Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3 Sayfa Aralığı: 19 - 23 Metin Dili: İngilizce DOI: 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932 İndeks Tarihi: 25-01-2022

History of Epidemics and COVID-19

Öz:
In archaeological excavations, it has been reported that formations resembling bacterial fossils are found among the rock layers and they belong to millions of years ago. There are those who have created the flora and preserved us by creating our flora, and those that have brought us to the end, as well as those that help us to form the microorganisms that we share with the same planet, whose existence dates back to ancient times. Although our immune system and medical facilities are trump cards against microorganisms living in the world for much longer than human beings, these are not always enough to protect us, and microorganisms are causing outbreaks that will make history. In this review, we aimed to examine the epidemic diseases experienced by human beings from past to present and their effects.
Anahtar Kelime:

Salgınlar Tarihçesi ve COVİD-19

Öz:
Yapılan arkeolojik kazılarda, kaya tabakaları arasında bakteri fosillerine benzeyen oluşumlara rastlandığı ve bunların milyonlarca yıl öncesine ait olduğu bildirilmiştir. Varlıkları bu kadar eski zamanlara dayanan aynı gezegeni paylaştığımız mikroorganizmaların aralarında yediklerimizin oluşmasını sağlayanlar ve floramızı oluşturarak bizi koruyanlar olduğu gibi sonumuzu getirebilecek olanlar da var. İnsanoğlundan çok daha uzun süredir dünyada yaşayan mikroorganizmalara karşı her ne kadar bağışıklık sistemimiz ve tıbbi imkanlar, elimizdeki kozlar olsa da bunlar bizi korumaya her zaman yetmiyor ve mikroorganizmalar tarihe damga vuracak salgınlara neden olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. Bu derlemede geçmişten günümüze insanoğlunun yaşadığı salgın hastalıkları ve etkilerini irdelemeyi amaçladık.
Anahtar Kelime:

Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Derleme Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
0
0
0
  • 1. Hacımustafaoğlu M. Enfeksiyon Hastalıklarında Pratiğinde Salgın Tanımlanması. J Pediatr Inf 2018;12:172-3.
  • 2. Gürel Z, Aslan D. Halk sağlığı bakış açısıyla gıda kaynaklı krizler ve önleme yaklaşımları. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg 2019;76:361-76.
  • 3. Ergönül Ö. Epidemiology is a field that searchs diseases and their ındicators. Eur Arch Med Res. 2016;32:1-7.
  • 4. Kılınç, GM, Omrak A, Özer F, Günther T, Büyükkarakaya AM, Bıçakçı E, et al. The demographic development of the first farmers in Anatolia. Curr Biol 2016;26:2659-66.
  • 5. Littman, RJ. The plague of Athens: epidemiology and paleopathology. Mt Sinai J Med 2009;76:456‐67.
  • 6. See Y, Furuse A, Oshitani SH. Origin of the measles virus: divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries. Virol J 2010;7:52.
  • 7. Littman RJ, Littman ML. Galen and the Antonine plague. Am J Philol 1974;94:243-55.
  • 8. Daniel R. Bu Kutsal Tohum: Kuzey Afrika Erken Kiliseleri İnanç, Umut ve Sevgi, (Chester, Ilgın Yayınları, 2010: www.opaltrust.org) Kaynak bulunamadı.
  • 9. The Plague of Justinian. History Magazine. 2009;11:9-12. Bir tek wikipedide bu şekliyle geçiyordu
  • 10. Hurd M. History of epidemics and pandemics, Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health, 2020.
  • 11. Black Death’s Gene Code Cracked. Wired. Last Accessed Date: 30.06.2020. Available from.: https://web.archive.org/ web/20150426160438/http:/archive.wired.com/medtech/health/ news/2001/10/47288
  • 12. Mackowiak PA, Sehdev PS. The Origin of Quarantine. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2002;35:1071-2.
  • 13. Anadolu’nun sağlık kapısı: Urla Tahaffuzhanesi. Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2020. URL: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/kultur-sanat/ anadolunun-saglik-kapisi-urla-tahaffuzhanesi/1783898
  • 14. Dalia V. Koronavirüs: Karantina nedir, hangi hastalıklar için uygulandı? BBC News-Türkçe, BBC Mundo, Erişim Tarihi: 30.06.2020. URL: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-51630138
  • 15. Acuna-Soto R, Stahle DW, Therrell MD, Griffin RD, Cleaveland MK. When half of the population died: the epidemic of hemorrhagic fevers of 1576 in Mexico. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004;240:1-5
  • 16. Marr JS, Kiracofe JB. Was the Huey Cocoliztli a hemorrhagic fever? Med Hist 2000;44:341-62.
  • 17. Brmen JG, Arıta I, Fenner F. Preventing the return of smallpox. N Engl J Med 2002;348:463-6.
  • 18. Dunnigan M. Commentary: John Snow and alum-induced rickets from adulterated London bread: an overlooked contribution to metabolic bone disease. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:340-1.
  • 19. Waldman R, Claeson M. Cholera. Encyclopedia Britannica. Last Accessed Date: 09.08.2019. Available from: https://www.britannica. com/science/cholera
  • 20. Bramanti B, Stenseth NC, Walløe L, Lei X. Plague: a disease which changed the path of human civilization. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016;918:1-26.
  • 21. Ofcansky TP. British colonial administration in the Fiji Islands during the 1875 measles epidemic. Adler Mus Bull 1984;10:23-7.
  • 22. Bechah Y, Capo C, Mege J-L, Raoult D. Epidemic typhus. Lancet Infect Dis 2008;8:417-26.
  • 23. Raoult D, Woodward T, Dumler JS. The history of epidemic typhus. Infect Dis Clin N Am 2004;18:127-40.
  • 24. Gregg MB, Hinman AR, Craven RB. The Russian flu, its history and implications for this year’s influenza season. JAMA. 1978;240:2260- 3
  • 25. Brundage JF, Shanks GD. What really happened during the 1918 influenza pandemic? The importance of bacterial secondary infections. J Infect Dis 2007;196:1717-8
  • 26. Yang W, Petkova E, Shaman. The 1918 influenza pandemic in New York City: age-specific timing, mortality, and transmission dynamics. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2014;8:177-88.
  • 27. Arnold D. Dearth and the modern empire: the 1918-19 ınfluenza epidemic in India. Trans R Hist Soc 2019;29:181-200.
  • 28. WHO. WHO issues best practices for naming new human infectious diseases. Last Accesed Date: 08.04.2020. Available from: https:// www.who.int/news/item/08-05-2015-who-issues-best-practices-fornaming-new-human-infectious-disease. 8 May 2015.
  • 29. Claire J. History lessons: the Asian Flu pandemic. Br J Gen Pract 2009;59:622-3.
  • 30. Charles CW. Origin and progress of the 1968-69 Hong Kong influenza epidemic. Bull World Health Organ 1969;41:343-8.
  • 31. Cohen O, Cicala C, Vaccarezza V, Fauci AS. The immunology of human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Mandel GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders: 2000; 107:1374-98.
  • 32. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Last Accessed Date: 30.06.2020 Avaialeble from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/ haberler/1-aralik-dunya-aids-gunu.html
  • 33. Dökmetaş İ, Hamidi AA. HIV epidemiyoloji. Türkiye Klinikleri J Inf Dis-Special Topics 2016;9:6-11.
  • 34. Haroz D, Zinkernagel DW, Kiragu K. Development and Impact of the Global Plan. Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017;75(Suppl 1):S2-6.
  • 35. Chowell G, Viboud C, Wang X, Bertozzi SM, Miller MA. Adaptive vaccination strategies to mitigate pandemic influenza: Mexico as a case study. PLoS One 2009;4:e8164. PMID:19997603.
  • 36. XinyiLY, LingY,James T, Xiang LD. Human coronaviruses: a review of virus–host ınteractions. Diseases 2016;4:26.
  • 37. Peiris JSM, Phil D, Yuen KY, Osterhaus ADME, Stöhr K. The Severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2431-41.
  • 38. Low DE, McGeer A. SARS-One year later. N engl J Med 2003;349:2381-82.
  • 39. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Last Accessed Date: 30.06.2020 Avaialeble from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/ bulasici-hastaliklar/mers-co-v/mers-cov-liste/mers-co-v.html
  • 40. İnal S. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERSCoV) Enfeksiyonu. Okmeydanı Tıp Derg 2016;32(Ek sayı):37-45.
  • 41. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel CoronavirusInfected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1199-207.
  • 42. Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2014.
  • 43. T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. 2019-nCoV Hastalığı Sağlık Çalışanları Rehberi. 2020. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/ haberler/ncov/2019-nCov_Hastal_Salk_alanlar_Rehberi.pdf
  • 44. Johns Hopkins University&Medicine. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. Last Accessed Date: 30.06.2020 Avaialable from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
APA Yüksel Mayda P, Dinç H (2020). History of Epidemics and COVID-19. , 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
Chicago Yüksel Mayda Pelin,Dinç Harika Öykü History of Epidemics and COVID-19. (2020): 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
MLA Yüksel Mayda Pelin,Dinç Harika Öykü History of Epidemics and COVID-19. , 2020, ss.19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
AMA Yüksel Mayda P,Dinç H History of Epidemics and COVID-19. . 2020; 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
Vancouver Yüksel Mayda P,Dinç H History of Epidemics and COVID-19. . 2020; 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
IEEE Yüksel Mayda P,Dinç H "History of Epidemics and COVID-19." , ss.19 - 23, 2020. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
ISNAD Yüksel Mayda, Pelin - Dinç, Harika Öykü. "History of Epidemics and COVID-19". (2020), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
APA Yüksel Mayda P, Dinç H (2020). History of Epidemics and COVID-19. Bezmiâlem Science, 8(3), 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
Chicago Yüksel Mayda Pelin,Dinç Harika Öykü History of Epidemics and COVID-19. Bezmiâlem Science 8, no.3 (2020): 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
MLA Yüksel Mayda Pelin,Dinç Harika Öykü History of Epidemics and COVID-19. Bezmiâlem Science, vol.8, no.3, 2020, ss.19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
AMA Yüksel Mayda P,Dinç H History of Epidemics and COVID-19. Bezmiâlem Science. 2020; 8(3): 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
Vancouver Yüksel Mayda P,Dinç H History of Epidemics and COVID-19. Bezmiâlem Science. 2020; 8(3): 19 - 23. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
IEEE Yüksel Mayda P,Dinç H "History of Epidemics and COVID-19." Bezmiâlem Science, 8, ss.19 - 23, 2020. 10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932
ISNAD Yüksel Mayda, Pelin - Dinç, Harika Öykü. "History of Epidemics and COVID-19". Bezmiâlem Science 8/3 (2020), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.14235/bas.galenos.2020.4932