11-2020

Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity

Öz:
The purpose of the study was to adapt the Honor Scale (HS), which is composed of four different honor codes including feminine honor, masculine honor, family honor, and moral integrity (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead, & Fischer, 2002b) by adding culture-congruent items, and examine the reliability and validity of the emerging scale. In line with this purpose, three studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 57; Mage = 33.46, SDage = 15.53) was carried out to acquire additional culture-congruent items, which was used in the Study 2 (N = 422; Mage = 28.84, SDage = 6.84) on the purpose of assessing the reliability and validity of HS. Moreover, Study 3 (N = 818; Mage = 21.30, SDage = 2.15) was conducted to evaluate the generalizability of the Study 2, by using only the original HS items. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a three-factor solution for the scale (feminine honor, masculine honor, and moral integrity). Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients for the scale was .94 (Study 2) and .90 (Study 3); and ranged from .82 to .92 (Study 2) and .85 to .88 (Study 3) for the subscales. In conclusion, the results of the psychometric analyses show that the Turkish version of HS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for the studies relevant to this topic.
Anahtar Kelime:

Onur Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz:
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadınlık, erkeklik, aile ve ahlaki bütünlük olmak üzere dört onur kodundan oluşan Onur Ölçeği‟ni (Rodriguez Mosquera, Manstead ve Fischer, 2002b) kültüre uygun yeni maddeler ekleyerek Türkçe‟ye uyarlamak ve oluşan ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirlik bulgularını incelemektir. Bu amaçla üç farklı çalışma yapılmıştır. Mevcut kültüre uygun yeni maddeler eklemek amacıyla 1. Çalışma (N = 57; Ort.yaş = 33.46, S = 15.53), yeni maddelerin eklendiği ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliğini test etmek için 2. Çalışma (N = 422; Ort.yaş = 28.84, S = 6.84) yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu çalışmadan çıkan sonuçların genellenebilirliğini anlamak amacıyla, sadece orijinal maddelerin kullanıldığı 3. Çalışma (N = 818; Ort.yaş = 21.30, S = 2.15) yapılmıştır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulguları, üç faktörlü bir yapıya (kadınlık, erkeklik ve ahlaki bütünlük) işaret etmektedir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlık katsayısının α = .94 (2. Çalışma), α = .90 (3. Çalışma), ölçeğin alt faktörleri için α = .82 ve α = .92 (2. Çalışma) ve α = .85 ve α = .88 (3. Çalışma) arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, psikometrik özelliklere dair bulgular ölçeğin Türkçe formunun konu ile ilgili yapılacak araştırmalarda kullanılabilecek düzeyde geçerlik ve güvenirliğe sahip olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled sentiments: Honor and poetry in a Bedouin society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Akbaş, G. (2016). The effect of system justification and regulatory focus orientation in the endorsement of honor and honor based violence. Unpublished PhD thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara-Turkey.
  • Barnes, C. D., Brown, R. P., & Osterman, L. L. (2012). Don‟t tread on me. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1018–1029.
  • Barnes, C. D., Brown, R. P., Lenes, J., Bosson, J., & Carvallo, M. (2014). My country, my self: Honor, identity, and defensive responses to national threats. Self and Identity, 13, 638–662.
  • Bettiga-Boukerbout, M. G. (2005). „Crimes of honour‟ in the Italian Penal Code: an analysis of history and reform. In L. Welchman & S. Hossain (Eds.), ‘Honor’ crimes, paradigms, and violence against women, (pp. 230-244). London: Zed Books.
  • Child, D. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005) Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1-9.
  • Eisler, R. M., & Skidmore, J. R. (1987). Masculine gender role stress: Scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations. Behavior Modification, 11, 123-136.
  • Elgin, V. M. (2016). Examining honor culture in Turkey: Honor, manhood, & man-to-man response to insult. Unpublished PhD thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara-Turkey.
  • Fischer, D. H. (1989). Albion's seed: Four British folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Glick, P., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Akbaş, G., Orta, İ. M., & Ceylan, S. (2016). Why do women endorse honor beliefs? Ambivalent sexism and religiosity as predictors. Sex Roles, 75(11-12), 543–554
  • Gregg, G. S. (2005). The Middle East: A cultural psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gregg, G. S. (2007). Culture and identity in a Muslim society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Guerra, V. M., Gouveia, V. V., Araújo, R. C., Andrade, J. M., & Gaudêncio, C. A. (2013). Honor Scale: Evidence on construct validity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1273-1280.
  • Haj-Yahia, M. (2002). Beliefs of Jordanian women about wife beating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 282-291.
  • Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of Exploratory Analysis in Published Research: Common Errors and Some Comments on Improved Practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 393-416.
  • Howell, A. N., Buckner, J. D., & Weeks, J. W. (2015). Culture of honour theory and social anxiety: Cross-regional and sex differences in relationships among honour-concerns, social anxiety and reactive aggression. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 568–577.
  • Hoyek, D., Sidawi, R. R., & Mrad, A. A. (2005). Murders of women in Lebanon: 'Crimes of honour' between reality and law. In L. Welchman & S. Hossain (Eds.), ‘Honor’ crimes, paradigms, and violence against women, (pp. 111-136). London: Zed Books.
  • Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
  • Işık, R., &. Sakallı-Uğurlu, N. (2009). Namusa ve namus adına kadına uygulanan şiddete ilişkin tutumlar ölçeklerinin öğrenci örneklemiyle geliştirilmesi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 16-24.
  • Kardam, F. (2005). The dynamics of honor killings in Turkey: Prospects for action. Ankara: UNFPA.
  • Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003). Complementary justice: Effects of “poor but happy” and “poor but honest” stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 823– 837.
