The Persian Empire is a long-established civilization that has been on the stage of history for many years. The empire, which was founded in the 6th century BC, had a wide area of domination, including Asia, Anatolia, Egypt and Cyprus. Thanks to the leniency policy in the regions it has dominated, it has been able to maintain its political existence for many years. Like all empires in history, this powerful state too, firstly will weaken and later collapse. The backbone of our study will be the process of the collapse of the empire in question. Our study which will begin with a short analysis of the political process of Persian Empire, will explain the political, economic and social reasons leading to the collapse of the empire in the light of local and foreign resource. Conclusion part of our work, The importance of Persian Empire in ancient history, its role in the synthesis of east-west culture and the traces left behind by the Empire will be evaluated. It will also explain how Alexander the Great, who put an end to this powerful empire, defeated the Persians and the developments that followed the collapsed empire.