Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4 Sayfa Aralığı: 871 - 881 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.20409/berj.2021.357 İndeks Tarihi: 13-01-2022

Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies

Öz:
As broadband internet speed increases worldwide, video consumption habits gain momentum. YouTube is by far the most dominant video platform on the Internet. Apart from its social networking site characteristics, YouTube is also known as the second most visited search engine in the world. This paper studies YouTube from marketing perspective. By looking from the categorization theory, evaluative inconsistencies associated with the YouTube platform are investigated. YouTube platform is unique in that it has hybrid product characteristics encompassing both search engine and social networking site features. In the light of the previous literature on category knowledge, devaluation effect, integrated evaluation and bivariate evaluation space (BES) theories, structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to examine the evaluative inconsistencies between the two categories of YouTube. Findings showed positive correlation between the two categories, so basically users tend to eliminate the inconsistencies by formulating a general attitude towards both categories. This article makes important contributions to the existing literature by testing such a hybrid model in categorization research. Moreover, the paper has significant managerial implications for the marketers who want to understand the underlying characteristics of different users using a dominant platform like YouTube.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
  • Aaker, J. L., & Lee, A. Y. (2001). “I” seek pleasures and “we” avoid pains: The role of self-regulatory goals in information processing and persuasion. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 33-49.
  • Aaker, D. A., & Keller, K. L. (1990). Consumer evaluations of brand extensions. Journal of Marketing, 54(1), 27-41.
  • Anderson, M. (2015). Five facts about online video, for YouTube’s 10th birthday. Retrieved March 05, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/12/5-facts-about-online-video-for-youtubes-10th-birthday/
  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1975). A Bayesian analysis of attribution processes. Psychological Bulletin, 82(2), 261.
  • Barone, M. J., & Miniard, P. W. (2002). Mood and brand extension judgments: Asymmetric effects for desirable versus undesirable brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(4), 283-290.
  • Bennett, S. (2013). 45 social media facts, figures & statistics. Retrieved November 18, 2020, from http://www.mediabistro.com/alltwitter/45-socialmedia-stats_b49582
  • Blackshaw, P. (2004). Consumer-generated media (CGM) 101: Word-of-mouth in the age of the web-fortified consumer. Retrieved February 11, 2021, from http://www.nielsen-online. com/downloads/us/buzz/nbzm_wp_CGM101.Pdf
  • Bogardus, E. S. (1931). Fundamentals of social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Century.
  • Boush, D. M., & Loken, B. (1991). A process-tracing study of brand extension evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(1), 16-28.
  • Bowler, J. (2019) YouTube community posts: The new tool for creators. Retrieved December 17, 2020, from https://blog.printsome.com/youtube-community-posts/
  • Brendl, C. M., Markman, A. B., & Messner, C. (2003). Devaluation of goal-unrelated choice options. Journal of Consumer Research, 29, 463-473.
  • Briley, D. A., & Wyer Jr, R. S. (2002). The effect of group membership salience on the avoidance of negative outcomes: Implications for social and consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(3), 400-415.
  • Burgess, J., & Green, J. (2009). YouTube: Online video and participatory culture. Cambridge: Policy.
  • Cacioppo, J., & Berntson, G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space: A critical review with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115(5), 401-423.
  • Cacioppo. J., Wendi L., & Berntson, G., (1997). Beyond bipolar conceptualizations and measures: The case of attitudes and evaluative space. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1(2), 3-25.
  • Cantril, H., & Allport, G. W. (1935). The psychology of radio. New York: Harper Business.
  • Cohen, J. B. (1982). The role of affect in categorization: Toward a reconsideration of the concept of attitude. In M. Andrew & A. Ann (Eds.), NA - Advances in Consumer Research (Volume 9) (pp. 94-100). Association for Consumer Research.
  • Filo, K., Lock, D., & Karg, A. (2015). Sport and social media research: A review. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 166- 181.
  • Fiske, S. T., & Pavelchak, M. A. (1986). Category-based versus piecemeal-based affective responses: Developments in schema-triggered affect. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (pp. 167-203).
  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013). Social cognition: From brains to culture. Sage.
  • Grace, J. B. (2006). Structural equation modeling and natural systems. Cambridge University Press.
  • Gretzel, U. (2006). Consumer generated content-trends and implications for branding. E-review of Tourism Research, 4(3), 9-11.
  • Hebergementwebs, (2020) How to use the YouTube Community tab to engage subscribers. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://www.hebergementwebs.com/social-media/how-to-use-the-youtube-community-tab-to-engage- subscribers
  • Hootsuite, (2021). The global state of digital 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021, from https://www.hootsuite.com/resources/digitaltrends
  • Knoll, J. (2016). Advertising in social media: A review of empirical evidence. International Journal of Advertising, 35(2), 266-300.
  • Kamalipour, Y. R. (Ed.). (2019). Global communication: A Multicultural perspective. Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68.
  • Kemp, S. (2021), Digital 2021: The latest insights into the ‘state of digital’. Retrieved March 01, 2021, from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2021/01/digital-2021-the-latest-insights-into-the-state-of-digital
  • Kırmızı, A. (2008). The impact of shared knowledge on service quality (An application of the structural equation modeling-SEM). Yeditepe University, Graduate Institute of Social Sciences, Ph. D. Thesis on Management and Organization, Istanbul.
  • Koenig, J. P., Boush, G. M., & Erickson Jr, E. H. (1987). Effects of spore introduction and ratio of adult bees to brood on chalkbrood disease in honeybee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 26(3), 191-195.
