İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1 Sayfa Aralığı: 125 - 149 Metin Dili: Türkçe İndeks Tarihi: 26-05-2021
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Öz: Bu değerlendirme çalışmasında, önce Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de gözlenen iklim değişikliği ve değişkenliğine ilişkin hakemli çalışmaların başlıca bulgu ve sonuçlarının alansal ve zamansal bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Sonra, bu alanda özellikle son 10 yılda yayımlanmış hakemli literatür ve Hükümetlerarası İklim Değişikliği Paneli’nin (IPCC) güncel değerlendirme çalışmalarından yararlanarak, iklim değişikliğinin tarımsal üretim ve gıda güvenliğine etkileri -başta ürün rekolteleri üzerindeki etkileri olmak üzere- çeşitli yönleriyle bilimsel olarak değerlendirilmiştir.İklim değişikliğinin tarımsal ürün ve karasal gıda üretimine olan etkileri Dünya’nın birçok bölgesinde belirgin bir biçimde gözlenmektedir. İklim değişikliği ve değişkenliğinin negatif etkileri, pozitif etkilerinden daha yaygındır. Gözlenen iklim değişmelerine ek olarak, iklim model benzeşimleri, genel olarak alt troposfer ve yüzey hava sıcaklıklarında öngörülen artış eğilimi, artan pozitif ışınımsal zorlama ve hızlanan ve/ya da kuvvetlenen hidrolojik döngü ile bağlantılı olarak, 21. yüzyılda Dünya’nın birçok bölgesinde aşırı hava ve iklim olaylarının sıklık ve şiddetinde artışlar olabileceğini göstermektedir. Örneğin, artan sıcak hava dalgaları, taşkınlar ve kuraklıklar gibi ekstrem hava ve iklim olayları ve afetleri, gıda temininin kararlılığını kesintiye uğratacaktır.
Anahtar Kelime: Impacts of climate change on food security and agricultural production: a scientific review
Öz: In this review, first spatial and temporal assessment of main findings and results of the peer-reviewed studies related with theobserved climate change and variability in the World and in Turkey were performed. Then, the impacts of climate change on foodsecurity and agri-cultural production including particularly the effects on crop yields were scientifically re-viewed with respect tovarious aspects of the issue particularly based on the peer-reviewed literature and the recent assessments of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC).The effects of climate change on agricultural crop and terrestrial food production have been evidently observed in several regionsof the world. Negative impacts of the climate change and variability have been more common than positive ones. In addition to theobserved cli-mate changes, climate model simulations generally have shown that frequencies and severities of the extreme weatherand climate events will very likely change in many regions of the World during the 21th Century associated with estimated increasesin surface and lower trop-ospheric temperatures, increased positive radiative forcing and accelerated and/or enhanced hydrologicalcycle. For instance, increased extreme weather and climate events and disasters including heat waves, droughts and floods will verylikely interrupt stability of the food sup-ply.The climate change will very likely affect four key dimensions of the food security includ-ing availability, accessibility, utilization andsustainability of the food, due to close linkage between food and water security and climate change. In one of the mostcomprehensive mod-el studies simulating impacts of global climate change on agriculture to date, it was estimated that by 2080, ina business-as-usual scenario, climate change will reduce the potential output of global agriculture by more than 3.2 per cent. Somecomprehensive studies pointed out also that all regions may experience significant decreases in crop yields as well as significant in creases, depending on emission scenarios, and the assumptions for the effectiveness of carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- Altınsoy, H., Öztürk, T., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz M. L. 2012. Simulating the climatology of extreme events for the central Asia domain using the RegCM 4.0 regional climate model. pp. 365-370: C.G. Helmis and P. Nastos (eds.),
- Advances in Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
- An, N., Turp, MT., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, ML. 2020. Climate change effects on agricultural production: A Short Review. Curr Inves Agri Curr Res 8(3). CIACR.MS.ID.000288. DOI: 10.32474/CIACR.2020.08.000288.
- Asseng, S., I. Foster, N.C. Turner. 2011. The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology, 17, 997-1012.
