The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study

Ümit ŞENGEL, (Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Turizm Fakültesi, Gastronomi ve Mutfak Sanatları Bölümü, Sakarya, Türkiye)
Mustafa ÇEVRİMKAYA, (Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Turizm Fakültesi, Gastronomi ve Mutfak Sanatları Bölümü, Sakarya, Türkiye)
Burhanettin ZENGİN, (Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Turizm Fakültesi, Gastronomi ve Mutfak Sanatları Bölümü, Sakarya, Türkiye)
Mehmet SARIIŞIK, (İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi, Meslek Yüksekokulu, Mutfak Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)
Merve IŞKIN (İstanbul Esenyurt Üniversitesi, Meslek Yüksekokulu, Mutfak Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye)
Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies
4 1
Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 1646 - 1667 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.21325/jotags.2020.626 İndeks Tarihi: 22-05-2021

The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study

Öz:
This study aims to investigate the effects of the coronavirus epidemic on hospitality industry. Inthe study, evaluations were made by taking into consideration both the guest statistics and theopinions of the managers of the business. The analysis was done with the help of Excel andMAXQDA programs. As a result of the analysis, serious decreases were observed in both thegroup and individual sales in the overnight stay, income, incoming guests and occupancy rates ofthe business after the outbreak of the epidemic. The epidemic also affected the business in theshort term in terms of crisis management and psychology. This study is one of the field studiesshowing the repercussions of the coronavirus on tourism with the help of data. It also provides aninsight into how hospitality businesses are acting in such a crisis situation. Therefore, the work isconsidered to have an important place in the literature.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
0
0
0
  • Aguirre, J. A. (2007). Tourism, volcanic eruptions and information: Lessons for crisis management in national parks in Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 2006, PASOS, Coasta Rica, 175–192.
  • Airport-technology (2020), Coronavirus could pose lasting impact on the tourism industry. Available at: https://www.airport-technology.com/comment/coronavirus-impact-tourism-industry/ (accessed 11.02.2020).
  • Alegre, J., Mateo, S. & Pou, L. (2013). Tourism participation and expenditure by Spanish households: The effects of the economic crisis and unemployment. Tourism Management, 39, 37-49.
  • Aljazeera (2020). Coronavirus in the Gulf: Dubai's tourism at greatest risk?. available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/coronavirus-gulf-dubai-tourism-greatest-risk-200217141521216.html (accessed 19.02.2020).
  • Arulampalam, W. (2001). Is unemployment really scarring? Effects of unemploy-ment experiences on wages. The Economic Journal, (111) 475, 585-606.
  • Ausleisure (2020), Singapore tourism board looks to boost confidence in wake of ongoing coronavirus impact. available at: https://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/singapore-tourism-board-looks-to-boost-confidence-in-wakeof-ongoing-coronavirus-impact/ (accessed 04.03.2020).
  • Backer, J. A., Klinkenberg, D. & Wallinga, J. (2020). Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020. Eurosurveillance, (25)5.
  • Baker, T. (2020). Chinese hotels seeing steep declines from coronavirus. Retrieved from http://hotelnewsnow.com/Articles/300132/Chinese-hotels-seeing-steepdeclines-from-coronavirus, Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2020
  • Baxter, E. & Bowen, D. (2004). Anatomy of tourism crisis: Explaining the effects on tourism of the UK foot and mouth disease epidemics of 1967–68 and 2001 with special reference to media portrayal. International Journal of Tourism Research, 6, 263-273.
  • BBC (2020), Coronavirus: Hotel rooms and coach tours cancelled in Northern Ireland. available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51552556 (accessed 20.02.2020).
  • Benjamin, S., Dillette, A., & Alderman, D. H. (2020). “We can’t return to normal”: committing to tourism equity in the post-pandemic age. Tourism Geographies, Special Issue, 1-8.
  • Bloomberg (2020), Thailand cuts growth forecast as coronavirus hits tourism. available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-17/thailand-s-growth-slows-as-economy-braces-forcoronavirus-impact (accessed 20.02.2020).
