Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 869 - 889 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838 İndeks Tarihi: 16-12-2021

The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion

Öz:
This study aims to examine whether emotional exhaustion has a mediating role in the effect ofeconomic anxiety of tour guides on their affective occupational commitment. The research sampleincluded 370 tour guides in Turkey. The data were collected through the questionnaire method. Thecollected data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS 22 and Process v3.3 macro extension. The mediatingrole of emotional exhaustion between economic anxiety and affective occupational commitment wascalculated via the Bootstrapping procedure. It was found that there was a weak negative relationshipbetween economic anxiety and affective occupational commitment, a positive relationship betweeneconomic anxiety and emotional exhaustion, and a negative relationship between affectiveoccupational commitment and emotional exhaustion. Thus, emotional exhaustion reduces affectiveoccupational commitment levels, and emotional exhaustion has a partial mediating role betweeneconomic anxiety and affective occupational commitment. This study is expected to raise awarenessin tour guides, attract those who employ tour guides, and contribute to the relevant literature.
Anahtar Kelime:

Ekonomik kaygının duygusal mesleki bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: Duygusal tükenmişliğin aracılık rolü

Öz:
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki turist rehberlerinin ekonomik kaygılarının, onların duygusalmesleki bağlılıkları üzerindeki etkisi üzerinde duygusal tükenmişlik durumunun aracı rolünün olupolmadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın örnekleminde Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren 370 turist rehberiyer almıştır. Veriler anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler IBM SPSS 22 ve Process v3.3macro extension kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ekonomik kaygı ve duygusal mesleki bağlılık arasındaduygusal tükenmişliğin aracı rolü bootstrappingyöntemi kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Analizlersonucunda ekonomik kaygı ile duygusal mesleki bağlılık arasında zayıf negatif ilişki, ekonomik kaygıve duygusal tükenmişlik arasında pozitif ilişki ve duygusal mesleki bağlılık ve duygusal tükenmişlikarasında ise negatif ilişki saptanmıştır. Duygusal tükenmişliğin duygusal mesleki bağlılık düzeyleriniazalttığı ve ekonomik kaygı ve duygusal mesleki bağlılık arasında kısmi bir aracı role sahip olduğugörülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın tur rehberlerini bilinçlendirmesi, tur rehberlerinin işverenlerinindikkatini bu yöne çekmesi ve ilgili alanyazına katkıda bulunması beklenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Abdelkader, A. (2016). Tourist guides and job-related problems, analysis and evidence from Jordan Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality and Tourism, 18 (2), 200-217.
  • Adams, G.A., and Webster, J.R. (2013). “Emotional regulation as a mediator between interpersonal mistreatment and distress”. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 22(6), 697–710.
  • Ağırman, Ü. H., and Naktiyok, A. (2014). Hizmet sektörü çalışanlarından beklenen duygu gösterimlerinin mesleki bağlılık ve duygusal tükenmişlik düzeylerine etkisi: hemşireler üzerine bir araştırma. 2. Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi Proceeding Book pp.7-8.
  • Anastasiou, S. (2020). Economıc Crisis, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalizatıon and Personal Accomplishment Of Teachers in Greece. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 8(2), 230-239.
  • Ap, J., and Wong, K. K. F. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22(5), 551–563.
  • Aranya, N. and Jacobson, D. (1975). An empirical study of theories of organizational and occupational commitment. The Journal of Social Psychology, 97 (1), 15-22.
  • Arslantürk, Y. (2016). Mesleki bağlılık: Turist rehberleri üzerine bir inceleme. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 81, 186-207.
  • Avcin, B.A., Kucina, A.U., Sarotar, B.N., Radovanovic, M. and Plesnicar, B. K. (2011). The present global financial and economic crisis poses an additional risk factor for mental health problems on the employees. Psychiatr Danubina, 23 (1), 142–148.
  • Bagraim, J. (2003). The dimensionality of professional commitment. Journal of Industrial Psychology, 29(2), 6-9.
  • Bareket-Bojmel, L., Shahar, G., and Margalit, M. (2020). COVID-19-related economic anxiety is as high as health anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 29, 1-9.