- Barati, F., B. Agung, P. Wongsrikeao, M. Taniguchi, T. Nagai, and T. Otoi. 2008. Meiotic competence and DNA damage of porcine oocytes exposed to an elevated temperature. Theriogenology, 69, 767-772.
- Burke, M.B., D.B. Lobell, and L. Guarino. 2009. Shifts in African crop climates by 2050, and the implications for crop improvement and genetic resources conservation. Global Environmental Change, 19, 317-325.
- Cannon, R.J.C. 1998. The implications of predicted climate change for insect pests in the UK, with emphasis on nonindigenous species. Global Change Biology, 4, 785-796.
- Ceccarelli, S. et al. 2010. Plant breeding and climate changes. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 148, 627-637.
- Challinor, A.J., E.S. Simelton, E.G. Fraser, D. Hemming. 2010. Increased crop failure due to climate change: assessing adaptation options using models and socio-economic data for wheat in China. Environmental Research Letters, 5(3), 034012.
- Chakraborty, S. and A.C. Newton. 2011. Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an overview. Plant Pathology, 60, 2-14.
- Chen, C., E. Wang, Q. Yu, and Y. Zhang. 2010. Quantifying the effects of climate trends in the past 43 years (1961-2003) on crop growth and water demand in the North China Plain. Climatic Change, 100, 559-578.
- Cline, W.R. 2008. Global warming and agriculture. Finance and Development, March 2008: 23-27.
- Craufurd, P.Q., T.R. Wheeler. 2009. Climate change and the flowering time of annual crops. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, 2529-2539.
- DaMatta, F.M., A. Grandis, B.C. Arenque, M.S. Buckeridge. 2010. Impacts of climate changes on crop physiology and food quality. Food Research International, 43, 1814-1823.
- Dellal, D., McCarl, B.A., Butt, T. 2011. The Economic Assessment of Climate Change on Turkish Agriculture. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 12(1), 376-385.
- DGC. 2018. Hazelnut Report for 2017 (in Turkish). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Customs and Trade, Directorate General of Cooperatives (DGC): Ankara.
- Dikmen, S., Hansen P.J. 2009. Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment? Journal of Dairy Science, 92, 109-116.
- Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2008. Türkiye’de don olaylı gün sayılarındaki değişiklikler ve Arktik Salınım ile bağlantısı. IV. Atmosfer Bilimleri Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı: 426-436. 25-28 Mart 2008, İstanbul.
- Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2012. Analysis of observed variability and trends in numbers of frost days in Turkey for the period 1950–2010. International Journal of Climatology, 32(12), 1889–1898. DOI: 10.1002/joc.2403
- Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2013. Observed changes and trends in numbers of summer and tropical days, and the 2010 hot summer in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology 33(8), 1898–1908. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3556
- Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2016. Dates of frost onset, frost end and the frost-free season in Turkey: trends, variability and links to the North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillation indices, 1950−2013. Climate Research 69, 155–176. doi: 10.3354/cr01397
- Erlat, E., Türkeş, M. 2017. Türkiye’de tropikal gece sayılarında gözlenen değişmeler ve eğilimler. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 26(2), 95-106.
- FAO, WFP, IFAD. 2012. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition. FAO, Rome.
- Feng, J., M. Zhang, S. Zheng, P. Xie, A. Ma, 2008. Effects of high temperature on multiple parameters of broilers in vitro and in vivo. Poultry Science, 87, 2133-2139.
- Fleisher, D.H., D.J. Timlin, V.R. Reddy. 2008. Interactive effects of carbon dioxide and water stress on potato canopy growth and development. Agronomy Journal, 100, 711-719.
- Garrett, K.A. et al. 2011. Complexity in climate-change impacts: an analytical framework for effects mediated by plant disease. Plant Pathology, 60(1), 15-30.
- Gregory, P.J., B.E. Marshall. 2012. Attribution of climate change: a methodology to estimate the potential contribution to increases in potato yield in Scotland since 1960. Global Change Biology, 18, 1372-1388.
- Hasegawa, T. et al. 2013. Rice cultivar responses to elevated CO2 at two free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) sites in Japan. Functional Plant Biology, 40, 148-159.