  • Boes, K., Buhalis, D. & Inversini, A. (2015). Conceptualising smart tourism destination dimensions. in I. Tussyadiah, A. Inversini (eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism. Springer, Cham, 391-403.
  • Brisbanetimes (2020), Coronavirus tourism rescue package as Queenslanders remain in quarantine. available at: https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/politics/queensland/ coronavirus-tourism-rescue-package-as-queenslandersremain-in-quarantine-20200218-p541tf.html (accessed 19.02.2020).
  • Buhalis, D. & Amaranggana, A. (2014). Smart tourism destinations. Dublin: IFITT
  • Buhalis, D. & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet-The state of eTourism research, Tourism Management, (29)4, 609-623.
  • Businesssinder (2020), The coronavirus outbreak could cost Vietnam $4 billion in lost tourism in just 3 months, according to the country's department of tourism. available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/coronaviruscould-cost-vietnam-4-billion-lost-tourism-2020-2 (accessed 25.02.2020).
  • Cárdenas-García, P. J., Sánchez-Rivero, M. & Pulido-Fernández, J. I. (2015). Does tourism growth influence economic development?. Journal of Travel Research, (54)2, 206-221.
  • Çeti, B. & Ünlüönen, K. (2019). Evaluation of the effect of crisis due to epidemic diseases on the tourism sector. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Turizm Fakültesi Dergisi, (22)2, 109-128.
  • Chang, D., Lin, M., Wei, L., Xie, L., Zhu, G., Cruz, C. S. D. & Sharma, L. (2020). Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China. Jama.
  • Chen, L., Evans, T., Anand, S., Boufford, J. I., Brown, H., Chowdhury, M., ... & Fee, E. (2004). Human resources for health: Overcoming the crisis. The Lancet, (364)9449, 1984-1990.
  • Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., ... & Yu, T. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. The Lancet, (395)10223, 507-513.
  • Chu, D. K., Pan, Y., Cheng, S., Hui, K. P., Krishnan, P., Liu, Y., ... & Peiris, M. (2020). Molecular diagnosis of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing an outbreak of pneumonia. Clinical Chemistry.
  • Chung, M., Bernheim, A., Mei, X., Zhang, N., Huang, M., Zeng, X., ... & Jacobi, A. (2020). CT imaging features of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology, 200-230.
  • CNBC (2020), France has seen a 30% to 40% fall in tourists folloing the coronavirus outbreak: Finance minister. available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/23/coronavirus-impact-france-sees-tourism-numbers-fall-by30percent-to-40percent.html (accessed 25.02.2020).
  • Corman, V. M., Landt, O., Kaiser, M., Molenkamp, R., Meijer, A., Chu, D. K., ... & Mulders, D. G. (2020). Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Eurosurveillance, (25)3.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research design qualitative, quantative and mixed methods approaches, Ankara: Eğitten Press
  • Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark V. L., Gutmann, M. & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed methods research designs. In Handbook on mixed methods in the behavioral and social sciences, ed. A. Tashakkori and C. Teddlie, 209– 40. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Del Chiappa, G. & Baggio, R. (2015). Knowledge transfer in smart tourism destinations: Analyzing the effects of a network structure. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, (4)3, 145-150.
  • Du Toit, A. (2020). Outbreak of a novel coronavirus. Nature Reviews Microbiology, (18)3, 123-123.
  • Dw (2020), Thailand tourism struggles due to coronavirus outbreak. available at: https://www.dw.com/en/thailandtourism-struggles-due-to-coronavirus-outbreak/av-52360171 (accessed 27.02.2020).
  • Dynarski, M. & Sheffrin, S. M. (1987). Consumption and unemployment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 102(2), 411-428.
  • Eadington, W.R. & Redman, M. (1991). Economics and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 18, 41–56.
  • Edition.cnn (2020a), Tourism industry hit hard as Chinese tourists stay home. available at: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/wuhan-coronavirus-tourism-impact/index.html (accessed 27.02.2020).
  • Edition.cnn (2020b), Kyoto launches 'empty tourism' campaign amid coronavirus outbreak. available at: https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/coronavirus-japan-kyoto-empty-tourism-campaign-hnk-intl/index.html (accessed 28.02.2020).