  • Batman, O. (2003). Türkiye’deki profesyonel turist rehberlerinin mesleki sorunlarına yönelik bir araştırma. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (2), 117-134.
  • Bell, D. N. F., and Blanchflower, D. G. (2011). The crisis, policy reactions and attitudes to globalization and jobs. In M. Bacchetta and M. Jansen (Eds.), Making globalization socially sustainable (pp. 85–118). Geneva: ILO and WTO.
  • Benligiray, S., and Sönmez, H. (2013). The analysis of demographic and work-life variables which affect the occupational commitment of nurses. Journal of Management Development, 32 (4), 419-434.
  • Blau, G. (1989). Testing the generalizability of a career commitment measure and its impact on employee turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35 (1), 88-103.
  • Blau, G. (2000). Job, organizational, ve professional context antecedents as predictors of intent for ınterrole work transitions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 330-345.
  • Blau, G. (2003). Testing for a four-dimensional structure of occupational commitment Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 469-488.
  • Brown, A. L. and Roloff, M. E. (2011). Extra-role time, burnout, and commitment: The power of promises kept. Business Communication Quarterly. 74 (4), 450-474.
  • Burke, R. J., Greenglass, E. R. and Schwarzer, R. (1996). Predicting teacher burnout over time: effects of work stress, social support, and self-doubts on burnout and its consequences. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9, 261-275.
  • Büyüktepe, H. S., Gökdemir, S., and Korkmaz, H. (2019). Turist Rehberlerinin Sorunları Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma: Çanakkale Örneği. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, (14), 94-117.
  • Cabi, E. and Yalçınalp, S. (2013). Öğretmen adaylarına yönelik mesleki kaygı ölçeği (MKÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 44, 85-96.
  • Çakmak, T. F. (2019). Turizm Endüstrisinde Bütüncül Yaklaşımla Kriz Yönetimi ve Örnek Olaylar. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Campbell, D.T. and Fiske, D.W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81-105.
  • Çapri, B. (2006). Tükenmişlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 62-77.
  • Casselman, B. (2017). Stop saying Trump’s win had nothing to do with economics. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved from https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/stop-saying-trumps-win-hadnothing-to-do-with-economics/
  • Çelebi, E., (2013). Elazığ ve Malatya il merkezinde bulunan özel eğitim kurumlarında çalışan öğretmenlerin tükenmişlik düzeyleri ve ilgili faktörler (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Fırat University, Elazığ.
  • Chang, H. T., Chi, N. W. and Miao, M. C. (2007). Testing the relationship between three-component organizational/occupational commitment and organizational/occupational turnover intention using a non-recursive model, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70, 352–368.
  • Choi, C. H. Kim, T. Lee, G. and Lee, S. K. (2014). Testing the stressor–strain–outcome model of customer-related social stressors in predicting emotional exhaustion, customer orientation and service recovery performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 272–285.
  • Chowdhary, N. and Prakash, M. (2008). Challenges of tour guiding—An assessment of situation in India. Gwalior, India: Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management.
  • Chu, K.H.-L. and Murrmann, S.K. (2006). Development and validation of the hospitality emotional labor scale. Tourism Management. 27 (6), 1181–1191.
  • Çiftçioğlu, A. (2011). Investigating occupational commitment and turnover intention relationship with burnout syndrome. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2 (3), 109-119.
  • Cohen, A. (2007). Dynamics between occupational and organizational commitment in the context of flexible labor markets: A review of the literature and suggestions for a future research agenda. Inst. Technik und Bildung.
  • Cohen, E. H., Ifergan, M. and Cohen, E. (2002). A new paradigm in guiding the madrich as a role model. Annals of Tourism Research, 29 (4), 919–932.
  • Conner, D. N. (2006). Occupational commitment, education, and experience as a predictor of intent to leave the nursing profession. Nursing Economic, 24(2), 86-93.
  • Cotton, D.H.G. (1990). Stress Management, USA: Brunner-Routledge.