- Hawkins, E., T.M. Osborne, C.K. Hoa, A.C. Challinor. 2012. Calibration and bias correction of climate projections for crop modelling: an idealised case study over Europe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 170, 19-31.
- Hellmann, J.J., J.E. Byers, B.G. Bierwagen, J.S. Dukes. 2008. Five potential consequences of climate change for invasive species. Conservation Biology, 22, 534-543.
- Högy, P., et al. 2009. Effects of elevated CO2 on grain yield and quality of wheat: results from a 3-year free-air CO2 enrichment experiment. Plant Biology, 11(Suppl. 1), 60-69.
- IPBES. 2019. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. E. S. Brondizio, J. Settele, S. Díaz, and H. T. Ngo (eds). IPBES secretariat, Bonn, Germany.
- IPCC. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Stocker, T.F., et al. (eds.): Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.
- IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
- Change. Field, C.B. et al. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- IPCC. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C.An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above preindustrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. MassonDelmotte, V. et al. (eds.). In Press
- Iqbal, M.M., M.A. Goheer, A.M. Khan. 2009. Climate-change aspersions on food security of Pakistan. Science Vision, 15(1), 15-23.
- Izaurralde, R., D. Adams, R. Alig, C. Betz, C. Hutchins, B. McCarl, K. Skog, B. Sohngen, 2001. Assessing socioeconomic
- impacts of climate change on US forests, wood-product markets, and forest recreation. BioScience, 51, 753-764.
- Jadadish, K., P.Q. Craufurd, T.R. Wheeler. 2007. High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza Sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Biology, 58, 1627-1635.
- Jaggard, K., A. Qi, and M.A. Semenov. 2007. The impact of climate change on sugarbeet yield in the UK: 1976-2004.
- The Journal of Agricultural Science, 145, 367-375.
- Jamieson, P.D., et al. 2000. Modelling CO2 effects on wheat with varying nitrogen supplies. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 82: 27–37.
- Jones, P.G., Thornton, P.K. 2009. Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change. Environmental Science & Policy, 12, 427-437.
- Kartum, Ş., Koç, T., Türkeş, M. 2011. Türkiye’de kar yağışlarının başlangıç ve bitiş tarihlerinde gözlenen değişiklikler ve eğilimler. V. Atmosfer Bilimleri Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı: 195-200, 27-29 Nisan 2011, İstanbul.
- Krishnamurthy, P.K. Lewis, K., Choularton, R.J. 2014. A methodological framework for rapidly assessing the impacts of climate risk on national-level food security through a vulnerability index. Global Environmental Change, 25, 121– 132.
- Knox, J., T. Hess, A. Daccache, T. Wheeler. 2012. Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia. Environmental Research Letters, 7, 034032, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034032.
- Kuglitsch, F. G., Toreti, A., Xoplaki, E., Della-Marta, P.M., Zerefos, C. S., Türkeş, M., Luterbacher, J. 2010. Heat wave changes in the eastern Mediterranean since 1960. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, L04802.
- Leakey, A.D.B. 2009. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and the future of C4 crops for food and fuel. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276(1666), 2333-2343.
- Li, S., T. Wheeler, A. Challinor, E. Lin, H. Ju, Y. Xu. 2010. The observed relationships between wheat and climate in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150, 1412-1419.
- Liu, Y., E. Wang, X. Yang, J. Wang. 2009. Contributions of climatic and crop varietal changes to crop production in the North China Plain, since 1980s. Global Change Biology, 16(8), 2287-2299
- Lobell, D.B., C.B. Field. 2007. Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environmental Research Letters, 2, 014002, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/1/014002.
- Lobell, D.B., M.B. Burke. 2008. Why are agricultural impacts of climate change so uncertain? The importance of temperature relative to precipitation. Environmental Research Letters, 3, 034007, doi:10.1088/1748- 9326/3/3/034007.
- Lobell, D.B., W. Schlenker, J. Costa-Roberts. 2011a. Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042), 616-620.
- Lobell, D.B., M. Banziger, C. Magorokosho, B. Vivek. 2011b. Nonlinear heat effects on African maize as evidenced by historical yield trials. Nature Climate Change, 1(1), 42-45.