  • Loken, B., Barsalou, L. W., & Joiner, C. (2008). Categorization theory and research in consumer psychology: Category representation and category-based inference. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. M. Herr, & F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of consumer psychology (pp. 133-163). Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Loken, B., & Ward, J. (1990). Alternative approaches to understanding the determinants of typicality. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(2), 111-126.
  • Maier, R., & Thalmann, S. (2007). Describing learning objects for situation-oriented knowledge management applications. In 4th Conference on Professional Knowledge Management Experiences and Visions, 2(4), 343-351.
  • Mervis, C. B., & Rosch, E. (1981). Categorization of natural objects. Annual Review of Psychology, 32(1), 89-115.
  • OECD, (2007). Participative web and user-created content web 2.0, wikis and social networking. Retrieved March 14, 2021, from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264037472 en.pdf
  • Pedersen, P. M. (2014). A commentary on social media research from the perspective of a sport communication journal editor. Communication & Sport, 2(2), 138-142.
  • Raines-Eudy, R. (2000). Using structural equation modeling to test for differential reliability and validity: An empirical demonstration. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(1), 124-141.
  • Rosen, C. (2012). Electronic intimacy. The Wilson Quarterly, 36(2), 48.
  • Sengupta, J., & Johar, G. V. (2002). Effects of inconsistent attribute information on the predictive value of product attitudes: Toward a resolution of opposing perspectives. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(1), 39-56.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., & Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Shocker, A. D., & Srinivasan, V. (1979). Multiattribute approaches for product concept evaluation and generation: A critical review. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(2), 159-180.
  • Smith, B. G., & Gallicano, T. D. (2015). Terms of engagement: Analyzing public engagement with organizations through social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 82-90.
  • Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (2013). Categories and concepts. Harvard University Press.
  • Smith, K. (2020). 57 Fascinating and incredible YouTube statistics. Retrieved July 13, 2020, from https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/youtube-stats
  • Statista, (2021). Percentage of U.S. internet users who use YouTube as of 3rd quarter 2020, by age group. Retrieved February 08, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/296227/us-youtube-reach-age-gender/
  • Sujan, M. (1985). Consumer knowledge: Effects on evaluation strategies mediating consumer judgments. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(1), 31-46.
  • Sujan, M., & Bettman, J. R. (1989). The effects of brand positioning strategies on consumers’ brand and category perceptions: Some insights from schema research. Journal of Marketing Research, 26(4), 454-467.
  • Tavakol, M., &, Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53- 55. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://www.ijme.net/archive/2/cronbachs-alpha.pdf
  • Tucker, L. R., & MacCallum, R. C. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis. Retrieved January 06, 2021, from http://www.ffzg.unizg.hr/psihologija/phm/nastava/Book_Exploratory%20Factor%20Analysi s.pdf
  • Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there? American Psychologist, 40, 385-398.
  • Viswanathan, M., & Childers, T. L. (1999). Understanding how product attributes influence product categorization: Development and validation of fuzzy set-based measures of gradedness in product categories. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(1), 75-94.
  • Wänke, M., Bless, H., & Schwarz, N. (1998). Context effects in product line extensions: Context is not destiny. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(4), 299-322
  • WeAreSocial, (2019). Digital 2019. Retrieved September 05, 2021, from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital- 2019-global-internet-use-accelerates
  • WeAreSocial, (2020). Digital 2020. Retrieved September 05, 2021, from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2020/01/digital- 2020-3-8-billion-people-use-social-media
  • WeAreSocial, (2021). Digital 2021. Retrieved September 05, 2021, from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2021/01/digital- 2021-the-latest-insights-into-the-state-of-digital
  • Xiang, Z., Wöber, K., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (2008). Representation of the online tourism domain in search engines. Journal of Travel Research, 47(2), 137-150.
  • Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94.
  • YouTube, (2021). YouTube for Press. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/intl/en- GB/about/press
  • Zapatero, M. C. (2013). Interpersonal communication in the web 2.0. The relations of young people with strangers. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, (68), 436-456.
APA Ertemel A, AMMOURA A (2021). Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. , 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
Chicago Ertemel Adnan Veysel,AMMOURA AHMED Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. (2021): 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
MLA Ertemel Adnan Veysel,AMMOURA AHMED Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. , 2021, ss.871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
AMA Ertemel A,AMMOURA A Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. . 2021; 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
Vancouver Ertemel A,AMMOURA A Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. . 2021; 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
IEEE Ertemel A,AMMOURA A "Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies." , ss.871 - 881, 2021. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
ISNAD Ertemel, Adnan Veysel - AMMOURA, AHMED. "Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies". (2021), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2021.357
APA Ertemel A, AMMOURA A (2021). Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(4), 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
Chicago Ertemel Adnan Veysel,AMMOURA AHMED Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. Business and Economics Research Journal 12, no.4 (2021): 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
MLA Ertemel Adnan Veysel,AMMOURA AHMED Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. Business and Economics Research Journal, vol.12, no.4, 2021, ss.871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
AMA Ertemel A,AMMOURA A Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. Business and Economics Research Journal. 2021; 12(4): 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
Vancouver Ertemel A,AMMOURA A Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies. Business and Economics Research Journal. 2021; 12(4): 871 - 881. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
IEEE Ertemel A,AMMOURA A "Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies." Business and Economics Research Journal, 12, ss.871 - 881, 2021. 10.20409/berj.2021.357
ISNAD Ertemel, Adnan Veysel - AMMOURA, AHMED. "Is YouTube a Search Engine or a Social Network? Analyzing Evaluative Inconsistencies". Business and Economics Research Journal 12/4 (2021), 871-881. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2021.357