  • Egger, R. (2013). The impact of near field communication on tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, (4)2, 119-133.
  • Eriksson, N. (2012). A follow up of internet adopters’ use, perceptions and channel preferences of electronic travel services. in Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer-Verlag/Wien, 155-166.
  • Erol, (2010). Ekonomik kriz ve kobiler. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development, (5)1, 165-181.
  • Eugenio-Martin, J. L., & Campos-Soria, J. A. (2014). Economic crisis and tourism expenditure cutback decision. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 53-73.
  • Fahimi, A., Saint Akadiri, S., Seraj, M., & Akadiri, A. C. (2018). Testing the role of tourism and human capital development in economic growth: A panel causality study of micro states. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 62-70.
  • Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135-147.
  • Foreignpolicy (2020), Tourists dwindle as Thailand readies for coronavirus threat. available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/07/bangkok-virus-wuhan-china-tourists-dwindle-thailand/ (accessed 24.02.2020).
  • Fox13now (2020), Coronavirus to impact Utah tourism from China. available at: https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/coronavirus-to-impact-utah-tourism-from-china (accessed 20.02.2020). France24 (2020), China coronavirus threatens Asia's tourism industry. available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20200127-china-coronavirus-threatens-asia-s-tourism-industry (accessed 09.02.2020). Ft (2020), Coronavirus hits global tourism industry as Chinese stay at home. available at: https://www.ft.com/content/3c179494-49c6-11ea-aeb3-955839e06441 (accessed 01.03.2020). Gamble, P. R. (1992). The educational challenge for hospitality and tourism studies. Tourism Management, (13)1, 6-10. Gills, B. K. (2008). The swinging of the pendulum: The global crisis and beyond. Globalizations, 5, 513–522. Gralinski, L. E. & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, (12)2, 135. Grifoni, A., Sidney, J., Zhang, Y., Scheuermann, R. H., Peters, B. & Sette, A. (2020). Candidate targets for immune responses to 2019-Novel Coronavirus (nCoV): sequence homology-and bioinformatic-based predictions. CELLHOST-MICROBE-D-20-00119. Hall, C. M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, (13)5, 401-417. Hall, C. M. and O'Sullivan V. (1996). Tourism, Political Stability and Violence. in A. Pizam & Y. Mansfeld, (eds.), Crime, Tourism and Secuirty Issues, Chichester: Wiley, 105-123. Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. & Duval, D. (2003). Security and tourism: Towards a new understanding?. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, (15)3, 1–18.
  • Egger, R. (2013). The impact of near field communication on tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, (4)2, 119-133. Eriksson, N. (2012). A follow up of internet adopters’ use, perceptions and channel preferences of electronic travel services. in Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, Springer-Verlag/Wien, 155-166. Erol, (2010). Ekonomik kriz ve kobiler. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Development, (5)1, 165-181. Eugenio-Martin, J. L., & Campos-Soria, J. A. (2014). Economic crisis and tourism expenditure cutback decision. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 53-73. Fahimi, A., Saint Akadiri, S., Seraj, M., & Akadiri, A. C. (2018). Testing the role of tourism and human capital development in economic growth: A panel causality study of micro states. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 62-70. Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22(2), 135-147. Foreignpolicy (2020), Tourists dwindle as Thailand readies for coronavirus threat. available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/02/07/bangkok-virus-wuhan-china-tourists-dwindle-thailand/ (accessed 24.02.2020). Fox13now (2020), Coronavirus to impact Utah tourism from China. available at: https://www.fox13now.com/news/local-news/coronavirus-to-impact-utah-tourism-from-china (accessed 20.02.2020). France24 (2020), China coronavirus threatens Asia's tourism industry. available at: https://www.france24.com/en/20200127-china-coronavirus-threatens-asia-s-tourism-industry (accessed 09.02.2020). Ft (2020), Coronavirus hits global tourism industry as Chinese stay at home. available at: https://www.ft.com/content/3c179494-49c6-11ea-aeb3-955839e06441 (accessed 01.03.2020). Gamble, P. R. (1992). The educational challenge for hospitality and tourism studies. Tourism Management, (13)1, 6-10. Gills, B. K. (2008). The swinging of the pendulum: The global crisis and beyond. Globalizations, 5, 513–522. Gralinski, L. E. & Menachery, V. D. (2020). Return of the Coronavirus: 2019-nCoV. Viruses, (12)2, 135. Grifoni, A., Sidney, J., Zhang, Y., Scheuermann, R. H., Peters, B. & Sette, A. (2020). Candidate targets for immune responses to 2019-Novel Coronavirus (nCoV): sequence homology-and bioinformatic-based predictions. CELLHOST-MICROBE-D-20-00119. Hall, C. M. (2010). Crisis events in tourism: subjects of crisis in tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, (13)5, 401-417. Hall, C. M. and O'Sullivan V. (1996). Tourism, Political Stability and Violence. in A. Pizam & Y. Mansfeld, (eds.), Crime, Tourism and Secuirty Issues, Chichester: Wiley, 105-123. Hall, C. M., Timothy, D. & Duval, D. (2003). Security and tourism: Towards a new understanding?. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, (15)3, 1–18.
