The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review

OKDEMIR, DENIZ; Esen, Ihsan

doi:10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584

The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review

İhsan ESEN, (Fırat Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Pediatrik Endokrinoloji Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ, Türkiye)

Deniz ÖKDEMİR (Fırat Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Pediatrik Endokrinoloji Anabilim Dalı, Elazığ, Türkiye)

The Journal of Pediatric Research

9 2

Yıl: 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 309 - 319 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584 İndeks Tarihi: 21-01-2022

The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review

Öz:

Aim: We aimed to investigate the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and the associated factors at the time of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children in a tertiary health center in Turkey, and to review previous studies conducted in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Data of 180 children with T1D (98 boys) aged 1 to 18 years were analyzed retrospectively. All children were consecutively diagnosed as having T1D at our pediatric endocrinology clinic between April 2016 and December 2019. To conduct a literature review, we screened PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and article reference lists as well as the proceedings of the national conferences organized by the Turkish Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Society for the period until January 1st, 2020. Results: DKA was detected in 81 (45.0%) children with T1D at the time of diagnosis in this cohort. An association between DKA and high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at the time of diagnosis was determined (p=0.038). Furthermore, a relationship was also detected between severe DKA (pH<7.1 or serum bicarbonate <5 mmol/L) and children residing in rural areas, as well as mothers with education less than high school (p=0.003 and p=0.022, respectively). This study, together with a literature review of 49 other studies, identified that 4,037 (45.6%) of 8,837 children with newly diagnosed T1D presented with DKA at diagnosis between 1981 and 2019. Conclusion: In this cohort, presentation with DKA at the time of diagnosis of T1D in children was associated with high levels of HbA1c, and presentation with severe DKA was associated with rural life as well as low education levels of mothers. Almost half of all children with T1D presented with DKA in Turkey. There should be greater effort to increase awareness among society and health professionals for the early detection of T1D in children.

Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık

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APA	Esen I, OKDEMIR D (2021). The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. , 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
Chicago	Esen Ihsan,OKDEMIR DENIZ The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. (2021): 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
MLA	Esen Ihsan,OKDEMIR DENIZ The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. , 2021, ss.309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
AMA	Esen I,OKDEMIR D The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. . 2021; 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
Vancouver	Esen I,OKDEMIR D The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. . 2021; 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
IEEE	Esen I,OKDEMIR D "The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review." , ss.309 - 319, 2021. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
ISNAD	Esen, Ihsan - OKDEMIR, DENIZ. "The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review". (2021), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584

APA	Esen I, OKDEMIR D (2021). The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. The Journal of Pediatric Research, 8(3), 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
Chicago	Esen Ihsan,OKDEMIR DENIZ The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. The Journal of Pediatric Research 8, no.3 (2021): 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
MLA	Esen Ihsan,OKDEMIR DENIZ The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. The Journal of Pediatric Research, vol.8, no.3, 2021, ss.309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
AMA	Esen I,OKDEMIR D The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. The Journal of Pediatric Research. 2021; 8(3): 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
Vancouver	Esen I,OKDEMIR D The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review. The Journal of Pediatric Research. 2021; 8(3): 309 - 319. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
IEEE	Esen I,OKDEMIR D "The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review." The Journal of Pediatric Research, 8, ss.309 - 319, 2021. 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584
ISNAD	Esen, Ihsan - OKDEMIR, DENIZ. "The Frequency of Ketoacidosis and Associated Factors at the Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes in Turkish Children: A Single-center Experience and Literature Review". The Journal of Pediatric Research 8/3 (2021), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.4274/jpr.galenos.2020.83584