  • Cunningham, P. H., Tang, T. L. P., Frauman, E., Ivy, M. I. and Perry, T. L. (2012). Leisure ethic, money ethic, and occupational commitment among recreation and park professionals: Does gender make a difference? Public Personnel Management, 41 (3), 421-448.
  • Dağ, I. (1999). Psikolojinin ışığında kaygı. Doğu Batı Düşünce Dergisi. 6, 181-189.
  • Davenport, N., Schwartz, R. D., and Elliott, G. P. (2003). Mobbing: Emotional abuse in the American workplace (Mobbing; İşyerinde Duygusal Taciz. Translated by O.Önertoy). İstanbul: SistemYayıncılık.
  • Deery, S., Iverson, R., and Walsh, J. (2002). Work relationships in telephone call centres: Understanding emotional exhaustion and employee withdrawal. Journal of Management Studies, 39 (4), 471-496.
  • Ditfurth, H. (1991). Korku ve Kaygı. (Translation: Nasuh Barın). (First Edition). İstanbul: Metis Publishing.
  • Elgin, C., Basbug, G., and Yalaman, A. (2020). Economic policy responses to a pandemic: Developing the COVID-19 economic stimulus index. Covid Economics, 1(3), 40-53.
  • Engelberg-Moston, T., Stipis, C., Kippin B., Spillman S. and Burbidge K. (2009). Organisational and occupational commitment as predictors of volunteer coaches' burnout. Australian Journal on Volunteering, 14 (1), 1–9.
  • Fawzy, F.I., Fawzy, N.W., and Pasnau (1991). Burnout in the health professionals, Handbook of Studies on General Hospital Psychiatry, Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, 119.
  • Finbow, R. G. (2018). Can transatlantic trade relations be institutionalised after Trump? Prospects for EU-US trade governance in the era of antiglobalist populism. In Institutionalisation beyond the nation state: Transatlantic relations: Data, privacy and trade law (pp. 187–211). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Fırat, M. Z. (2015). Tükenmişlik ve örgütsel bağlılığın mesleki bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: banka çalışanları üzerinde bir araştırma. (Unpublished P.Hd). İstanbul: Haliç Üniversitesi.
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, F. D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
  • Freud, S. (1984). Psikanalize Giriş. (Third Edition, Translation: Günsel Koptagel-İlal), İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar Publishing.
  • Frey, B. S., and Stutzer, A. (2002). What can economists learn from happiness research? Journal of Economic Literature, 40 (2) .402-435.
  • Friedman, H. S. and Schustack, M. W. (1999). Personality: Classic theories and modern research. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Garman, A. N., Corrigan, P. and Morris, S. B., (2012). Staff Burnout and Patient Satisfaction: Evidence of Relationships at the Care Unit Level. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 235-41.
  • Geçtan, E. (2005). Psikanaliz ve Sonrası. (11th Edition). İstanbul: Metis Publishing. George, D. and Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 Update, 10th Edition, Boston: Pearson.
  • Goldberg, L.S. and Grandey, A.A. (2007). Display rules versus display autonomy: emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and task performance in a call center simulation. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 12(39), 301–318.
  • Goulet, R.and Singh, P. (2002). Career commitment: A reexamination and an extension. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 6, 73–91.
  • Greenhaus, J. H. (1971). An investigation of the role of career salience in vocational behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1 (3), 209-216.
  • Griffin, J. M, Fuhrer, R., Stansfeld, S. A. and Marmot, M. (2002). The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: do these effects vary by gender and social class?. Soc Sci Med, 54(5), 783-98.
  • Güleryüz, G., Güney, S., Aydın, E.M. and Aşan, Ö. (2008). The mediating effect of job satisfaction between emotional intelligence and organisational commitment of nurses: a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 45, 1625–1635.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2019). Sosyal bilimlerde aracı, düzenleyici ve etki analizleri. Ankara: Seçkin Publisihing
  • Han, S. J., Bonn, M. A., and Cho, M. (2016). The relationship between customer incivility, restaurant frontline service employee burnout and turnover intention. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, 97-106.
  • Hayes, A.F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guildford Publication.
  • Henseler, J., Ringle; C.M. and Sinkovics, R.R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277-319.