  • Li, G., Fan, Y., Lai, Y., Han, T., Li, Z., Zhou, P., ... & Zhang, Q. (2020). Coronavirus infections and immune responses. Journal of Medical Virology. Li, K. & McCray, P. B. (2020). Development of a Mouse-Adapted MERS Coronavirus. In MERS Coronavirus, Humana, New York, NY, 161-171. Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., ... & Xing, X. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine. Lickorish, L. Carson, J. & Jenkins, L. (1997). An Introduction to Tourism. Butterwoth: Heinemann Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., ... & Bi, Y. (2020). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, (395)10224, 565- 574. Lucas, A. (2020). Olive Garden’s parent begins offering paid sick leave to all employees amid coronavirus outbreak. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/darden-restaurants-driq3-2020-earnings-beat-estimates.html, Erişim Tarihi: 24.07.2020 McAleer, M., Huang, B., Kuo, H., Chen, C., & Chang, C. (2010). An econometric analysis of SARS and avian flu on international tourist arrivals to Asia. Environmental Modelling and Software, 25, 100-106. Menachery, V. D., Dinnon, K. H., Yount, B. L., McAnarney, E. T., Gralinski, L. E., Hale, A., ... & Graham, B. (2020). Trypsin treatment unlocks barrier for zoonotic bat coronavirus infection. Journal of Virology, (94)5. Mizrachi, I., & Fuchs, G. (2016). Should we cancel? An examination of risk handling in travel social media before visiting Ebola-free destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 28, 59-65. Munster, V. J., Koopmans, M., van Doremalen, N., van Riel, D. & de Wit, E. (2020). A novel coronavirus emerging in China—key questions for impact assessment. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 692-694. Nezakati, H., Amidi, A., Jusoh, Y. Y., Moghadas, S., Aziz, Y. A. & Sohrabinezhadtalemi, R. (2015). Review of social media potential on knowledge sharing and collaboration in tourism industry. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172, 120-125. Nytimes (2020), Coronavirus empties European cities of Chinese tourists. available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/world/europe/coronavirus-tourism-europe.html (accessed 22.02.2020). Oh, C. O. (2005). The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy. Tourism Management, (26)1, 39-44. Özsoy, O. (2014). İktisatçılar ve işletmeciler için istatistik excel uygulamalı. Ankara: Siyasal Press Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J. & Walker, L. (2006). A case study of best practice-visit Scotland’s prepared response to an influenza pandemic. Tourism Management, (27)3, 361-393. Pambudi, D., N. McCaughey. & R. Smyth, R. (2009). Computable general equilibrium estimates of the impact of the bali bombing on the indonesian economy. Tourism Management, (30)2, 232-239.
