2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?
Yıl: 2020 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 67 Sayfa Aralığı: 581 - 603 Metin Dili: İngilizce İndeks Tarihi: 06-02-2022
2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?
Öz: In April 2019, Ukrainians elected actor and showman Volodymyr Zelensky as their president.Zelensky was more than unexpected choice for the country that wages a war with its neighbor.This article concentrates on the two rounds of 2019 presidential election. The author discusseselection results, factors of electoral behavior, regional voting patterns, role of oligarchs, stance ofRussia and role of the virtual space in the election. It is argued that in Ukraine, citizens chose aperson without political experience hoping for a change. While one can note presence of theregular elections and changes in the leadership in Ukraine, democratic principles and procedureshave not institutionalized yet. Thus, oligarchs still back the candidates. At the same time,traditional regional voting patterns are deteriorating while the role of youth is growing andparticularly this is possible due to the spread of the social media. The author analyzes three groupsof sources. First, the election results are studied to reveal public support for different candidatesand regional voting in Ukraine. Second, data related to electoral race including party programs,surveys about public support for the candidates and debates are examined. Finally, officialdocuments indicating policies of the Ukrainian presidents are analyzed.
Anahtar Kelime: 2019 CUMHURBAŞKANLIĞI SEÇİMİ: ZELENSKY NASIL SEÇİLDİ?
Öz: Nisan 2019’da Ukrayna halkı aktör ve gösteri adamı olan Volodymyr Zelensky’yi cumhurbaşkanıseçti. Zelensky, sınır komşusuyla savaşmaya devam etmekte olan bir ülke için sürpriz bir adaydı.Bu makale 2019 cumhurbaşkanlığı seçiminin iki turunu incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda yazar seçimsonuçlarını, seçim davranışı faktörlerini, bölgesel oylama modellerini, oligarkların üstlendiği rolü,Rusya’nın duruşunu ve sanal dünyanın etkisini ele alacaktır. Ukrayna halkının değişiklik umudu ilesiyasal yönden deneyimsiz bir cumhurbaşkanı seçtiği tartışılmaktadır. Diğer yandan, Ukrayna’dadüzenli seçimler ve lider değişimleri gözlenmesine rağmen demokratik prensip ve yönetmeliklerintam anlamıyla kurumsallaşmadığı görülmektedir. Bu yüzden oligarklar adayları desteklemeyedevam etmektedir. Aynı zamanda, geleneksel bölgesel oylama modelleri zayıflamakta olup, sosyalmedyanın artan etkisiyle birlikte gençlerin rolü artmaktadır. Yazar üç farklı kaynağı analizedecektir. Birincisi, seçim sonuçları incelenerek farklı adaylara ve bölgesel oylamaya olan halkdesteği incelenecektir. İkincisi, seçim yarışıyla ilişkili olan bilgi dökümleri, parti programları,adaylara olan halk desteğine ilişkin anketler ve tartışmalar incelenecektir. Son olarak, Ukraynacumhurbaşkanlarının politikalarını gösteren resmi belgeler analiz edilecektir.
Anahtar Kelime: Belge Türü: Makale Makale Türü: Araştırma Makalesi Erişim Türü: Erişime Açık
- 112.UA. (2019.04.19). "NATO, EU, Poverty Alleviation: Poroshenko's Election Program". Accessed on 20.04.2019. https://112.international/article/nato-eu-poverty-alleviation-poroshenkoselection-program-37375.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2004a.12.26). “Povtorne Golosuvannja Viborіv Prezidenta Ukraїni 26.12.2004. Voting Results by Regions of Ukraine”. Accessed on 20.04.2020. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2004/wp0011.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2004b.12.26). “Povtorne Golosuvannja Viborіv Prezidenta Ukraїni 26.12.2004. Results of Voting in A Foreign Constituency”. Accessed on 20.04.2020. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2004/wp0011.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2010.07.02). “Povtorne Golosuvannja Viborіv Prezidenta Ukraїni 07.02.2010. Voting Results. Support for Regional Leaders”. Accessed on 20.04.2020. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2010/WP0011.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2014a.05.25). “Pozacherhovi Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny 25 Travnya 2014 Roku”. Accessed on 04.04.2019. https://cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2014/wp001
- Central Electoral Commission (2014b.05.25). “Pozacherhovi Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny 25 Travnya 2014 Roku. Support for Leaders according to The Regions”. Accessed on 04.04.2019. https://cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2014/wp001