- Lobell, D.B., A. Sibley, J.I. Ortiz-Monasterio. 2012. Extreme heat effects on wheat senescence in India. Nature Climate Change, 2(3), 186-189.
- Lobell, D.B., G.L. Hammer, G. McLean, C. Messina, M.J. Roberts, W. Schlenker. 2013a. The critical role of extreme heat for maize production in the United States. Nature Climate Change, 3, 497-501.
- Met Office. 2012: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-change/guide/impacts/food.
- Moriondo, M., C. Giannakopoulos, M. Bindi. 2011. Climate change impact assessment: the role of climate extremes in crop yield simulation. Climatic Change, 104, 679-701.
- Müller, C., Bondeau, A., Popp, A., Waha, K., Fader, M. 2009. Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Yields: Background Note to the World Development Report 2010, Development and Climate Change. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK).
- Oerke, E.C. 2006. Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 144, 31-43.
- Ortiz, R., et al. 2008. Climate change: can wheat beat the heat? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126, 46-58.
- Ozturk, T., Altınsoy, H., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz M. L. 2012. Simulation of temperature and precipitation climatology for central Asia CORDEX domain by using RegCM 4.0. Climate Research, 52, 63–76.
- Özdogan, M. 2011. Modeling the impacts of climate change on wheat yields in Northwestern Turkey. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 141, 1–12.
- Özkan, B. and Akcaöz, H. 2002. Impacts of climate factors on yields for selected crops in the Southern Turkey. 7 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 367–380.
- Önol, B., Semazzi, F.H.M. 2009. Regionalization of climate change simulations over the Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Climate, 22, 1944-1960.
- Önol, B., Unal, Y. 2014. Assessment of climate change simulations over climate zones of Turkey. Regional Environmental Change, 14(5), 1921-1935.
- Öztürk, T., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, L. 2014. RegCM4.3.5. İklim modeli benzetimleri kullanılarak Türkiye’nin gelecek hava sıcaklığı ve yağış klimatolojilerindeki değişikliklerin çözümlenmesi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 20(1), 17-27.
- Öztürk, T., Ceber, Z. P., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, M. L. 2015. Projections of climate change in the Mediterranean Basin by using downscaled global climate model outputs. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 4276–4292. DOI: 10.1002/joc.4285
- Palmer, M.A., C.A. Reidy Liermann, C. Nilsson, M. Florke, J. Alcamo, P.S. Lake, N. Bond. 2008. Climate change and the world’s river basins: anticipating management options. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 6, 81-89.
- Pautasso, M., et al. 2010. Plant health and global change – some implications for landscape management. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 85, 729-755.
- Porter, J.R., et al. 2014. Food security and food production systems. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment
- Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Field, C.B. et al. (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 485-533.
- Rosenzweig, C., Hillel, D. 1998. Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Impacts of the Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Rosenzweig, C. et al. 2013. The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP): protocols and pilot studies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 170, 166-182.
- Rosenzweig, C., J. Elliott, D. Deryng, A.C. Ruane, C. Müller, A. Arneth, J.W. Jones. 2014. Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201222463.
- Sakurai, G., T. Lizumi, M. Yokozawa. 2012. Varying temporal and spatial effects of climate on maize and soybean affect yield prediction. Climate Research, 49, 143-154.3
- Sánchez, B., A. Rasmussen, J.R. Porter. 2014. Temperatures and the growth and development of maize and rice: a review. Global Change Biology, 20, 408–417.
- Savary, S., A. Mila, L. Willocquet, P.D. Esker, O. Carisse, N. McRobert. 2011. Risk factors for crop health under global change and agricultural shifts: a framework of analyses using rice in tropical and subtropical Asia as a model. Phytopathology, 101, 696-709.
- Schaefleitner, R., J. Ramirez, A. Jarvis, D. Evers, R. Gutierrez, M. Scurrah. 2011. Adaptation of the potato crop to changing climates. In: Crop Adaptation to Climate Change [Yadav, S., et al. (eds.)]. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp. 287-297.
- Schroth, G. et al. 2009. Towards a climate change adaptation strategy for coffee communities and ecosystems in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 14, 605-626.