  • Papatheodorou, A., Rosselló, J. & Xiao, H. (2010). Global economic crisis and tourism: Consequences and perspectives. Journal of Travel Research, (49)1, 39-45. Paraskevas, A., Altinay, L., McLean, J. & Cooper, C. (2013). Crisis knowledge in tourism: Types, flows and governance. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 130-152. Paules, C. I., Marston, H. D. & Fauci, A. S. (2020). Coronavirus infections—more than just the common cold. Jama, (323)8, 707-708. Perlman, S. (2020). Another decade, another coronavirus. The New England Journal of Medicine, 760-762. Phan, L. T., Nguyen, T. V., Luong, Q. C., Nguyen, T. V., Nguyen, H. T., Le, H. Q., ... & Pham, Q. D. (2020). Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. New England Journal of Medicine, (382)9, 872-874. Pharmaceutical-technology (2020a), Coronavirus in Thailand: dealing with the 2019-nCoV (COVID-19) outbreak and impact. available at: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/coronavirus-affected-countriesthailand-measures-impact-tourism/ (accessed 20.02.2020). Pharmaceutical-technology (2020b), Coronavirus in Malaysia: COVID-19 outbreak, measures and impact. available at: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/coronavirus-affected-countries-malaysia-covid-19- outbreak-measures-tourism-economy-impact/ (accessed 22.02.2020). Pine, R., & McKercher, B. (2004). The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (16)2, 139-143. Pizam, A., & Smith, G. (2000). Tourism and terrorism: A quantitative analysis of major terrorist acts and their impact on tourism destinations. Tourism Economics, (6)2, 123-138. Punch, K. F. (2016). Sosyal araştırmalara giriş nicel ve nitel yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Siyasal Press Raymond, C., & Brown, G. (2007). A spatial method for assessing resident and visitor attitudes towards tourism growth and development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, (15)5, 520-540. Reuters (2020). Japan warns of coronavirus hit on tourism but keeps 40 mln visitor target. available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-japan-tourism/japan-warns-of-coronavirus-hit-on-tourism-butkeeps-40-mln-visitor-target-idUSKBN20D0NR (accessed 21.02.2020). Richter, L., & W. Waugh, Jr. (1991). Terrorism and tourism as logical companions. in S. Medlik, (ed.), Managing Tourism, London: Butterworth Heinemann, 18-27. Rossman, G. B., & Wilson. B. L. (1985). Number and words: Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a single large-scale evaluation study. Evaluation Review, 9(5), 627–43. Scmp (2020), Global tourism to take a US$80 billion hit and a year to shake off the effects of coronavirus outbreak. available at: https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/ article/3050682/global-tourism-take-us80-billion-hitand-year-shake-effects (accessed 14.02.2020). Scott, N., & Laws, E. (2005). Tourism crises and disasters: Enchancing understanding of system effects. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, (19)3, 149-158.
  • Smeral, E. (2009). The impact of the financial and economic crisis on European tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 3-13. Smith, V. L. (1998). War and tourism: An American ethnography. Annals of Tourism Research, (25)1, 202-227. Song, F., Shi, N., Shan, F., Zhang, Z., Shen, J., Lu, H., ... & Shi, Y. (2020). Emerging 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019- nCoV) Pneumonia. Radiology, 200274. Sönmez, S. F. (1998). Tourism, terrorism and politicial instability. Annals of Tourism Research, (25)2, 416-446. Sönmez, S. F., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Tarlow, P. (1999). Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism. Journal of travel research, (38)1, pp. 13-18. Soyak, M. (2013). The recent trends in the international tourism and the evolution of tourism policies in Turkey. The Journal of Marmara Social Research, 4, 1-18. Straitstimes (2020), Coronavirus: Tourism sector takes measures to cope with impact of outbreak. available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/tourism-sector-takes-measures-to-cope-withimpact-of-outbreak (accessed 28.02.2020). Stylidis, D., & Terzidou, M. (2014). Tourism and the economic crisis in Kavala, Greece. Annals of Tourism Research, 44, 210-226. Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). Small sample evidence on the tourism-led growth hypothesis in Lebanon. Current Issues in Tourism, (17)3, 234-246. Tang, C. F., & Tan, E. C. (2013). How stable is the tourism-led growth hypothesis in Malaysia? Evidence from disaggregated tourism markets. Tourism Management, 37, 52-57. Theatlantic (2020), Coronavirus is devastating Chinese tourism. available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/02/economy-coronavirus-myanmar-chinatourism/606715/ (accessed 07.03.2020). Thediplomat (2020), Coronavirus hits Thailand hard. available at: https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/coronavirus-hitsthailand-hard/ (accessed 10.03.2020). Theguardian (2020), Chinese tourist in France becomes Europe's first coronavirus fatality. available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/15/chinese-tourist-in-france-becomes-europes-first-coronavirusfatality (accessed 27.02.2020). Thejakartapost (2020), ‘Business as usual': Singapore tourism persists amid coronavirus outbreak. available at: https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2020/02/19/business-as-usual-singapore-tourism-persists-amidcoronavirus-outbreak.html (accessed 22.02.2020). Thompson, A. (2011). Terrorism and tourism in developed versus devoloping countries. Tourism Economics, (17) 3, 693-700. Time (2020), 'It will be catastrophic.' Asia's tourism-dependent economies are being hit hard by the coronavirus. available at: https://time.com/5783505/thailand-asia-tourism-covid-19-china-coronavirus/ (accessed 16.02.2020). Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism management, (31)2, 179-188. Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., ... & Niu, P. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. The New England Journal of Medicine, 727-733.