- Central Electoral Commission (2014c.05.25). “Pozacherhovi Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny 25 Travnya 2014 Roku. Foreign Constituency”. Accessed on 04.04.2019. https://cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2014/wp001
- Central Electoral Commission (2014d.10.26). “Pozacherhovi Vybory Narodnykh Deputativ Ukrayiny 26 Zhovtnya 2014 Roku”. Accessed on 04.04.2020. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2014/wp611pt001f01=910.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2019a.03.31). “Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny. Ukraine in General”. Accessed on 01.04.2019. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=719.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2019b.03.31). “Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny. Support for Leaders according to The Regions”. Accessed on 27.04.2019. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp313pt001f01=719.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2019c.04.21). “Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny. Support for Leaders according to The Regions”. Accessed on 27.04.2019. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp313pt001f01=720.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2019d.04.21). “Vybory Prezydenta Ukrayiny. Foreign Constituency”. Accessed on 27.04.2019. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp312pt001f01=720.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2019e.07.21). “Vybory Narodnyh Deputativ Ukrayiny. Results by Multi-Member Constituency”. Accessed on 8.06.2020. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp300pt001f01=919.html
- Central Electoral Commission (2019f.07.21). “Vybory Narodnyh Deputativ Ukrayiny. Results by The Regions”. Accessed on 8.06.2020. https://www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vnd2019/wp310pt001f01=919.html
- DW (2019.04.18). “Chem Grozit Ukraine Vozvrashhenie "Privatbanka" Igorju Kolomojskomu.” Accessed on 06.03.2019. shorturl.at/yDGX9
- Euro-Atlantic Security Leadership Group (EASLG). Munich Security Conference. (2020). “Twelve Steps Toward Greater Security in Ukraine and the Euro-Atlantic Region”. Accessed on 15.02.2020. https://securityconference.org/assets/02_Dokumente/03_Materialien/EASLG_State ment_Ukraine_FINAL.pdf
- International Organization for Migration (2019). “Survey on Migration and Human Trafficking in Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus and Georgia, 2019”. Accessed on 20.04.2020. http://iom.org.ua/sites/default/files/iom_regional_ct_survey_2019_eng_print.pdf
- KUZIO, T. (2019.03.19). “Three Reasons Why A Comedian Should Not Be The President of Ukraine”. New Eastern Europe. Accessed on 1.04.2019. https://neweasterneurope.eu/2019/03/19/three-reasons-why-a-comedianshould-not-be-the-president-of-ukraine/
- KUZIO, T. (2020.01.07). “President Zelenskyy’s New Year Message Misreads Ukraine’s Patriotic Progress”. Atlantic Council. Accessed on 03.03.2019. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/president-zelenskyys-newyear-message-misreads-ukraines-patriotic-progress/
- Krym Realii (2019.03.13). “Krym v Programmah Kandidatov v Prezidenty Ukrainy”. Accessed on 13.03.2019. https://ru.krymr.com/a/krym-v-prezidentskoygonke/29780783.html?fbclid=IwAR2NfQ1WnSh8LTj__or1qB7AYA8kPGBYe67ESJfh qaIw8rOsmn6W7DVrRgY
- MATYCHAK, T. (2019.03.28). “The Kremlin’s top Eight Lies about Ukraine’s Presidential Race”. Atlantic Council. Accessed on 01.04.2019. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-kremlin-s-top-eight-liesabout-ukraine-s-election/
- Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (2014.09.05). “Protoкol po Itogam Konsul'tacij Trehstoronnej Kontaktnoj Gruppі Otnosite'no Sovmestnyh Shagov, Napravlennyh na İmplementaciju Mirnogo Plana Prezidenta Ukrainy P. Poroshenko i Iniciativ Prezidenta Rossii V. Putina”. Accessed on 03.10.2014. http://www.osce.org/ru/home/123258?download=true
- Peredviborcha Programa Kandidata na Post Prezidenta Ukraїni Volodimira Zelens'kogo (2020). Accessed on 08.05.2020. https://program.ze2019.com/
- President of Russia (2019.12.09). “Normandy Format Summit”. Accessed on 10.12.2019. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/62275
- President of Ukraine. Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Official Website (2019.12.31). “President's New Year Address”. Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://www.president.gov.ua/en/videos/novorichne-privitannya-prezidentaukrayini-1637
- Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty (2014.11.21). “New Ukraine Coalition Agreed, Sets NATO As Priority.” Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-parliament-coalition-agreement/26703123.html
- Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty (2017a.06.11). “Ukrainians Celebrate Visa-Free Travel To EU”. Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-poroshenko-eu-visa-free-goodbyeussr/28539873.html
- Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty (2017b.09.26). “Ukrainian President Signs Controversial Language Bill Into Law”. Accessed on 10.06.2020. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainian-poroshenko-signs-controversial-language-billinto-law/28757195.html
- Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty (2018.11.26). "Ukraine Backs Martial Law after Gunfire at Sea". Accessed on 26.11.2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainian-lawmakers-to-consider-martial-law-proposalafter-russia-opens-fire-on-ships-in-black-sea/29620128.html
- Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty (2019.07.10). “A Rock Star Takes The Political Stage in Ukraine”. Accessed on 26.07.2019. https://www.rferl.org/a/a-rock-star-takes-the-political-stage-in-ukrainevakarchuk/30047161.html
- Razumkov Centre (2018a.05.26). “Viborchі rejtingi: Traven'-2018”. Accessed on 08.05.2020. http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/socio/2018_travenj_rejtyngy.pdf
- Razumkov Centre (2018b). “Za Pіvroku do Viborіv: Rejtingi Kandidatіv i Partіj, Motivacії Viboru, Ochіkuvannja Gromadjan”. Accessed on 08.05.2020. http://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/socio/2018_press_release_1808.pdf
- Razumkov Centre (2019a.02.20). “Rivenʹ Doviry do Suspilʹnykh Instytutiv ta Elektoralʹni Oriyentatsiyi Hromadyan Ukrayiny”. Accessed on 03.04.2019. http://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/riven-doviry-dosuspilnykh-instytutiv-ta-elektoralni-oriientatsii-gromadian-ukrainy
- Razumkov Centre (2019b.06.26). “Parlaments'kі Vibori 2019: Rejtingi Partіj, Elektoral'nі Nastroї Ukraїncіv”. Accessed on 04.04.2020. http://razumkov.org.ua/napriamky/sotsiologichni-doslidzhennia/parlamentskivybory-2019-reityngy-partii-elektoralni-nastroi-ukraintsiv
- RBC (2019a.03.07). "Kandidat v Prezidenty Ukrainy Muraev Otkazalsja ot Uchastija v Vyborah". Accessed on 08.03.2019. https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5c8135389a79473bb73b13c1
- RBC (2019b.06.07). “Miller v Razgovore s Bojko i Medvedchukom Predlozhil Ukraine gaz Deshevle”. Accessed on 10.06.2019. https://www.rbc.ru/economics/07/06/2019/5cfa491a9a7947c2ce301d41
- Ruptly (2019.04.19). “LIVE: Poroshenko and Zelenskiy Face off in Stadium Debate”. YouTube. Accessed on 21.04.2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGUuAMi2jls
- Sluga Narodu (2020). “Official web page of the political party”. Accessed on 08.06.2020. https://sluga-narodu.com/
- Statista (2020.05.27). “Ukraine: Inflation Rate from 1994 to 2021”. Accessed on 08.06.2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/296164/ukraine-inflation-rate/
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2019.04.29). “World Military Expenditure Grows to $1.8 Trillion in 2018”. Accessed on 23.04.2019. https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expendituregrows-18-trillion-2018
- TASS (2019.08.14). "Ukraine’s Water Blockade Did not Hamper Crimea’s DevelopmentRegional Head". Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://tass.com/world/1073397
- The Economist (2014.05.26). “Petro Poroshenko Vows to Restore Peace”. Accessed on 26.05.2014. https://www.economist.com/eastern-approaches/2014/05/26/petro-poroshenkovows-to-restore-peace
- The Guardian (2014.08.26). "Ukraine President Calls Snap Election as He Prepares for Putin Meeting". Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/26/ukraine-president-petroporoshenko-election-october
- The Guardian (2015.05.21). “Ukraine Bans Soviet Symbols and Criminalises Sympathy for Communism”. Accessed on 22.05.2015. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/21/ukraine-bans-sovietsymbols-criminalises-sympathy-for-communism
- Ukrayins’ka Pravda (2004). “Predvybornaja Programma Janukovicha. Polnyj Tekst”. Accessed on 21.04.2020. https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2004/07/12/4379785/
- UNIAN (2020.02.19)."Ukraine's NSDC Secretary Explains Need for Joint Patrols in Donbas". Accessed on 20.02.2020. https://www.unian.info/politics/10880996-ukraine-s-nsdc-secretary-explainsneed-for-joint-patrols-in-donbas.html