  • Kulwicki, A. D. (2002). The practice of honor crimes: A glimpse of domestic violence in the Arab world. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 23, 77-87.
  • Malina, B. J. (2001). The new testament world: Insights from cultural anthropology. Westminster: John Knox Press.
  • Miller, D. T., & Prentice, D. A. (1994). The self and the collective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 451–453.
  • Moxnes, H. (1996). Honor and Shame. In R. L. Rohrbaugh. (Ed.), The social sciences and new testament interpretation, (pp. 19-40). Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers.
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Peristiany, J. G. (Ed.). (1965). Honour and shame: The values of Mediaterranean society. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
  • Pitt-Rivers, J. (1965). Honour and social status. In J. Peristiany (Ed.), Honour and shame: The values of Mediterranean society (pp. 19–77). London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
  • Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1996). Pluralistic ignorance and the perpetuation of social norms by unwitting actors. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 28, 161–209.
  • Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Fischer, A. H., Manstead, A. S. R., & Zaalberg, R. (2008). Attack, disapproval, or withdrawal? The role of honour in anger and shame responses to being insulted. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 1471–1498.
  • Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Manstead, A. S. R., & Fischer, A. H. (2002a). Honor in the Mediterranean and Northern Europe. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33, 16–36.
  • Rodriguez Mosquera, P. M., Manstead, A. S. R., & Fischer, A. H. (2002b). The role of honor concerns in emotional reactions to offences. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 143–163.
  • Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., & Akbaş, G. (2013). Namus kültürlerinde “namus” ve “namus adına kadına şiddet”: Sosyal psikolojik açıklamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 16(32), 76-91.
  • Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., & Glick, P. (2003). Ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward women who engage in premarital sex in Turkey. The Journal of Sex Research, 40(3), 296-302.
  • Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., & Özdemir, F. (2017). Predicting attitudes toward the masculine structure of the military with Turkish identification and ambivalent sexism. Sex Roles,76, 511- 519. doi: 10.1007/s11199-016-0676-0
  • Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Türkoğlu, B., Kuzlak, A., & Gupta, A. (2018). Stereotypes of single and married women and men in Turkish culture. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9920-9
  • Sen, P. (2005). „Crimes of honor‟, value and meaning. In L. Welchman & S. Hossain (Eds.), ‘Honor’ crimes, paradigms, and violence against women, (pp. 42-63). London: Zed Books.
  • Sev‟er, A., & Yurdakul, G. (2001). Culture of honor, culture of change: A feminist analysis of honor killings in Turkey. Violence Against Women, 7, 964-998.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Thompson, E. H., & Pleck, J. H. (1986). The structure of male role norms. American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 531-543.
  • Üskül, A. K., Cross, S. E., Sunbay, Z., Gerçek-Swing, B., & Ataca, B. (2012). Honor bound: The cultural construction of honor in Turkey and the Northern United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 43, 1131-1151.
  • Van Osch, Y., Breugelmans, S. M., Zeelenberg, M., & Bölük, P. (2013). A different kind of honor culture: Family honor and aggression in Turks. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 16, 334-344.
  • Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (2003). Male honor and female fidelity: Implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 997-1010.
  • Vandello, J. A., Cohen, D., Grandon, R., & Franiuk, R. (2009). Stand by your man: Indirect prescriptions for honorable violence and feminine loyalty in Canada, Chile, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 81-104.
APA Ceylan-Batur S, Sakallı N (2019). Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. , 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
Chicago Ceylan-Batur Suzan,Sakallı Nuray Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. (2019): 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
MLA Ceylan-Batur Suzan,Sakallı Nuray Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. , 2019, ss.236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
AMA Ceylan-Batur S,Sakallı N Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. . 2019; 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
Vancouver Ceylan-Batur S,Sakallı N Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. . 2019; 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
IEEE Ceylan-Batur S,Sakallı N "Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity." , ss.236 - 253, 2019. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
ISNAD Ceylan-Batur, Suzan - Sakallı, Nuray. "Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity". (2019), 236-253. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
APA Ceylan-Batur S, Sakallı N (2019). Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. Nesne Dergisi, 7(15), 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
Chicago Ceylan-Batur Suzan,Sakallı Nuray Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. Nesne Dergisi 7, no.15 (2019): 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
MLA Ceylan-Batur Suzan,Sakallı Nuray Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. Nesne Dergisi, vol.7, no.15, 2019, ss.236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
AMA Ceylan-Batur S,Sakallı N Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. Nesne Dergisi. 2019; 7(15): 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
Vancouver Ceylan-Batur S,Sakallı N Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity. Nesne Dergisi. 2019; 7(15): 236 - 253. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
IEEE Ceylan-Batur S,Sakallı N "Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity." Nesne Dergisi, 7, ss.236 - 253, 2019. 10.7816/nesne-07-15-06
ISNAD Ceylan-Batur, Suzan - Sakallı, Nuray. "Honor Scale: A Study for Reliability and Validity". Nesne Dergisi 7/15 (2019), 236-253. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-07-15-06