  • Herzberg, F. (1971). The motivation-hygiene theory. Work and the nature of man, 4. https://www.marketplace.org/topics/economy/anxiety-index (Accessed: 04.02.2019)
  • Howard, J., Smith, B. and Thwaites, R. (2001). Investigating the role of the Indigenous tour guide. Journal of Tourism Studies, 12 (2), 32.
  • Jackson, S. E.,Turner, J.A. and Brief, A. P., (1987). Correlates of burnout among public service lawyers. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 8 (4), 339-349.
  • Jeffrey, C., Weatherholt, N. and Lo, S. (1996). Ethical development, professional commitment and rule observance attitudes: a study of auditors in Taiwan. The International Journal of Accounting, 31, 365–379.
  • Kaldenberg, D. O., Becker, B. W. and Zvonkovic, A. (1995). Work and commitment among young professionals: A study of male and female dentists. Human Relations, 48 (1), 1355-1377.
  • Kaplan, S.E. and Whitecotton, S.M. (2001). An examination of auditors' reporting intentions when another auditor is offered client employment. Auditing A Journal of Practice and Theory, 20(1), 44-63.
  • Karagüven, H.Ü. (2009). Psychological impact of an economic crisis: a conservation of resources approach, International Journal of Stress Management, 16 (3), 177-194.
  • Kaya, A., Akgün Y.D., and Çiftçi, G. (2020). Krizlerin turist rehberliği öğrencilerinin mesleki tutumları ile ilişkisi. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 2907-2923.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2004). Kaygı kavramı. Ankara: Hece Publication.
  • Kim, T. H. and Chang, K. R. (2007). Interactional effects of occupational commitment and organizational commitment of employees in sport organizations on turnover intentions and organizational citizenship behaviors. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 19 (2), 63-79.
  • Kim, T.T., Yoo, J.J.-E., Lee, G., Kim, J., (2012). Emotional intelligence and emotional labour acting strategies among frontline hotel employees. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 24 (7), 1029–1046.
  • Knudsen, H. K., Roman, P. M. and Abraham, A. J. (2013). Quality of clinical supervision and counsellor emotional exhaustion: The potential mediating roles of organizational and occupational commitment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 44(5), 528-533.
  • Kobasa, S.C. (1982). Commitment and coping in stress resistance among lawyers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (4), 707– 717.
  • Larson, J. H, Wilson, S. M. and Beley, R. (1994). The impact of job insecurity on marital and family relationships. Family Relations, 43 (2), 138-143.
  • László, K. D., Pikhart, H., Kopp, M. S., Bobak, M., Pajak, A., Malyutina, S. and Marmot, M. (2010). Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries. Social Science and Medicine, 70(6), 867-874.
  • Lee, K., Carswell, J.J. and Allen, N.J. (2000) A Meta-Analytic review of occupational commitment: relations with person- and work-related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 799-811.
  • Lee, K., Carswell, J.J. and Allen, N.J. (2000). A meta-analytic review of occupational commitment: Relations with person ve work related variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 799-811.
  • Lee, R.L. and Ashforth, B. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123-33.
  • Leiter, M. P., and Maslach, C. (1988). The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 297–308
  • Leiter, M.P. and Christina Maslach, C. (2003). Areas of Worklife: A Structured Approach to Organizational Predictors of Job Burnout. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 3, 91–134.
  • Lerhman, K. (1986). When fact and fantasy collide: Crisis management in the travel industry. Public Relations Journal, 42 (2), 25-28.
  • Levin, K.A. (2010). Study design III: Cross-sectional studies. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 7, 24–25 (https://www.nature.com/articles/6400375.pdf)
  • Lin, C.P. (2007). To share or not to share: modelling tacit knowledge sharing, Its mediators and antecedents. Journal of Business Ethics, 70(4), 411-428.
  • Lingard, H. and Francis, V. (2005). The decline of the ‘traditional’ family: work-life benefits as a means of promoting a diverse workforce in the construction industry of Australia. Construction Management & Economics, 23, 1045-1057.
  • Liu, Lr., Li, C.J., Long, Y.F. and Zhan, C.L. (2009). Structure validity of an occupational commitment scale for traditional Chinese Medical Practitioners, 40 (2), 318-321.