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014a.06.03). “Povidomlennya Tsentralʹnoyi Vyborchoyi Komisiyi pro RezulʹTaty Pozacherhovykh Vyboriv Prezydenta Ukrayiny 25 Travnya 2014 Roku”. Accessed on 04.04.2019. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/n0001359-14
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014b.09.16). “Verhovnaja Rada Ukrainy Prinjala Zakon «Ob Osobom Porjadke Mestnogo Samoupravlenija v Otdel'nyh Rajonah Doneckoj i Luganskoj Oblastej»”. Accessed on 17.09.2014. http://rada.gov.ua/ru/news/Novosty/Soobshchenyya/97821.html
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014c.09.16). “Verhovnaja Rada Ukrainy Prinjala Zakon «O Nedopushhenii Presledovanija i Nakazanija Lic–Uchastnikov Sobytij na Territorii Doneckoj i Luganskoj Oblastej»”. Accessed on 17.09.2014. https://rada.gov.ua/ru/news/Novosty/Soobshchenyya/97829.html
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014d.09.16). “Verhovnaja Rada Ukrainy Prinjala Zakon «Ob Ochistke Vlasti»”. Accessed on 17.09.2014. https://rada.gov.ua/ru/news/Novosty/Soobshchenyya/97879.html
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014e.09.16). “Verhovnaja Rada Ukrainy Prinjala Zakon «O Ratifikacii Soglashenija ob Associacii Mezhdu Ukrainoj, s Odnoj Storony, i Evropejskim Sojuzom, Evropejskim Soobshhestvom po Atomnoj Jenergii i İh Gosudarstvami-Chlenami, s Drugoj Storony»”. Accessed on 17.09.2014. https://rada.gov.ua/ru/news/Novosty/top_news/97844.html
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014f. 09.16). “Pro Rіshennja Radi Nacіonal'noї Bezpeki i Oboroni Ukraїni vіd 28 Serpnja 2014 Roku "Pro Nevіdkladnі Zahodi Shhodo Zahistu Ukraїni ta Zmіcnennja iї Oboronozdatnostі”. Accessed on 17.09.2014. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/744/2014?test=4/UMfPEGznhhYA4.ZitvBb5 ZHI41ws80msh8Ie6
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2015. 07.16). “Pro Vkljuchennja do Porjadku Dennogo Drugoї Sesії Verhovnoї Radi Ukraїni Vos'mogo Sklikannja Zakonoproektu pro Vnesennja Zmіn do Konstitucії Ukraїni Shhodo Decentralіzacії Vladi i Pro Jogo Napravlennja do Konstitucіjnogo Sudu Ukraїni”. Accessed on 15.07.2019. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/622-19#n9
- Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2019.02.07). “Zakon Ukraїni “Pro Vnesennja Zmіn do Konstitucії Ukraїni (Shhodo Strategіchnogo Kursu Derzhavi na Nabuttja Povnopravnogo Chlenstva Ukraїni v Єvropejs'komu Sojuzі ta v Organіzacії Pіvnіchnoatlantichnogo Dogovoru)”. Accessed on 16.07.2019. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2680-19
- Vox Ukraine (2019.02.21). “A Brief Overview of Yulia Tymoshenko’s Election Programme Key Areas”. Accessed on 23.02.2019. https://voxukraine.org/en/a-brief-overview-of-yulia-tymoshenko-s-electionprogramme-key-areas/
- YouTube (2015). “V Zelenskij 95 Kvartal Obsmejal Ramzana Kadyrova, Kogda Tot Skorbil o Smerti Svoego Otca!!!”. Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFUcUf6UyCA
- YouTube (2019). “Zelenskij pro Tomos i Avtokefaliju.” Accessed on 11.06.2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvFARcGJ0f0
| APA | Demydova V (2020). 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. , 581 - 603. |
| Chicago | Demydova Viktoriia 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. (2020): 581 - 603. |
| MLA | Demydova Viktoriia 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. , 2020, ss.581 - 603. |
| AMA | Demydova V 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. . 2020; 581 - 603. |
| Vancouver | Demydova V 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. . 2020; 581 - 603. |
| IEEE | Demydova V "2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?." , ss.581 - 603, 2020. |
| ISNAD | Demydova, Viktoriia. "2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?". (2020), 581-603. |
| APA | Demydova V (2020). 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 17(67), 581 - 603. |
| Chicago | Demydova Viktoriia 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 17, no.67 (2020): 581 - 603. |
| MLA | Demydova Viktoriia 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, vol.17, no.67, 2020, ss.581 - 603. |
| AMA | Demydova V 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2020; 17(67): 581 - 603. |
| Vancouver | Demydova V 2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2020; 17(67): 581 - 603. |
| IEEE | Demydova V "2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?." Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 17, ss.581 - 603, 2020. |
| ISNAD | Demydova, Viktoriia. "2019 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION IN UKRAINE:HOW ZELENSKY WAS ELECTED?". Karadeniz Araştırmaları 17/67 (2020), 581-603. |