APA ŞENGEL Ü, Çevrimkaya M, Zengin P, SARIIŞIK M, Işkın M (2020). The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. , 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
Chicago ŞENGEL ÜMİT,Çevrimkaya Mustafa,Zengin Prof. Dr. Burhanettin,SARIIŞIK Mehmet,Işkın Merve The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. (2020): 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
MLA ŞENGEL ÜMİT,Çevrimkaya Mustafa,Zengin Prof. Dr. Burhanettin,SARIIŞIK Mehmet,Işkın Merve The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. , 2020, ss.1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
AMA ŞENGEL Ü,Çevrimkaya M,Zengin P,SARIIŞIK M,Işkın M The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. . 2020; 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
Vancouver ŞENGEL Ü,Çevrimkaya M,Zengin P,SARIIŞIK M,Işkın M The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. . 2020; 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
IEEE ŞENGEL Ü,Çevrimkaya M,Zengin P,SARIIŞIK M,Işkın M "The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study." , ss.1646 - 1667, 2020. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
ISNAD ŞENGEL, ÜMİT vd. "The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study". (2020), 1646-1667. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.626
APA ŞENGEL Ü, Çevrimkaya M, Zengin P, SARIIŞIK M, Işkın M (2020). The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 8(3), 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
Chicago ŞENGEL ÜMİT,Çevrimkaya Mustafa,Zengin Prof. Dr. Burhanettin,SARIIŞIK Mehmet,Işkın Merve The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 8, no.3 (2020): 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
MLA ŞENGEL ÜMİT,Çevrimkaya Mustafa,Zengin Prof. Dr. Burhanettin,SARIIŞIK Mehmet,Işkın Merve The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, vol.8, no.3, 2020, ss.1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
AMA ŞENGEL Ü,Çevrimkaya M,Zengin P,SARIIŞIK M,Işkın M The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2020; 8(3): 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
Vancouver ŞENGEL Ü,Çevrimkaya M,Zengin P,SARIIŞIK M,Işkın M The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies. 2020; 8(3): 1646 - 1667. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
IEEE ŞENGEL Ü,Çevrimkaya M,Zengin P,SARIIŞIK M,Işkın M "The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study." Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 8, ss.1646 - 1667, 2020. 10.21325/jotags.2020.626
ISNAD ŞENGEL, ÜMİT vd. "The Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Hospitality Industry: A Case Study". Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies 8/3 (2020), 1646-1667. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.626
Sayfa Oluşturulma Tarihi
15-05-2024 13:19

İLETİŞİM

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin

Yüzüncüyıl, İşçi Blokları Mahallesi

Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu Caddesi No:51/C

06530 Çankaya / ANKARA +90 (312) 298 92 00

trdizin@tubitak.gov.tr

TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM Ulusal Akademik Ağ ve Bilgi Merkezi Cahit Arf Bilgi Merkezi © Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik Politikası Kullanım Şartları