  • Lozza, E., Libreri, C and Bosio A. C. (2012). Temporary employment, job insecurity and their extraorganizational outcomes. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 34: 89-105.
  • Luechinger, S., Meier S. and Stutzer, A. (2010). Why does unemployment hurt the employed? Evidence from the life satisfaction gap between the public and the private sector. Journal of Human Resources 45, 998–1045.
  • Lugosi, P. and Bray, J. (2008). Tour guiding, organisational culture and learning: Lessons from an entrepreneurial tour company. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10 (5), 467-479.
  • Mak, A. H. N., Wong, K. K. F. and Chang, R. C. Y. (2011). Critical issues affecting the service quality and professionalism of the tour guides in Hong Kong and Macau. Tourism Management, 32 (6), 1442-1452.
  • Maldonado, L. E., and Alicea, B. E. R. (2002). Vocational interest and vocational satisfaction of licensed psychologists in Puerto Rico. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 36 (1-2), 191-213.
  • Mancini, M. (2001). Conducting Tours. (3rd Ed), New York: Delmar Publishers.
  • Marjanovic, Z., Greenglass, E. R., Fiksenbaum, L., and Bell, C. M. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of the financial threat scale (FTS) in the context of the great recession. Journal of Economic Psychology, 36, 1–10.
  • Markovits, Y., Boer, D. and Dick, R. (2014). Economic crisis and the employee: The effects of economic crisis on employee job satisfaction, commitment, and self-regulation. European Management Journal, 32, 413–422
  • Maslach, C. (2003). Job Burnout: New Directions in Research and Intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(5), 189-192.
  • Maslach, C. and Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2, 99–113.
  • Maslach, C. and Leiter, M. (1999). Teacher burnout: A research agenda. In R. Vandenberg & A. Huberman (Eds.), Understanding and Preventing Teacher Burnout (pp. 295-303). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maslach, C. and Leiter, M.P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  • Maslach, C. ve Goldberg, J. (1998). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and preventive psychology, 7(1), 63-74.
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. and Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout, Annual Review of Psychology, 52 (1), 397–422.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370–396.
  • May, T. Y. M., Korczynski, M.and Frenkel, S. J. (2002). Organizational and occupational commitment: Knowledge workers in large corporations. Journal of Management Studies, 39 (6), 775-801.
  • McCarthy, J. M., Trougakos, J. P. and Cheng, B. H. (2016). Are anxious workers less productive workers? It depends on the quality of social exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(2), 279-291.
  • Meged, J. W. (2017). Guides crafting meaning in a flexible working life. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17 (4), 374-387.
  • Meier, T. S. (1983). Toward a theory of burnout, Human Relations, 36 (10), 899-910.
  • Meltzer, H., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., Jenkins, R., McManus, S. and Stansfeld, S. (2009). Job insecurity, socio-economic circumstances and depression. Psychological Medicine, 40 (8), 1401–1407.
  • Meyer, J. and Allen, N. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application., Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Meyer, J. P. and Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review 11(3), 299-326.
  • Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L.and Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.
  • Meyer, J.P, Allen, N.J. ve Smith, C.A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.
  • Morrow, P.C. (2011). Managing organizational commitment: Insights from longitudinal research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 18-35.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. (2. baskı.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Osberg, L. (2009). Measuring economic security in insecure times: New perspectives, new events, and the index of economic well-being. CSLS Research Report.
  • Osberg, L. (2015). How should one measure economic insecurity? OECD Statistics Working Papers, 1, OECD Publishing.
  • Osberg, L. and Sharpe A. (2005). How should we measure the ‘economic’ aspects of well-being? Review of Income and Wealth, 51(2), 311-336.
  • Otacıoğlu, S. G. (2008). Müzik öğretmenlerinde tükenmişlik sendromu ve etkileyen faktörler. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9,103–116.
  • Otto K., Dette-Hagenmeyer D.E. and Dalbert C. (2010). Occupational mobility in members of the labor force: Explaining the willingness to change occupations. Journal of Career Development, 36, 262–288.