- Semenov, M., R. Mitchell, A. Whitmore, M. Hawkesford, M. Parry, P. Shewry. 2012. Shortcoming in wheat yield productions. Nature Climate Change, 2, 380-382.
- Sen, B., Topcu, S., Türkeş, M., Sen, B., Warner, J. F. 2012. Projecting climate change, drought conditions and crop productivity in Turkey. Climate Research, 52, 175–191.
- Shimono, H., M. Okada, Y. Yamakawa, H. Nakamura, K. Kobayashi, T. Hasegawa. 2008. Rice yield enhancement by elevated CO2 is reduced in cool weather. Global Change Biology, 14, 276-284.
- Supit, I., C.A. van Diepen, A.J.W. de Wit, P. Kabat, B. Baruth, F. Ludwig. 2010. Recent changes in the climate yield potential of various crops in Europe. Agricultural Systems, 103, 683-694.
- Tatlı, H., Türkeş, M. 2008. Türkiye’deki 2006/2007 kuraklığı ile geniş ölçekli atmosferik değişkenler arasındaki bağlantının lojistik regresyonla belirlenmesi. IV. Atmosfer Bilimleri Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı: 516-527, 25-28 Mart 2008, İstanbul.
- Tatlı, H., Türkeş, M. 2011. Examinaton of the dry and wet conditions in Turkey via model output statistics (MOS). IV. Atmosfer Bilimleri Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı: 219-229, 27-29 Nisan 2011, İstanbul.
- Teixeira, E., G. Fischer, H. van Velthuizen, C. Walter, F. Ewert. 2013. Global hot-spots of heat stress on agricultural crops due to climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 170, 206-215.
- Trnka, M. et al. 2011. Agroclimatic conditions in Europe under climate change. Global Change Biology, 17, 2298-2318.
- Trigo, R. ve ark. 2006. Relations between variability in the Mediterranean region and mid-latitude variability. Pp. 179- 226: Lionello, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Boscolo, R. (eds.), Chapter 3, Mediterranean Climate Variability.
- Elsevier Developments in Earth & Environmental Sciences 4, Amsterdam. Turkes, M. 2020. Climate and Drought in Turkey, Chapter 4. In Harmancioglu, N. B., Altinbilek, D. (eds.), Water Resources of Turkey. World Water Resources, vol 2. Springer, Cham, pp 85-125.
- Turkes, M., Turp, M. T., An, N., Ozturk, T., Kurnaz, M. L. 2020. Impacts of Climate Change on Precipitation Climatology and Variability in Turkey, Chapter 14. In Harmancioglu, N. B., Altinbilek, D. (eds.), Water Resources of Turkey. World Water Resources, vol 2. Springer, Cham, pp 467-491.
- Turp, M. T., Öztürk, T., Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, M. L. 2014. RegCM4.3.5 bölgesel iklim modelini kullanarak Türkiye ve çevresi bölgelerin yakın gelecekteki hava sıcaklığı ve yağış klimatolojileri için öngörülen değişikliklerin incelenmesi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 23(1), 1-24.
- Türkeş, M. 1996. Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 1057-1076.
- Türkeş, M. 1998. Influence of geopotential heights, cyclone frequency and southern oscillation on rainfall variations in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 18, 649–680
- Türkeş, M. 1999. Vulnerability of Turkey to desertification with respect to precipitation and aridity conditions. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Science, 23, 363-380.
- Türkeş, M. 2012a. Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Çölleşme. S: 1-42. Ed. N. Özgen. Günümüz Dünya Sorunları – Disiplinlerarası Bir Yaklaşım. Eğiten Kitap, Ankara.
- Türkeş, M. 2012b. Kuraklık, çölleşme ve Birleşmiş Milletler Çölleşme ile Savaşım Sözleşmesi’nin ayrıntılı bir çözümlemesi. Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, Çevre Özel Sayısı, 20, 7-56.
- Türkeş, M. 2013a. Türkiye’de gözlenen ve öngörülen iklim değişikliği, kuraklık ve çölleşme. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 1-32.