  • Özer, G. and Uyar, M. (2010). Muhasebecilerin etik oryantasyonlarının mesleki bağlılığa etkisi üzerine bir inceleme. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 48, 89-100.
  • Pai, F.-Y., Yeh, T.-M. and Huang, K.-I (2012). Professional Commitment Of Information Technology Employees Under Depression Environments. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 10 (1), 17-28.
  • Pines, A.M. (1996). Couple burnout. New York/London: Routledge.
  • Polat, T. (2001). Seyahat işletmelerinde profesyonel turist rehberliği, rehberlik mesleğinin sorunları ve çözüm önerileri üzerine bir alan araştırması. (Unpublished Master Thesis) Anadolu University.
  • Pond, K. L. (1993). The professional guide. New York: Van Nostrve Reinhold.
  • Prakash, M. and Chowdhary N. (2011). Tour guiding: Interpreting the challenges, Tourismos: An International Multidiciplinary Journal of Tourism, 6 (2), 65-81.
  • Rafaeli, A. Grandey, A.A., Ravid, S.and Wirtz, J. (2006). Culture, display rules and organization: the effects of globalization. In: Paper Presented at the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA.
  • Raiziene, S. and Endriulaitiene A. (2007). The relations among empathy, occupational commitment, and emotional exhaustion of nurses. Medicana (Kaunas). 43 (5), 425-31
  • Ritzer, G. and H. Trice. (1969). An Empirical Study of Howard Becker's Side-Bet Theory. Social Forces, 47 (2), 475-478.
  • Rook, K., Dooley, D. and Catalano, R. (1991). Stress transmission: The effects of husbands' job stressors on the emotional health of their wives. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 165-177.
  • Rothman, J. (1997). Resolving identity-based conflict in nations, organizations, and communities. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Şahin, İ., and Güzel, F. Ö. (2020). Olumsuz güncel gelişmelerin ve krizlerin türk turizmine etkileri: profesyonel turist rehberlerinin değerlendirmeleri ve sektörel çözüm önerileri. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 257-280.
  • Sargent-Cox K, Butterworth P. and Anstey KJ. (2011). The global financial crisis and psychological health in a sample of Australian older adults: A longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med, 73, 1105–1112
  • Satoh, M., Watanabe, I. and Asakura, K. (2017). Factors related to affective occupational commitment among Japanese nurses. Open Journal of Nursing, 7, 449-462.
  • Sawhney G., Britt TW, Sinclair RR, Mohr CD, and Wilson CA (2020). Is commitment to one’s profession always a good thing? Exploring the moderating role of occupational commitment in the association between work events and occupational health. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 1-20.
  • Sedgwick, P. (2014). Cross sectional studies: advantages and disadvantages. BMJ (online), 348, g2276
  • Swim, J. K., Johnston, K. and Pearson, N. B. (2009). Daily experiences with heterosexism: Relations between heterosexist hassles and psychological well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28 (5), 597-629.
  • Tak, B. and Çiftcioglu. A. (2009). Üç boyutlu mesleki bağlılık ölçeğinin Türkçe’de güvenilirlik ve geçerliliğin incelenmesine yönelik bir alan araştırması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 10 (1), 35-54.
  • Tang, T. L. P., Cunningham, P. H., Frauman, E., Ivy, M. I. and Perry, T. L. (2012). Attitudes and occupational commitment among public personnel: Differences between baby boomers and Gen-Xers. Public Personnel Management, 41(2), 327-360.
  • Toker, A. (2019). Gecekondu Turizminde Turist Rehberlerinin İlham Verici Rolü. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7(4), 3029-3044
  • Tsai, H. A. (2007). Job characteristics, burnout and occupational commitment in the banking service context (Unpublished master’s thesis). Tatung University, China. Tsaur S. and Lin W. (2014). Hassles of tour leaders. Tourism Management, 45, 28-38.
  • Tsaur, S. H., and Teng, H. Y. (2017). Exploring tour guiding styles: The perspective of tour leader roles. Tourism Management, 59, 438–448.
  • Tümkaya, S. and Uştu, H. (2016). Tükenmişliğin mesleğe bağlılıkla ilişkisi: Sınıf öğretmenleri üzerine bir araştırma. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (1), 272-28.
  • Türker, A., and Karaca, K. Ç. (2020). Tourism and tourist guidance after a novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Turist Rehberliği Nitel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 1-19.
  • Verbeke, H. (1996). Individual differences in emotional contagion of salerspersons, Its Effecy on Performance and Burnout. Psyhology and Marketing, 14(6), 617- 636.
  • Visser, W. A. and Rothmann, S. (2009). The development of a hassle-based diagnostic scale for predicting burnout in call centres. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 7 (1), 92-99.
  • Walker, D.D., van Jaarsveld, D.D. and Skarlicki, D.P. (2014). Exploring the effects of individual customer incivility encounters on employee incivility: The moderating roles of entity (in) civility and negative affectivity. J. Appl. Psychol, 99 (1), 151–161.
  • Wang, X. and Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-Sectional Studies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Recommendations. Chest, 158 (1), S65-S71.
  • Weiler, B. and Black, R. (2015). Tour Guiding Research, Insights, Issues and Implications, Channel View Publications, UK.
  • Weiten, W., Hammer E. Y. and Dunn, D.S. (2016). Psikoloji ve çağdaş yaşam insan uyumu. (Çev. Ed.F. Ebru İkiz). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Publishing.
  • Weng, Q. and McElroy, J. C. (2012), Organizational career growth, affective occupational commitment and turnover intentions, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 256-265.
  • Whalen, C. J. (1997). Money-manager capitalism and the end of shared prosperity. Journal of Economic Issues, 31(2), 517-525.
  • Wong, J. Y. and Wang, C. H. (2009). Emotional labor of the tour leaders: An exploratory study. Tourism Management, 30, 249–259.
  • Wright, T. A. and Bonett, R. (1997). The contribution of burnout to work performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18 (5), 491–499.
  • Yetgin, D. (2017). Turist rehberlerinin tükenmişlik ve ekonomik kaygı düzeylerinin mesleki bağlılık düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisi. (Unpublished P.Hd) Anadolu University.
  • Yetgin, D., and Benligiray, S. (2019). The effect of economic anxiety and occupational burnout levels of tour guides on their occupational commitment. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(4), 333-347.
  • Yetgin, D., Yılmaz, A. and Çiftçi, G. (2018). Krizlerin turist rehberliği öğrencilerinin kariyer planlamasındaki etkisi. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies,6 (3), 195, 214.
APA Benligiray S, Yetgin D (2021). The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. , 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
Chicago Benligiray Serap,Yetgin Duygu The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. (2021): 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
MLA Benligiray Serap,Yetgin Duygu The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. , 2021, ss.869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
AMA Benligiray S,Yetgin D The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. . 2021; 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
Vancouver Benligiray S,Yetgin D The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. . 2021; 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
IEEE Benligiray S,Yetgin D "The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion." , ss.869 - 889, 2021. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
ISNAD Benligiray, Serap - Yetgin, Duygu. "The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion". (2021), 869-889. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
APA Benligiray S, Yetgin D (2021). The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Business and Management Studies: An International Journal, 9(3), 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
Chicago Benligiray Serap,Yetgin Duygu The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Business and Management Studies: An International Journal 9, no.3 (2021): 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
MLA Benligiray Serap,Yetgin Duygu The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Business and Management Studies: An International Journal, vol.9, no.3, 2021, ss.869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
AMA Benligiray S,Yetgin D The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Business and Management Studies: An International Journal. 2021; 9(3): 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
Vancouver Benligiray S,Yetgin D The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Business and Management Studies: An International Journal. 2021; 9(3): 869 - 889. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
IEEE Benligiray S,Yetgin D "The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion." Business and Management Studies: An International Journal, 9, ss.869 - 889, 2021. 10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838
ISNAD Benligiray, Serap - Yetgin, Duygu. "The effects of economic anxiety on affective occupationalcommitment: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion". Business and Management Studies: An International Journal 9/3 (2021), 869-889. https://doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v9i3.1838