- Türkeş, M. 2013b. İklim Verileri Kullanılarak Türkiye’nin Çölleşme Haritası Dokümanı Hazırlanması Raporu. Birinci Baskı, T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı, Çölleşme ve Erozyonla Mücadele Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, ISBN: 978- 6054610-51-8, 57 sayfa: Ankara.
- Türkeş, M. 2014a. Türkiye’deki 2013-2014 kuraklığının ve klimatolojik/meteorolojik nedenlerinin çözümlenmesi. Konya Toprak Su Dergisi, 2, 20-34.
- Türkeş, M. 2014b. İklim Değişikliğinin Tarımsal Gıda Güvenliğine Etkileri, Geleneksel Bilgi ve Agroekoloji. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 2(2), 71-85.
- Türkeş, M. 2016a. Küresel İklim Değişiklikleri ve Başlıca Nedenleri ile Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Gözlenen ve Öngörülen İklim Değişiklikleri ve Değişkenliği. İçinde: “Küresel İklim Değişikliği ve Etkileri” Engin Ural Anısına (Ed: M. Somuncu), s. 71-115. Türkiye Çevre Vakfı Yayını, Ankara.
- Türkes, M. 2016b. Iklim değişikliğinin tarımsal gıda güvenliğine etkileri. Tarım ve Mühendislik (Gürol Hocanın Ardından), 113-115, 6-10.
- Türkeş, M. 2017. Türkiye’nin iklimsel değişkenlik ve sosyo-ekolojik göstergeler açısından kuraklıktan etkilenebilirlik ve risk çözümlemesi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 26(2), 47-70.
- Türkeş, M. 2018. İklim Değişikliğinin Etkileri, Türkiye’nin İklim Değişikliği Uyum Gereksinimleri, Etkilenebilirlik ve Risk Değerlendirmeleri. İklim Değişikliği ve Kalkınma (Ed. İzzet Arı). T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, Ankara.
- Türkes, M. 2019. İklim değişikliği ve kuraklığın tarıma etkileri. Tarım Gündem Dergisi, Temmuz-Agustos, 21-25.
- Türkeş, M., Akgündüz, A.S. 2011. Assessment of the desertification vulnerability of the Cappadocian district (Central Anatolia, Turkey) based on aridity and climate-process system. International Journal of Human Sciences, 8, 1234- 1268.
- Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. 2003. Precipitation changes and variability in Turkey linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation during the period 1930-2000. International Journal of Climatology, 23, 1771-1796.
- Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. 2005. Climatological responses of winter precipitation in Turkey to variability of the North Atlantic oscillation during the period 1930–2001. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 81, 45–69.
- Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. 2018a. A scientific assessment of observed changes and trends in extreme weather and climate events in the world and Turkey. In Meltem Ucal (Ed.), Climate Change and Green Perspective: Green Economy, Green
- Growth (pp. 5-38). Istanbul, Turkey: Heinrich Böll Stiftung Foundation. Türkeş, M., Erlat, E. 2018b. Variability and trends in record air temperature events of Turkey and their associations with atmospheric oscillations and anomalous circulation patterns. International Journal of Climatology, 38, 5182–5204.
- Türkeş, M., Sümer, U.M. 2004. Spatial and temporal patterns of trends and variability in diurnal temperature ranges of Turkey. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 77, 195-227.
- Türkeş, M., Tatlı, H. 2009. Use of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and modified SPI for shaping the drought probabilities over Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 29, 2270–2282.
- Türkeş, M., Yıldız, D. 2014. Gözlenen Bugünkü ve Benzeştirilen Gelecek Yağış Değişimleri ve Kuraklık Olayları Perspektifinde Türkiye’de Hidroelektrik Santrallerin Geleceği. 22 Ocak 2014. Hidropolitik Akademi İklim Değişikliği ve Kuraklık Çalışmaları, Ankara.
- Türkeş, M., Sümer, U. M., Demir, İ. 2002. Re-evaluation of trends and changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for the period 1929-1999. International Journal of Climatology, 22, 947-977.
- Türkeş, M., Koç, T., Sarış, F. 2009a. Spatiotemporal variability of precipitation total series over Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 29, 1056-1074.
- Türkeş, M., Akgündüz, A.S., Demirörs, Z. 2009b. Palmer Kuraklık İndisi’ne göre İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Konya Bölümü’ndeki kurak dönemler ve kuraklık şiddeti. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 129-144.
- Türkeş, M., Kurnaz, M. L., Öztürk, T., Altınsoy, H. 2011. Climate changes versus ‘security and peace’ in the Mediterranean macroclimate region: are they correlated? Pp: 625-639. Proceedings of International Human Security Conference on Human Security: New Challenges, New Perspectives. 27-28 October 2011, İstanbul.
- Türkeş, M., Musaoğlu, N., Özcan, O. 2018. Assessing the vulnerability of a forest ecosystem to climate change and variability in the western Mediterranean sub-region of Turkey: future evaluation. Journal of Forestry Research, 29(5), 1177–1186.
- UN. 2019. World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (ST/ESA/SER.A/423).
- Vitali, A., M. Segnalini, L. Bertocchi, U. Bernabucci, A. Nardone, N. Lacetera. 2009. Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(8), 3781-3790.
- Wassmann, R., et al. 2009: Climate change affecting rice production: the physiological and agronomic basis for possible adaptation strategies. In: Advances in Agronomy, Vol. 101 [Sparks, D.L. (ed.)]. Elsevier Science and Technology/Academic Press, Waltham, MA, USA, pp. 59-122.
- WB. 2010. WB World Development Report 2010: Overview - Changing the Climate for Development. World Bank (WB), Washington, DC.
- Welch, J.R., J.R. Vincent, M. Auffhammer, P.F. Moya, A. Dobermann, D. Dawe. 2010. Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(33), 14562-14567, doi:10.1073/pnas.1001222107.
- Zhang, X., X. Cai. 2011. Climate change impacts on global agricultural land availability. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 014014, doi:10.1088/1748- 9326/6/1/014014.
- Zhang, T., J. Zhu, X. Yang, X. Zhang. 2008. Correlation changes between rice yields in North and Northwest China and ENSO from 1960 to 2004. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148, 1021-1033.
- Zhang, T., J. Zhu, R. Wassmann. 2010. Responses of rice yields to recent climate change in China: an empirical assessment based on long-term observations at different spatial scales (1981-2005). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 150, 1128-1137.
- Ziska, L.H. 2010. Global climate change and carbon dioxide: assessing weed biology and management. In: Handbook of Climate Change and Agro-Ecosystems: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation [Rosenzweig, C. and D. Hillel (eds.)]. World Scientific Publishing, Hackensack, NJ, USA, pp. 191-208.
- Ziska, L.H., et al. 2012. Food security and climate change: on the potential to adapt global crop production by active selection to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279, 4097-4105.
- Zumbach, B., et al. 2008. Genetic components of heat stress in finishing pigs: Development of a heat load function. Journal of Animal Science, 86(9), 2082- 2088
| APA | Türkeş M (2020). İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. , 125 - 149. |
| Chicago | Türkeş Murat İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. (2020): 125 - 149. |
| MLA | Türkeş Murat İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. , 2020, ss.125 - 149. |
| AMA | Türkeş M İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. . 2020; 125 - 149. |
| Vancouver | Türkeş M İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. . 2020; 125 - 149. |
| IEEE | Türkeş M "İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME." , ss.125 - 149, 2020. |
| ISNAD | Türkeş, Murat. "İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME". (2020), 125-149. |
| APA | Türkeş M (2020). İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ, 29(1), 125 - 149. |
| Chicago | Türkeş Murat İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ 29, no.1 (2020): 125 - 149. |
| MLA | Türkeş Murat İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ, vol.29, no.1, 2020, ss.125 - 149. |
| AMA | Türkeş M İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ. 2020; 29(1): 125 - 149. |
| Vancouver | Türkeş M İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ. 2020; 29(1): 125 - 149. |
| IEEE | Türkeş M "İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME." EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ, 29, ss.125 - 149, 2020. |
| ISNAD | Türkeş, Murat. "İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN TARIMSAL ÜRETİM VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİLERİ:BİLİMSEL BİR DEĞERLENDİRME". EGE COĞRAFYA DERGİSİ 29/1 (2020), 125-149. |
